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Myanmar | refs here |
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- Hpakant Township (Hpakan; Phakant; Phakan)
| Aung, H. L., & Zin, T. T. (2017, November). Exploring Gemstones in Northern Part of Myanmar. In International Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computing (pp. 182-188). Springer, Singapore.
Pardieu, V. (2014): Hunting for “Jedi” Spinels in Mogok. Gems & Gemology 50, 46-57. [https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2014-pardieu-jedi-spinels-in-mogok]
Pardieu, V. (2008): Spinel: Resurrection of a classic. InColor, Summer 2008, 10-18. [http://www.ruby-sapphire.com/spinel-resurrection-of-classic.htm]
Peretti, A. and Günther, D. (2003): Spinel from Namya. Contrib. to Gemol., 2, 15-18. [http://www.gemresearch.ch/journal/No2/page15.htm]
www.burmarubies.com (2000) http://www.burmarubies.com/Spinel.html |
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| Re-entry of old Mindat data |
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| Maung Thein & Soe Win (1970): The metamorphic petrology, structures and mineral resources of the Shantaung-U - Thandawmywet Range, Kyaukse District. Union of Burma Journ. Sci. Techn. 3(3): pp. 487-514. |
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| www.ruby-sapphire.com (2000) http://www.ruby-sapphire.com/r-s-bk-burma4.htm |
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| Ma Kyu Kyu Aung (2004): Petrology and mineralogy of the Yetkansin area, Madaya Township. M.S. thesis, Yangon University, Department of Geology. |
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| Xu, Qian, Xu, Bo, Gao, Yujie, Li, Siying (2024) Characterization of Red, Pink, Orange, and Purple Gem-Quality Spinel from Four Important Areas. Crystals, 14 (1) doi:10.3390/cryst14010050
Zhang, Lei, Kui He, and Qingfeng Guo. (2023) "Spectroscopic Characteristics and Coloring Mechanisms of Different Colored Spinels from Myanmar" Crystals 13, no. 4: 575. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13040575
Malíčková, Iveta, Bačík, Peter, Fridrichová, Jana, Hanus, Radek, Illášová, Ľudmila, Štubňa, Ján, Furka, Daniel, Furka, Samuel, Škoda, Radek (2021) Optical and Luminescence Spectroscopy of Varicolored Gem Spinel from Mogok, Myanmar and Lục Yên, Vietnam. Minerals, 11 (2) 169 doi:10.3390/min11020169
Myint Myat Phyo, Bieler, E., Franz, L., Balmer, W., Krzemnicki, M.S. (2019) Spinel from Mogok, Myanmar—A detailed inclusion study by Raman microspectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The Journal of Gemmology 36, 418-435.
Widmer, R., Malsy, A.-K., Armbruster, T. (2015) Effects of heat treatment on red gemstone spinel: single-crystal X-ray, Raman, and photoluminescence study. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 42, 251-260.
Malsy, A.-K., Klemm, L. (2010) Distinction of gem spinels from the Himalayan Mountain Belt. Chimia 64, 741-746.
Pardieu, V. (2008) Spinel: Resurrection of a classic. InColor, Summer 2008, 10-18. [http://www.ruby-sapphire.com/spinel-resurrection-of-classic.htm]
Gübelin, E., Wolgensinger, M. (1976) Edelstenen. Uitgeverij Artis, Brussel [in Dutch].
Malíčková, I.
Bačík, P. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Harald Schillhammer collection |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Harlow G1, Thu K (2014) Hydrothermal recrystallization of dunitic olivine: peridot from Pyaung-Gaung, Myanmar and other examples. 21 st meeting of the International Mineralogical Association. p 198 |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Soonthorntantikul, W., Vertriest, W., Raynaud-Flattot, V.L., Sangsawong, S., Atikarnsakul, U., Khowpong, Ch., Weeramonkhonlert, V. and Pardieu, V. (2017) An in-depth gemological study of blue sapphires from the Baw Mar mine (Mogok, Myanmar). Gemmological Institute of America Report, 87 pp. [https://www.gia.edu/doc/Gemological-Study-Blue-Sapphires-Baw-Mar-Mine-Mogok-Myanmar-GIA.pdf]
Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Kyaw Khaing Win, Harald Schillhammer and NHM Vienna collections |
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| Harald Schillhammer collection
NHM Vienna collection |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA.
Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data, Sieghard Ellenberger specimens
Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data, material of Sieghard Ellenberger |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA.
Kyaw Thu (2007) The Igneous Rocks of the Mogok Stone Tract: Their Distributions, Petrography, Petrochemistry, Sequence, Geochronology and Economic Geology. PhD Thesis University of Yangon, Myanmar |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA.
Fabre Minerals. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Harald Schillhammer collection |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Wu, Jinlin, Xueying Sun, Hong Ma, Peiying Ning, Na Tang, Ting Ding, Huihuang Li, Tianyang Zhang, and Ying Ma. (2023) "Purple-Violet Gem Spinel from Tanzania and Myanmar: Inclusion, Spectroscopy, Chemistry, and Color" Minerals 13, no. 2: 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13020226
Zhao, Yi, Bo Xu, Zheyi Zhao, Qian Xu, and Zhaoyi Li. (2023) "Gemological and Chemical Characterization of Varicolored Gem-Grade Spinel from Mogok, Myanmar" Crystals 13, no. 3: 447. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13030447
Gübelin, E., Wolgensinger, M. (1976) Edelstenen. Uitgeverij Artis, Brussel [in Dutch]. |
- Dattaw-taung (Dattaw hill)
| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA.
Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA.
Sieghard Ellenberger data |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA.
Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Betts, John (n.d.) John Betts website listing. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Mine owner, personal communication |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Harald Schillhammer collection |
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| Zhao, Longpei, Geng Li, and Liqun Weng. (2022) "Gemological and Spectroscopic Characteristics of “Jedi” Spinel from Man Sin, Myanmar" Minerals 12, no. 11: 1359. https://doi.org/10.3390/min12111359
Pardieu, V. (2014): Hunting for “Jedi” Spinels in Mogok. Gems & Gemology 50, 46-57. [https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/spring-2014-pardieu-jedi-spinels-in-mogok]
Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Myint, A. Z., Wagner, T., & Fusswinkel, T. (2022). Calcite trace element geochemistry of Au deposits in the Singu-Tabeikkyin Gold District, Myanmar: Implications for the sources of ore-forming fluids. Ore Geology Reviews, 145, 104892. |
- Thabeikkyin Township (Tha Pate Kyin Township)
| www.ruby-sapphire.com (2000) http://www.ruby-sapphire.com/r-s-bk-burma4.htm |
- Khetchel village (Cache village; Khat Che village)
| Shigley, J. E., Laurs, B. M., Janse, A. J. A., Elen, S., & Dirlam, D. M. (2010). Gem Localities of the 2000s. Gems & Gemology, 46(3). |
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| Kyaw Khaing Win (2004): A study on gemstones occurrences of Monghsu and its environs. Unpublishes M.Res. thesis, University of Yangon, Department of Geology. |
- Namhkam Township (Nanhkan Township; Namhkan Township)
| Themelis, Ted (2008) Gems & Mines of Mogok (2nd ed.) A&T Publishing, Los Angeles, CA. |
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| Han Htun & George E. Harlow. Identifying Sources among Burmese Rubies. American Museum Natural History website accessed 7/3/2013 |
Mogok Township, Pyin-Oo-Lwin District, Mandalay Region, Myanmar