Chiavennite
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About Chiavennite
The town of Chiavenna in the valley taken from Savogno.
Chiavenna, Valchiavenna, Sondrio Province, Lombardy, Italy
Chiavenna, Valchiavenna, Sondrio Province, Lombardy, Italy
Formula:
CaMnBe2Si5O13(OH)2 · 2H2O
from Grice et al. (2016): Ca1-2(Mn,Fe)Si5Be2O13(OH)2.2H2O
Colour:
Pale orange-yellow;
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
3
Specific Gravity:
2.64
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named by Mirella Bondi, William L. Griffin, Vittorio Mattioli, and Annibale Mottana in 1983 for the type locality of Chiavenna, Italy.
Co-Type Localities:
Isostructural with:
Closely related to Ferrochiavennite, which is its Fe analogue. See also the related tvedalite and another chemically close mineral, harstigite. Re-investigations of Chiavennite from the TL indicate that at room temperature chiavennite is monoclinic with spacegroup P21/c; the mineral becomes orthorhombic (Pbcn) upon dehydration due to destruction of water(extraframework)-oxygen(cavity walls) hydrogen bonds (Cametti & Armbruster 2015).
The structure is described as an interrupted framework with four-connected SiO4 and three-connected BeO4 tetrahedra, the latter closely associated with H atoms. There are 9-, 6-, 5- and 4-fold rings in it. Calcium may exist in a single site, or in two sites, of which the second one is partially occupied.
The history of the discovery of chiavennite
Chiavennite was first discovered in 1970 by the Norwegian mineralogist Reidar Åmli in a syenite pegmatite in the Heia Quarry, Tvedalen, Larvik, Vestfold, Norway. A qualitative analysis (by Per Chr. Sæbø) showed it to be a possible new mineral, a Ca-Mn-Be silicate, but due to the scarcity of the material, no further investigation were made. A few years later, in 1974, Arne Åsheim found identical material from another locality in the same area, at Blåfjell (E 18 roadcuts), Kokkersvold, Porsgrunn, Telemark and a new research on the material were initiated. Independently, the same mineral was discovered in an Italian locality, Tannon, Chiavenna, Valchiavenna, Sondrio Province, Lombardy.
The Norwegian research group submitted their description with the complete data to the IMA CNMMN, on the March 4. 1981, but it turned out that the Italian, independently, had submitted their description only a few days earlier. The new mineral was approved by IMA after ajoint submission of the data from the Italian and Norwegian groups.
The mineral was named chiavennite after the Italian locality, since the Italian proposal was submitted first. Descriptions on both the Italian and the Norwegian minerals were published in 1983, in the same issue of the American Mineralogist (Bondi et al. 1983, Raade et al. 1983, Raade 1996, Larsen 2001, Ciriotti et al. 2009)
The structure is described as an interrupted framework with four-connected SiO4 and three-connected BeO4 tetrahedra, the latter closely associated with H atoms. There are 9-, 6-, 5- and 4-fold rings in it. Calcium may exist in a single site, or in two sites, of which the second one is partially occupied.
The history of the discovery of chiavennite
Chiavennite was first discovered in 1970 by the Norwegian mineralogist Reidar Åmli in a syenite pegmatite in the Heia Quarry, Tvedalen, Larvik, Vestfold, Norway. A qualitative analysis (by Per Chr. Sæbø) showed it to be a possible new mineral, a Ca-Mn-Be silicate, but due to the scarcity of the material, no further investigation were made. A few years later, in 1974, Arne Åsheim found identical material from another locality in the same area, at Blåfjell (E 18 roadcuts), Kokkersvold, Porsgrunn, Telemark and a new research on the material were initiated. Independently, the same mineral was discovered in an Italian locality, Tannon, Chiavenna, Valchiavenna, Sondrio Province, Lombardy.
The Norwegian research group submitted their description with the complete data to the IMA CNMMN, on the March 4. 1981, but it turned out that the Italian, independently, had submitted their description only a few days earlier. The new mineral was approved by IMA after ajoint submission of the data from the Italian and Norwegian groups.
The mineral was named chiavennite after the Italian locality, since the Italian proposal was submitted first. Descriptions on both the Italian and the Norwegian minerals were published in 1983, in the same issue of the American Mineralogist (Bondi et al. 1983, Raade et al. 1983, Raade 1996, Larsen 2001, Ciriotti et al. 2009)
Classification of Chiavennite
Approved
8/G.07-20
9.GF.25
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
G : Tektosilicates with zeolitic H2O; zeolite family
F : Other Rare Zeolites
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
G : Tektosilicates with zeolitic H2O; zeolite family
F : Other Rare Zeolites
70.5.1.1
70 : INOSILICATES Column or Tube Structures
5 : Column or Tube Structures with chains linked by Be
70 : INOSILICATES Column or Tube Structures
5 : Column or Tube Structures with chains linked by Be
14.3.18
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
3 : Silicates of Be
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
3 : Silicates of Be
Physical Properties of Chiavennite
Vitreous, Pearly
Colour:
Pale orange-yellow;
Streak:
White; pale ocher
Hardness:
3 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
Good to perfect cleavages along {IOO}, {OlO}, and {001}
Good to perfect cleavages along {IOO}, {OlO}, and {001}
Density:
2.64 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.657 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Chiavennite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.596 nβ = 1.600 nγ = 1.618
2V:
Measured: 50° , Calculated: 52°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.022
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r < v weak
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X colorless, to pale yellow, Z yellow-orange
Chemical Properties of Chiavennite
Formula:
CaMnBe2Si5O13(OH)2 · 2H2O
from Grice et al. (2016): Ca1-2(Mn,Fe)Si5Be2O13(OH)2.2H2O
from Grice et al. (2016): Ca1-2(Mn,Fe)Si5Be2O13(OH)2.2H2O
IMA Formula:
CaMn2+(BeOH)2Si5O13 · 2H2O
Common Impurities:
Al,Fe,Mg,Ca,Na,K,F,C
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | 2 | |
|---|---|---|
| SiO2 | 50.0 % | 52.5 % |
| Al2O3 | 6.76 % | 3.6 % |
| BeO | 8.72 % | 9.3 % |
| FeO | 2.01 % | % |
| MnO | 10.6 % | 12.9 % |
| MgO | 0.14 % | % |
| CaO | 9.69 % | 10.2 % |
| Na2O | 0.68 % | 0.3 % |
| K2O | 0.04 % | % |
| H2O | 10.4 % | 11.3 % |
| CO2 | 0.83 % | % |
| F | 0.21 % | % |
| Total: | 100.08 % | 100.1 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 1 | (Ca0.97Na0.05)Σ1.02Mn0.97(Be1.98Al0.03)Σ2.01(Si4.65Al0.35)Σ5.00O12.63(OH2.37) *2H2O |
| 2 | (Ca0.97Na0.05) Σ1.02Mn0.97(Be1.98Al0.03)Σ2.01(Si4.65Al0.35)Σ5.00O12.63(OH)2.37* 2.16H2O |
Sample references:
| ID | Type | Locality | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Type Specimen | Blåfjell, Kokkersvold E18 roadcuts, Langangen, Porsgrunn, Telemark, Norway | Raade, G., Åmli, R., Mladeck, H., Din. V. K., Larsen, A.O. & Åsheim, A. (1983): Chiavennite from syenite pegmatites in the Oslo Region, Norway. American Mineralogist. 68: 628-633 |
| 2 | Type Specimen | Tanno, Chiavenna, Valchiavenna, Sondrio Province, Lombardy, Italy | Bondi M, Griffin W L, Mattioli V, Mottana A (1983) Chiavennite, CaMnBe2Si5O13(OH)2·2H2O, a new mineral from Chiavenna (Italy). American Mineralogist 68: 623-627 |
Crystallography of Chiavennite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Setting:
P21/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.7466(3) Å, b = 4.8972(3) Å, c = 31.3160(16) Å
β = 90.128(4)°
β = 90.128(4)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.786 : 1 : 6.395
Unit Cell V:
1341.39 ų
Morphology:
Crystals from the TL are showing a flat pseudohexagonal habit. From Larvik Plutonic Complex (Langesundsfjorden area), Norway: Spherulitic aggregates concisting of spear-shaped crystals, flattened on {010}, terminated by the orthorhombic pyramid {161}.
Twinning:
common, on {100}
Comment:
previously reported to be orthorhombic; unit cell parameters for the orthorhombic dehydrated phase, i.e., at 425oC, of the Pbcn cell, transformed in (non-standard) Pnca setting: a=8.6795(15), b=4.9017(10), c=31.513(6)
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 15.77 | (100bb) |
| 4.15 | (30) |
| 3.93 | (30b) |
| 3.82 | (30) |
| 3.28 | (75) |
| 2.903 | (100) |
| 1.944 | (30) |
Type Occurrence of Chiavennite
Co-Type Localities:
General Appearance of Type Material:
As euhedral orange grains and as crusts coating beryl
Empirical Formula of Type Material:
(Ca0.97Na0.05) Σ1.02Mn0.97(Be1.98Al0.03)Σ2.01(Si4.65Al0.35)Σ5.00O12.63(OH)2.37* 2.16H2O
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Alpine pegmatites (25-27 m.y.)
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Chiavennite
Other Language Names for Chiavennite
Relationship of Chiavennite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Alflarsenite | NaCa2Be3Si4O13(OH) · 2H2O | Mon. 2 : P21 |
| Amicite | K2Na2Al4Si4O16 · 5H2O | Mon. 2 |
| Ammonioleucite | (NH4,K)(AlSi2O6) | Tet. |
| Analcime | Na(AlSi2O6) · H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Bellbergite | (K,Ba,Sr)2Sr2Ca2(Ca,Na)4[Al3Si3O12]6 · 30H2O | Hex. |
| Bikitaite | LiAlSi2O6 · H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Boggsite | Ca8Na3(Si,Al)96O192 · 70H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Imma |
| Brewsterite-Ba | (Ba,Sr)[Al2Si6O16] · 5H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Brewsterite-Sr | (Sr,Ba,Ca)[Al2Si6O16] · 5H2O | |
| Chabazite-Levyne Subgroup | A subgroup of the Zeolite Group. | |
| Clinoptilolite | Note on the distinguishing differences between clinoptilolite and heulandite (hhttp://rruff. | |
| Cowlesite | CaAl2Si3O10 · 6H2O | Orth. |
| Dachiardite-Ca | (Ca,Na2,K2)5Al10Si38O96 · 25H2O | Mon. |
| Dachiardite-K | K4(Si20Al4O48)·13H2O | Mon. |
| Dachiardite-Na | (Na2,Ca,K2)5Al10Si38O96 · 25H2O | Mon. |
| Direnzoite | NaK6MgCa2(Al13Si47O120) · 36H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmn |
| Edingtonite | Ba[Al2Si3O10] · 4H2O | |
| Epistilbite | CaAl2Si6O16 · 5H2O | Mon. |
| Erionite | This name now refers to a group of related minerals. | |
| Faujasite | ||
| Faujasite-Ca | (Ca,Na2,Mg)3.5[Al7Si17O48] · 32H2O | Iso. |
| Ferrierite | Zeolite Group. | |
| Ferrochiavennite | Ca1-2Fe[(Si,Al,Be)5Be2O13(OH)2] · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Flörkeite | (K3Ca2Na)[Al8Si8O32] · 12H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Garronite-Ca | Na2Ca5Al12Si20O64 · 27H2O | Tet. 4 2m : I4m2 |
| Gaultite | Na4Zn2Si7O18 · 5H2O | Orth. mm2 : Fdd2 |
| Gismondine-Ba | Ba2Al4Si4O16 · 4-6H2O | |
| Gismondine-Ca | CaAl2Si2O8 · 4H2O | |
| Gmelinite | In 1997, gmelinite was split into Gmelinite-Ca, Gmelinite-Na and Gmelinite-K. | |
| Gobbinsite | Na5(Si11Al5)O32 · 11H2O | Orth. |
| Goosecreekite | Ca[Al2Si6O16] · 5H2O | Mon. |
| Gottardiite | Na3Mg3Ca5Al19Si117O272 · 93H2O | Orth. |
| Harmotome | (Ba0.5,Ca0.5,K,Na)5[Al5Si11O32] · 12H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Heulandite subgroup | Note on the distinguishing differences between heulandite and clinoptilolite (http://rruff. | |
| Hsianghualite | Ca3Li2(Be3Si3O12)F2 | |
| Kirchhoffite | Cs(BSi2O6) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/acd |
| Laumontite | CaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Lovdarite | K2Na6Be4Si14O36 · 9H2O | Orth. mm2 |
| Maricopaite | Pb7Ca2(Si,Al)48O100 · 32H2O | Orth. |
| Martinandresite | Ba2(Al4Si12O32)·10H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmn |
| Mazzite-Mg | (Mg,K,Ca)5(Si26Al10)O72 · 28H2O | Hex. |
| Mazzite-Na | Na8[Al4Si14O36]2 · 30H2O | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
| Merlinoite | (K,Na)5(Ca,Ba)2Al9Si23O64 · 23H2O | Orth. |
| Montesommaite | (K,Na)9Al9Si23O64 · 10H2O | Orth. |
| Mordenite | (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96 · 28H2O | Orth. |
| Mutinaite | Na3Ca4Si85Al11O192 · 60H2O | Orth. |
| Nabesite | Na2BeSi4O10 · 4H2O | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
| Natrolite Subgroup | A subgroup of the Zeolite Group. | |
| Offretite | KCaMg(Si13Al5)O36 · 15H2O | Hex. 6 m2 : P6m2 |
| Pahasapaite | Li8(Ca,Li,K)10.5Be24(PO4)24 · 38H2O | Iso. 2 3 : I2 3 |
| Parthéite | Ca2(Si4Al4) O15 (OH)2•4H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Paulingite-Ca | (Ca,K,Na,Ba,◻)10 (Si, Al)42O84•34H2O | Iso. |
| Paulingite-K | (K2,Ca,Na2,Ba)5[Al10Si35O90] · 45H2O | Iso. |
| Paulingite-Na | (Na2,K2,Ca,Ba)5[Al10Si35O90] · 45H2O | Iso. |
| Perlialite | K9Na(Ca,Sr)[Al2Si4O12]6 · 15H2O | Hex. |
| Phillipsite | Zeolite Group. | |
| Pollucite | (Cs,Na)2(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
| Roggianite | Ca2Be(OH)2Al2Si4O13 · 2.5H2O | Tet. |
| Stilbite subgroup | This name now refers to the zeolite subgroup including the Barrerite - Stilbite-Ca - ... | |
| Terranovaite | (Na,Ca)8(Si68Al12)O160 · 29H2O | Orth. |
| Thomsonite-Ca | NaCa2[Al5Si5O20] · 6H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Thomsonite-Sr | Na(Sr,Ca)2[Al5Si5O20] · 7H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Tschernichite | (Ca,Na2)[Al2Si4O12] · 4-8H2O | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/mmm |
| Tschörtnerite | Ca4(Ca,Sr,K,Ba)3Cu3[(OH)2|Al3Si3O12]4 · nH2O | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
| Wairakite | Ca(Al2Si4O12) · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| Weinebeneite | CaBe3(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
| Wenkite | (Ba,K)4(Ca,Na)6[(SO4)3|(Si,Al)20O39(OH)2] · 0.5H2O | Hex. |
| Willhendersonite | KCa[Al3Si3O12] · 5H2O | Tric. |
| Yugawaralite | CaAl2Si6O16 · 4H2O | Mon. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| Analcime | 20 photos of Chiavennite associated with Analcime on mindat.org. |
| Natrolite | 13 photos of Chiavennite associated with Natrolite on mindat.org. |
| Aegirine | 7 photos of Chiavennite associated with Aegirine on mindat.org. |
| Calcite | 4 photos of Chiavennite associated with Calcite on mindat.org. |
| Peterandresenite | 4 photos of Chiavennite associated with Peterandresenite on mindat.org. |
| Tvedalite | 3 photos of Chiavennite associated with Tvedalite on mindat.org. |
| Eudidymite | 3 photos of Chiavennite associated with Eudidymite on mindat.org. |
| Leucophanite | 3 photos of Chiavennite associated with Leucophanite on mindat.org. |
| Behoite | 2 photos of Chiavennite associated with Behoite on mindat.org. |
| Wickmanite | 2 photos of Chiavennite associated with Wickmanite on mindat.org. |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
| 9.GF.05 | Terranovaite | (Na,Ca)8(Si68Al12)O160 · 29H2O | Orth. |
| 9.GF.10 | Gottardiite | Na3Mg3Ca5Al19Si117O272 · 93H2O | Orth. |
| 9.GF.15 | Lovdarite | K2Na6Be4Si14O36 · 9H2O | Orth. mm2 |
| 9.GF.20 | Gaultite | Na4Zn2Si7O18 · 5H2O | Orth. mm2 : Fdd2 |
| 9.GF.30 | Tschernichite | (Ca,Na2)[Al2Si4O12] · 4-8H2O | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/mmm |
| 9.GF.35 | Mutinaite | Na3Ca4Si85Al11O192 · 60H2O | Orth. |
| 9.GF.40 | Tschörtnerite | Ca4(Ca,Sr,K,Ba)3Cu3[(OH)2|Al3Si3O12]4 · nH2O | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
| 9.GF.50 | Thornasite | (Na,K)12Th3[Si8O19]4 · 18H2O | Trig. 3m : R3m |
| 9.GF.55 | Direnzoite | NaK6MgCa2(Al13Si47O120) · 36H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmn |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
| 14.3.1 | Phenakite | Be2SiO4 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 14.3.2 | Bertrandite | Be4(Si2O7)(OH)2 | Orth. mm2 : Cmc21 |
| 14.3.3 | Beryllite | Be3(SiO4)(OH)2 · H2O | Orth. |
| 14.3.4 | Liberite | Li2BeSiO4 | Mon. m : Pm |
| 14.3.5 | Chkalovite | Na2BeSi2O6 | Orth. mm2 : Fdd2 |
| 14.3.6 | Eudidymite | Na2Be2Si6O15 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| 14.3.7 | Epididymite | Na2Be2Si6O15 · H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| 14.3.8 | Gugiaite | Ca2Be(Si2O7) | Tet. |
| 14.3.9 | Jeffreyite | (Ca,Na)2(Be,Al)(Si2O7,HSi2O7) | Orth. |
| 14.3.10 | Semenovite-(Ce) | Na8Ca2FeBe6Ce2Si14O40(OH)4F4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 14.3.11 | Barylite | Be2Ba(Si2O7) | Orth. |
| 14.3.12 | Hingganite-(Ce) | (Ce,REE)2(□,Fe2+)Be2[SiO4]2(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 14.3.13 | Hingganite-(Yb) | (Yb,Y,REE)2□Be2[SiO4]2(OH)2 | |
| 14.3.14 | Hingganite-(Y) | (Y,REE,Ca)2(□,Fe2+)Be2[SiO4]2(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 14.3.15 | Minasgeraisite-(Y) | BiCa(Y,Ln)2(□,Mn)2(Be,B,Si)4Si4O16 [(OH),O]4 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| 14.3.16 | Sørensenite | Na4SnBe2Si6O16(OH)4 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| 14.3.17 | Trimerite | CaMn2+2Be3(SiO4)3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| 14.3.19 | Tvedalite | (Ca,Mn)4Be3Si6O17(OH)4 · 3H2O | Orth. |
| 14.3.20 | Harstigite | Ca6(Mn,Mg)Be4Si6(O,OH)24 | Orth. |
| 14.3.21 | Sverigeite | NaMnMgSnBe2(SiO4)3(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Imma |
| 14.3.22 | Joesmithite | {Pb}{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Be2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| 14.3.23 | Gadolinite-(Y) | Y2Fe2+Be2Si2O10 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 14.3.24 | Gadolinite-(Ce) | (Ce,La,Nd,Y)2Fe2+Be2Si2O10 | Mon. 2/m |
| 14.3.25 | Calciogadolinite-(Y) | (YCa)2Fe3+Be2[SiO4]2O2 |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
continuous water loss up to ca. 452oC not associated with topological modification; at 250oC more than a single water molecule is lost, in association with LKCa lowering from 8 to 7
Notes:
Insoluble in water, and in concentrated HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Chiavennite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Bondi, M., Griffin, W. L., Mattioli, V., Mottana, A. (1983) Chiavennite, CaMnBe2Si5O13(OH)2·2H2O, a new mineral from Chiavenna (Italy). American Mineralogist: 68: 623-627.
Raade, G., Åmli, R., Mladeck, M.H., Din, V.K., Larsen A.O., Åsheim, A. (1983) Chiavennite from syenite pegmatites in the Oslo Region, Norway. American Mineralalogist: 68: 628-633.
Tazzoli, V., Domeneghetti, M.C., Mazzi, F., Cannillo, E. (1995) The crystal structure of chiavennite. European Journal of Mineralogy: 7: 1339-1344.
Coombs, D.S., Alberti, A., Armbruster, T., Artioli, G., Colella, C., Galli, E., Grice, J.D., Liebau, F., Mandarino, J.A., Minato, H., Nickel, E.H., Passaglia, E., Peacor, D.R., Quartieri, S., Rinaldi, R., Ross, M., Sheppard, R.A., Tillmanns, E., Vezzalini, G., (1997) Recommended nomenclature for zeolite minerals: report of the Subcommittee on Zeolites of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Canadian Mineralogist: 35: 1571-1606.
Larsen, A.O. (2001) Historien om chiavennite. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift: 18: 10-12.
Pezzotta, F., Guastoni, A., Forner, H., Demartin, F., Kristiansen, R. (2005) Découverte exceptionnelle de chiavennite associée à pezzottaite dans la pegmatite de Sakavalana, Mandrosonoro, Madagascar. Le Règne Minéral: 61: 25-28.
Ciriotti, M., E., Fascio, L. & Pasero, M. (2009) Italian Type Minerals. Pisa: Pisa-Plus University press 2009, 357p.
Cametti, G., Armbuster, T. (2015) Chiavennite revisited: a high-temperature in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. European Journal of Mineralogy: 27: 659-667.
Grice, J.D., Friis, H., Kristiansen, R. (2016): New Data For Chiavennite and Ferrochiavennite. Canadian Mineralogist, 54, 21-32; http://forum.amiminerals.it/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=13321 (2017)
Internet Links for Chiavennite
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https://www.mindat.org/min-1002.html
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Localities for Chiavennite
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The Locality List
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ⓘ - Click for further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Italy (TL) | |
| Bondi, M., Griffin, L., Mattioli, V., Mottana, A. (1981) Chiavennite, CaMnBe2Si5O13(OH)2•2H2O a new mineral from Chiavenna (Italy). American Mineralogist, 68, 623-627.; Guastoni, A., Pozzi, G., Secco, L., Schiazza, M., Pennacchioni, G., Fioretti, A. M., & Nestola, F. (2016). Monazite-(Ce) and Xenotime-(Y) From An Lct, NYF Tertiary Pegmatite Field: Evidence From A Regional Study In the Central Alps (Italy and Switzerland). The Canadian Mineralogist, 54(4), 863-877. |
| Pezzotta F., Guastoni A., Forner H., Demartin F., Kristiansen R. (2004) : Exceptional chiavennite associated with pezzottaite from the Sakavalana Pegmatite, Ambatovita, Madagascar. Web site of Mineralogical Society of America. www.minsocam.org/msa/Pegmatites.html |
Madagascar | |
| Pezzotta F., Guastoni A., Forner H., Demartin F., Kristiansen R. (2004) : Exceptional chiavennite associated with pezzottaite from the Sakavalana Pegmatite, Ambatovita, Madagascar. Web site of Mineralogical Society of America. www.minsocam.org/msa/Pegmatites.html; Pezzotta, F., Guastoni, A., Forner, H., Demartin, F., Kristiansen, R. (2005): Découverte exceptionnelle de chiavennite associée à pezzottaite dans la pegmatite de Sakavalana, Mandrosonoro, Madagascar. Le Règne Minéral, 62, 25-28. |
Mexico | |
| Planer-Friedrich, B. (2000). Hydrogeological and hydrochemical investigations in the Rio Verde Basin, Mexico. Freiberg Online Geoscience, 3, 1-145. |
Norway (TL) | |
| Raade, G., Åmli, R., Mladeck, H., Din. V. K., Larsen, A.O. & Åsheim, A. (1983): Chiavennite from syenite pegmatites in the Oslo Region, Norway. American Mineralogist. 68: 628-633 |
| Engvoldsen,T.,Andersen, F.,Berge, S.A. & Burvald, I. (1991): Pegmatittmineraler fra Larvik ringkompleks. STEIN 18(1),15-71 |
| Larsen, A.O., Åsheim, A. and Gault, R. A. (2005): Minerals of the eudialyte group from the Sagåsen larvikite quarry, Porsgrunn, Norway. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrifter 30: 58-62 | |
| Burvald, Ingulv (1993): To forekomster av nefelin-syenitt-pegmatitt i Telemark. STEIN 20 (3), 176-179; Larsen, A. O. (1988): Helvite group minerals from syenite pegmatites in the Oslo Region, Norway. Contribution to the mineralogy of Norway no 68. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 68: 119-124 |
| Raade, G.; Åmli, R.; Mladeck, M.H.; Din, V.K.; Larsen, A.O. & Åsheim, A.(1983): Chiavennite from syenite pegmatites in the Oslo Region, Norway. American Mineralogist 68; 628-633 |
| Andersen, F. (1993): Hedrum pukkverk i Lågendalen. STEIN 20 (4), 236-238 |
| Kristiansen, R. (1999): Berylliummineraler i Norge. STEIN 26 (2),8-23; Larsen, A. O. (ed.) (2010): The Langesundsfjord. History, geology, pegmatites, minerals. Bode Verlag Gmbh, Salzhemmendorf, Germany, 240 p; Larsen, A.O., Kolitsch, U., Gault, R.A. & Giester, G. (2010): Eirikite a new mineral species of the leifite group from the Langesundsfjord district, Norway. European Journal of Mineralogy. 22, 875–880 |
| Andresen, P. (2011): Mineralene fra Midtfjellet larvikittbrudd, Malerød, Larvik. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift. 46: 41-47 |
| Bjørn K. Stensvold collection; Larsen, K.E. & Stensvold, B.K.(2015): Berylliummineraler og andre sjeldne mineraler i syenittpegmatitter i Skallist larvikittbrudd, Tjølling, Larvik, Vestfold. Norsk Mineralsymposium 2015, 47-56 |
| Engvoldsen,T.,Andersen, F.,Berge, S.A. & Burvald, I. (1991): Pegmatittmineraler fra Larvik ringkompleks. STEIN 18(1),15-71 |
| Larsen, A. O. (ed.) (2010): The Langesundsfjord. History, geology, pegmatites, minerals. Bode Verlag Gmbh, Salzhemmendorf, Germany, 240 p | |
| Engvoldsen,T.,Andersen, F.,Berge, S.A. & Burvald, I. (1991): Pegmatittmineraler fra Larvik ringkompleks. STEIN 18(1),15-71/ Raade, G.; Åmli, R.; Mladeck, M.H.; Din, V.K.; Larsen, A.O. & Åsheim, A.(1983): Chiavennite from syenite pegmatites in the Oslo Region, Norway. American Mineralogist 68; 628-633 | |
| Peter Andresen collection, 2016. | |
| Larsen, A. O. (ed.) (2010): The Langesundsfjord. History, geology, pegmatites, minerals. Bode Verlag Gmbh, Salzhemmendorf, Germany, 240 p | |
| Nordrum, F. S. (2004): Nyfunn av mineraler i Norge 2003-2004. STEIN 31 (2), 36-44 | |
| Engvoldsen,T.,Andersen, F.,Berge, S.A. & Burvald, I. (1991): Pegmatittmineraler fra Larvik ringkompleks. STEIN 18(1),15-71; Larsen, A. O. (ed.) (2010): The Langesundsfjord. History, geology, pegmatites, minerals. Bode Verlag Gmbh, Salzhemmendorf, Germany, 240 p | |
| Collection of Peter Andresen./ Nordrum, F.S. (2008): Nyfunn av mineraler i Norge 2007-2008. STEIN 35 (2), 8-20 | |
| Collection of OT Ljøstad. | |
| Raade, G., Åmli, R., Mladeck, H., Din. V. K., Larsen, A.O. & Åsheim, A. (1983): Chiavennite from syenite pegmatites in the Oslo Region, Norway. American Mineralogist. 68: 628-633; Larsen, A. O.; Åsheim, A.; Raade, G. & Taftø, J. (1992): Tvedalite, (Ca,Mn)4Be3Si6O17(OH)4• 3H2O, a new mineral from syenite pegmatite in the Oslo Region, Norway, American Mineralogist 77, 438-443 | |
Sweden | |
| Langhof, J., Holtstam, D. & Gustafsson, L., 2000: Chiavennite and zoned genthelvite-helvite as late-stage minerals of the Proterozoic LCT pegmatites at Utö, Stockholm, Sweden. GFF, Vol. 122 (Pt. 2, June), pp. 207-212. Stockholm. ISSN 1103-5897 |
| Nysten, P. (1996): Paragenetic setting and crystal chemistry of milarites from Proterozoic granitic pegmatites in Sweden. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1996, 564-576. |
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Vevja Quarry, Tvedalen, Larvik, Vestfold, Norway