Cotunnite
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About Cotunnite
Domenico Cotugno
Formula:
PbCl2
Colour:
Colourless, white, light yellow, light green
Lustre:
Adamantine, Silky, Pearly
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
5.8
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named in honor of Domenico Cotugno (29 January 1736, Ruvo di Puglia, Italy - 6 October 1822, Naples, Italy), Professor of Anatomy, University of Naples.
In the experimental volcanic gas condensation by Africano et al. (2002) it deposits below 325°C.
Classification of Cotunnite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
3/D.0-10
3.DC.85
3 : HALIDES
D : Oxyhalides, hydroxyhalides and related double halides
C : With Pb (As,Sb,Bi), without Cu
3 : HALIDES
D : Oxyhalides, hydroxyhalides and related double halides
C : With Pb (As,Sb,Bi), without Cu
9.2.7.1
9 : NORMAL HALIDES
2 : AX2
9 : NORMAL HALIDES
2 : AX2
8.8.4
8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
8 : Halides of Pb
8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
8 : Halides of Pb
Physical Properties of Cotunnite
Adamantine, Silky, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colourless, white, light yellow, light green
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Sectile
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {010}.
On {010}.
Fracture:
Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
5.8 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.81 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Cotunnite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 2.199 nβ = 2.217 nγ = 2.260
2V:
Measured: 67° , Calculated: 68°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.061
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
relatively strong
Chemical Properties of Cotunnite
Formula:
PbCl2
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Cotunnite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.6222(5) Å, b = 9.0448(7) Å, c = 4.5348(4) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.843 : 1 : 0.501
Unit Cell V:
312.63 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Usually flattened {010} and elongated [001]. Doubly terminated with equivalent faces unequally developed. Reentrant angles may be present in the prism zone due to oscillatory combination of {210} and {110}. Massive, granular.
Twinning:
On {120} (artificial crystals).
Comment:
Space group Pnam (non-standard setting)
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0011874 | Cotunnite | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Crystal Structures 1 298-306 | 1963 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Cotunnite
Epitaxial Minerals:
| Galena | PbS |
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.057 Å | (35) |
| 3.890 Å | (75) |
| 3.810 Å | (40) |
| 3.579 Å | (100) |
| 2.776 Å | (55) |
| 2.510 Å | (45) |
| 2.096 Å | (40) |
Geological Environment
Geological Setting:
Alteration product of galena under arid, saline conditions.
Type Occurrence of Cotunnite
Synonyms of Cotunnite
Other Language Names for Cotunnite
Common Associates
| Anglesite | PbSO4 |
| Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| Matlockite | PbFCl |
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 3 photos of Cotunnite associated with Challacolloite | KPb2Cl5 |
| 2 photos of Cotunnite associated with Penfieldite | Pb2Cl3(OH) |
| 2 photos of Cotunnite associated with Boleite | KPb26Ag9Cu24(OH)48Cl62 |
| 1 photo of Cotunnite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 1 photo of Cotunnite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 1 photo of Cotunnite associated with Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
| 1 photo of Cotunnite associated with Tenorite | CuO |
| 1 photo of Cotunnite associated with Artroeite | Pb[AlF3(OH)2] |
| 1 photo of Cotunnite associated with Uklonskovite | NaMg(SO4)F · 2H2O |
| 1 photo of Cotunnite associated with Pseudoboleite | Pb31Cu24Cl62(OH)48 |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
| 3.DC.05 | Laurionite | PbCl(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 3.DC.05 | Paralaurionite | PbCl(OH) | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| 3.DC.10 | Fiedlerite | Pb3FCl4(OH) · H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| 3.DC.15 | Penfieldite | Pb2Cl3(OH) | Hex. 6 : P6 |
| 3.DC.20 | Laurelite | Pb7F12Cl2 | Hex. 6 : P6 |
| 3.DC.25 | Bismoclite | BiOCl | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm |
| 3.DC.25 | Daubréeite | BiO(OH) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm |
| 3.DC.25 | Matlockite | PbFCl | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm |
| 3.DC.25 | Rorisite | CaFCl | Tet. |
| 3.DC.25 | Zavaritskite | (BiO)F | Tet. |
| 3.DC.25 | Zhangpeishanite | BaFCl | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm |
| 3.DC.30 | Nadorite | PbSbClO2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm |
| 3.DC.30 | Perite | PbBiClO2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm |
| 3.DC.35 | Aravaipaite | Pb3AlF9 · H2O | Tric. |
| 3.DC.37 | Calcioaravaipaite | PbCa2AlF9 | Tric. 1 |
| 3.DC.40 | Thorikosite | Pb3Cl2(OH)(SbO3,AsO3) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4/mmm |
| 3.DC.45 | Mereheadite | Pb47Cl25(OH)13O24(CO3)(BO3)2 | Mon. m |
| 3.DC.50 | Blixite | Pb8O5(OH)2Cl4 | Orth. |
| 3.DC.55 | Pinalite | Pb3WO5Cl2 | Orth. |
| 3.DC.60 | Symesite | Pb10(SO4)O7Cl4 · H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| 3.DC.65 | Ecdemite | Pb6Cl4(As2O7) | Mon. 2 : P21 |
| 3.DC.70 | Mendipite | Pb3Cl2O2 | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
| 3.DC.75 | Damaraite | Pb3Cl(OH)O2 | Orth. mm2 : Pmc21 |
| 3.DC.80 | Onoratoite | Sb8Cl2O11 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| 3.DC.90 | Pseudocotunnite | K2PbCl4 | Orth. |
| 3.DC.95 | Barstowite | Pb4Cl6(CO3) · H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)
| 9.2.7.2 | Hydrophilite |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
| 8.8.1 | Abhurite | Sn21Cl16(OH)14O6 | Trig. |
| 8.8.2 | Matlockite | PbFCl | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm |
| 8.8.3 | Laurelite | Pb7F12Cl2 | Hex. 6 : P6 |
| 8.8.5 | Mendipite | Pb3Cl2O2 | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
| 8.8.6 | Damaraite | Pb3Cl(OH)O2 | Orth. mm2 : Pmc21 |
| 8.8.7 | Laurionite | PbCl(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 8.8.8 | Paralaurionite | PbCl(OH) | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| 8.8.9 | Penfieldite | Pb2Cl3(OH) | Hex. 6 : P6 |
| 8.8.10 | Fiedlerite | Pb3FCl4(OH) · H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| 8.8.11 | Blixite | Pb8O5(OH)2Cl4 | Orth. |
| 8.8.12 | Pseudocotunnite | K2PbCl4 | Orth. |
| 8.8.13 | Diaboleite | Pb2CuCl2(OH)4 | Tet. 4mm : P4mm |
| 8.8.14 | Pseudoboleite | Pb31Cu24Cl62(OH)48 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4/mmm |
| 8.8.15 | Chloroxiphite | Pb3CuO2Cl2(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| 8.8.17 | Bideauxite | Pb2AgCl3(F,OH)2 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| 8.8.18 | Boleite | KPb26Ag9Cu24(OH)48Cl62 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Pm3m |
| 8.8.19 | Aravaipaite | Pb3AlF9 · H2O | Tric. |
| 8.8.20 | Yedlinite | Pb6Cr3+Cl6(O,OH,H2O)8 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 8.8.21 | Kolarite | PbTeCl2 | Orth. |
| 8.8.22 | Hematophanite | Pb4Fe3O8(OH,Cl) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Cotunnite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Monticelli, T., Covelli, N. (1825) Cotunnia (Piombo muriato). Prodromo della Mineralogia Vesuviana, Napoli: 1: 47-52.
Von Kobell, F. (1830) Charakteristik der Mineralien. Part 1 (1830); part 2 (1831), Nürnberg: 2: 179.
Stöber (1895) Académie royale des sciences de Belgique, Brussels, Bull.: 30(3): 345.
Lacroix, A. (1910) Minéralogie de la France et des ses colonies, Paris. 5 volumes: vol. 4: 890.
Hintze, Carl (1912) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1 [2B]: 2350.
Goldschmidt, V. (1913) Atlas der Krystallformen. 9 volumes, atlas, and text: vol. 2: 193.
Lorenz and Eitel (1915) Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, Hamburg, Leipzig: 91: 48.
Russell, A. (1920) On the Occurrence of Cotunnite, Anglesite, Leadhillite, and Galena on Fused Lead from the Wreck of the Fire-Ship ‘Firebrand’ in Falmouth Harbour, Cornwall. Mineralogical Magazine: 19(90): 64-68.
Bräkken and Harang (1928) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 68: 123.
Palache, C., Berman, H. and Frondel, C. (1951) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 42-44.
Mineralogial Abstracts (1969) 69: 1075.
Nozik, Y.Z., Fykin, L.E., Muradyan, L.A. (1976) Crystal structure of cotunnite, PbCl2, determined more precisely by application of the neutron diffraction method. Soviet Physics – Crystallography: 21: 38-40.
Nozik, Y.Z., Fykin, L.E., Muradyan, L.A. (1976) Crystal structure of contunnite PbCl2 determined more precisely by application of the neutron diffraction method. Kristallografiya: 21: 76-79.
Semenova, T.F., Filatov, S.F., Vergasova, L.P., Petukhova, V.V., Dobroskok, T.A. (1988) Exhalation-derived cotunnite PbCl2. A new find in the USSR. Mineralogiceskij Zhurnal: 10: 92–96.
Africano, F., Van Rompaey, G., Bernard, A., Le Guern, F. (2002) Deposition of trace elements from high-temperature gases of Satsuma-Iwojima volcano. Earth Planets Space: 54: 275-286.
Internet Links for Cotunnite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1141.html
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Localities for Cotunnite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Austria | |
| Kolitsch, U., Brandstätter, F., Schreiber, F., Fink, R. & Auer, C. (2013): Die Mineralogie der weltweit einzigartigen Schlacken von Waitschach, Kärnten. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 115, 19-87 (in German). |
| G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995 |
Brazil | |
| Kaminsky, F. V., Ryabchikov, I. D., & Wirth, R. (2015). A primary natrocarbonatitic association in the Deep Earth. Mineralogy and Petrology, 1-12. |
Canada | |
| Dare, S. A., Barnes, S. J., Prichard, H. M., & Fisher, P. C. (2014). Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Cu-Rich Ores from the McCreedy East Ni-Cu-PGE Deposit (Sudbury, Canada): Implications for the Behavior of Platinum Group and Chalcophile Elements at the End of Crystallization of a Sulfide Liquid. Economic Geology, 109(2), 343-366. |
| Liferovich & Mitchell pers. comm. L. Horváth 2005: L. Horváth 2009 |
| EcoMetrix Reort for Stillwater Canada Inc, Marathon Project (2012) Table 4.1-3 |
Chile | |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 44. |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter, Curator of Hamburg Mineralogical Museum, Germany | |
| Brent Thorne specimen. EDS analyzed by Joy Desor. |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 44; J. Schlüter at al.: N. Jb. Min. Abh. 182(1):95-101 (2005) | |
France | |
| P&T N°23-24, H. BARI 1982, Minéralogie des filons du Neuenberg à Sainte Marie aux Mines (Haut-Rhin). |
| Wittern, Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen", 1997 |
| D. Gol (2009), Le Règne Minéral n°90 |
| Jean-Luc Portes collection |
Germany | |
| U. Kolitsch, J. Gröbner, F. Brandstätter and R. Bayerl (2010): Neufunde aus der Grube Clara im mittleren Schwarzwald (IV): Calcioandyrobertsit, Cotunnit, Gerhardtit, Khaidarkanit, Lukrahnit, Mckinstryit, Moolooit, Rhabdophan-(La), Rouait und Uricit. Lapis 35 (9), 22-27; 62 (in German). |
| Habel, M. (2009): Der Granodioritbruch der Fa. Josef Uhrmann OHG, Steinerleinbach bei Röhrnbach. Mineralien-Welt 20 (2), 66-86. |
| S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990 |
| Weiss, S. (1990) Mineralfundstellen Atlas, Deutschland West. Weise Verlag, München, 320 pages. |
| Weiss, S. (1990) Mineralfundstellen Atlas, Deutschland West. Weise Verlag, München, 320 pages. |
| XRD analysis (T. Witzke) |
Greece | |
| No reference listed |
| Branko Rieck Collection |
| Schnorrer-Köhler, G., Standfuss, K. & Standfuss, L. (1981): Neufunde von Mineralen aus den antiken Bleischlacken Laurions. Der Aufschluss, 32, 165-169. | |
| No reference listed |
| Laurion The minerals in the ancient slags,page 74,in genaral all discribed minerals can occur at all the slag places mentioned in this book written by Piet gelaude Piet vsn Kalmthout and Christia Rewitzer |
| Papavasiliou, K., Voudouris, P., Kanellopoulos, C., Alfieris, D., & Xydous, S. (2016) Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Triades-Galana Pb-Zn-Ag-Au Intermediate-High Sulfidation Epithermal Deposit, Milos Island, Greece. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, vol. L, Proceedings of the 14th Intern. Congress, Thessaloniki, May 2016 |
India | |
| Genkin A D, Safonov Y G, Vasudev V N, Rao B K, Boronikhin V A, Vyalsov L N, Gorshkov A I, Mokhov A V (1985) Kolarite PbTeCl2 and radhakrishnaite PbTe3(Cl,S)2, new mineral species from the Kolar Gold Deposit, India, The Canadian Mineralogist, 23, 501-506 |
Iran | |
| Bariand, P. 1963. Contribution à la minéralogie de l’lran. Bulletin de la Société Française de minéralogie et de cristallographie, 86: 17-64. [Locality description in brief and mineralogical list with photographs] Bariand, P. 2003. Un apercu général sur la Minéralogie de I'Iran. Le Règne Minéral, 54: 41-51. |
Israel | |
| Itamar, A. (1993): Hydrothermal alteration of quartz syenite in Shen Ramon, Israel: mineralogy, petrography and economic evaluation. Proc. Quadrenn. IAGOD Symp., 8th, 823-834. |
Italy | |
| Parascandola, A. (1959) Notizie vesuviane. Il Vesuvio dal marzo 1948 al dicembre 1958. Bollettino della Società dei Naturalisti in Napoli, 68, 184-340; De Michele, V. (1974) Guida mineralogica d'Italia. Istituto Geografico De Agostini, Novara, 2 vol., 408 pages. |
| Zambonini, F. (1907): Sulla radioattività della cotunnite vesuviana. Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, serie 5, Rendiconti, Classe di scienze fisiche, matematiche e naturali, 16, 1,975-978; Soviet Physics, Crystallography, volume 21, pp. 38(1976); Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 43; Lapis 1994:5 p.13-23,58.; Balassone, G.; Petti, C.; Mondillo, N.; Panikorovskii, T.L.; de Gennaro, R.; Cappelletti, P.; Altomare, A.; Corriero, N.; Cangiano, M.; D’Orazio, L. (2019) Copper Minerals at Vesuvius Volcano (Southern Italy): A Mineralogical Review. Minerals 9, 730. |
| Pelloux, A. (1927) The minerals of Vesuvius. American Mineralogist, 12, 14–21; Palache, C., Berman, H., Frondel, C. (1951) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892. Seventh edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York, Volume II, page 43; Parascandola, A. (1951) I minerali del Vesuvio nella eruzione del marzo 1944 e quelli formati durante l’attuale periodo di riposo. Bollettino della Societa` Geologica Italiana, 70, 523–526; Parascandola, A. (1959) Notizie vesuviane. Il Vesuvio dal marzo 1948 al dicembre 1958. Bollettino della Società dei Naturalisti in Napoli, 68, 184-340; Parascandola, A. (1960) Notizie vesuviane. Il Vesuvio dal gennaio 1959 al dicembre 1960. Bollettino della Società dei Naturalisti in Napoli, 69, 263–298; Ragone, V., and Ottone, G. (1997) Cinque anni di ricerche mineralogiche al Somma - Vesuvio (Napoli). Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 22, 2 (2-1997), 137-154; Russo, M., and Punzo, I. (2004) I Minerali del Somma-Vesuvio. AMI Associazione Micro-mineralogica Italiana, Tipografia Fantigrafica s.r.l., Cremona, 320 pp.; Cruciani, G., Orlandi, P., Pasero, M., and Russo, M. (2005) First Italian occurrence of cumengéite from Vesuvius: crystal-structure refinement and revision of the chemical formula. Mineralogical Magazine, 69, 6, 1037-1045. | |
| Parascandola, A. (1959) Notizie vesuviane. Il Vesuvio dal marzo 1948 al dicembre 1958. Bollettino della Società dei Naturalisti in Napoli, 68, 184-340; Parascandola, A. (1960) Notizie vesuviane. Il Vesuvio dal gennaio 1959 al dicembre 1960. Bollettino della Società dei Naturalisti in Napoli, 69, 263–298; Ragone, V., and Ottone, G. (1997) Cinque anni di ricerche mineralogiche al Somma - Vesuvio (Napoli). Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 22, 2 (2-1997), 137-154; Cruciani, G., Orlandi, P., Pasero, M., and Russo, M. (2005) First Italian occurrence of cumengéite from Vesuvius: crystal-structure refinement and revision of the chemical formula. Mineralogical Magazine, 69, 6, 1037-1045. |
| Parascandola, A. (1959) Notizie vesuviane. Il Vesuvio dal marzo 1948 al dicembre 1958. Bollettino della Società dei Naturalisti in Napoli, 68, 184-340; Parascandola, A. (1960) Notizie vesuviane. Il Vesuvio dal gennaio 1959 al dicembre 1960. Bollettino della Società dei Naturalisti in Napoli, 69, 263–298; Ragone, V., and Ottone, G. (1997) Cinque anni di ricerche mineralogiche al Somma - Vesuvio (Napoli). Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 22, 2 (2-1997), 137-154. | |
| Mavris, C., Pramaggiore, G., and Pellecchia, M. (2020) Cotunnite delle miniere di Tavagnasco (TO). Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 44, 3 (3-2020), 182-184. |
| Campostrini I. et al - Vulcano: ein aussergewohnlicher Fundpunkt von neuen und seltenen Mineralien - MineralienWelt 2010 - nr.3 - p.40-57 |
| Lattanzi P. Tanelli G.,1978: Considerazioni genetiche sulla cotunnite del giacimento a pirite di Niccioleta (Toscana). 'Rend.Soc.Ital.Mineral.Petrol. 34 (1) Milano pp. 37-44 Brizzi G., Capperi M., Masotti A. - La miniera di pirite di Niccioleta, Massa Marittima (GR) - Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, Milano, Fasc. 4 (1989) e Fasc. 1 - 2(1990) |
| http://www.comune.pisa.it/apsn/Articoli/Scorie/Capattoli.htm |
| Franzini, M., Perchiazzi, N. (1992): I minerali delle scorie ferrifere etrusche di Baratti (Livorno). Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Memorie, Serie A, 99, 43-77; Franzini, M., Perchiazzi, N., Bartoli, M.L., Chiappino, L. (1992): Baratti (LI): una nuova località mineralogica italiana analoga al Laurion. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 15, 1 (1-1992), 1-14 [1a parte]; Cerutti, G., Preite, D. (1995): Mineralien der etruskischen Schlacken von Baratti, Toskana. Lapis, 20, 4, 13-18 and 50. |
Namibia | |
| Raman and EDS confirmed by Joy Desor. |
New Zealand | |
| Railton, G.T., Watters, W.A. (1990) Minerals of New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Bulletin 104, 89 pages. |
Norway | |
| Griffin W. L., Nilsen, B. & Jensen, B, B (1977): Mineralogiske undersøkelser av tinntallerkener fra Hidra-vraket. Norsk Sjøfartsmuseums Årsberetning 1976, 111-114 |
Peru | |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 44. |
Poland | |
| Łukasz Kruszewski (2012) Unique chloride assemblage of exhalative origin from burning coal-mining dump in Radlin (Rybnik Coal Area, S Poland). Mineralogical Society of Poland Special Papers 40 |
Romania | |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians,2009 |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov, B., Kotrly, M. and Nisanbajev, T. (1998): Brennende Abraumhalden und Aufschlüsse im Tscheljabinsker Kohlenbecken - eine reiche Mineralienküche. Mineralien-Welt, 9 (3), 54-63 (in German). |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2019 |
| Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow |
| |
| Pekov, I. V., Zubkova, N. V., Britvin, S. N., Yapaskurt, V. O., Chukanov, N. V., Lykova, I. S., ... & Pushcharovsky, D. Y. (2015). New zinc and potassium chlorides from fumaroles of the Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia: mineral data and crystal chemistry. III. Cryobostryxite, KZnCl3· 2H2O. European Journal of Mineralogy, 27(6), 805-812 | |
| Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow; Mandarino, J. A. (2003). New minerals. The Canadian Mineralogist, 41(3), 803-828. | |
| Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow |
| Perevoznikova, E. V., & Miroshnichenko, N. V. (2009). Tausonite and aluminum-fluorine titanite from the metamorphosed metalliferous sediments of the Triassic chert formation of the Sikhote Alin. Russian Journal of Pacific Geology, 3(3), 294-297. |
| Shevko, E. P., Bortnikova, S. B., Abrosimova, N. A., Kamenetsky, V. S., Bortnikova, S. P., Panin, G. L., & Zelenski, M. (2018). Trace Elements and Minerals in Fumarolic Sulfur: The Case of Ebeko Volcano, Kuriles. Geofluids, 2018. |
Spain | |
| Rewitzer, C., Hochleitner, R. y Fehr, T. Mina Casualidad, Baños de Alhamilla, Almería, Spain (part2). Mineral Up, 5, (5), 8-36 |
| Carmona Ruiz, A., Ramos Márquez, I. y Jiménez Martínez, R. (2018). Paragénesis. Revista de Mineralogía. Editor: Grup Mineralògic Català (GMC). Vol. I, Núm. 5, 2018-1. Barcelona. Pag. 7-52. |
| Calvo Rebollar, M. y Viñals i Olia, J. (2018). Cotunnita, cumengeita, diaboleita y otros minerales secundarios de plomo y cobre en la mina "La Reixidora", Monte Bedures, Meredo, Vegadeo (Asturias). Revista de Minerales, 7 (1), 26-30. |
| Calvo Rebollar, M. and Viñals i Olia, J. (2018). Cotunnita, cumengeita, diaboleita y otros minerales secundarios de plomo y cobre en la mina "La Reixidora", Monte Bedures, Meredo, Vegadeo (Asturias). Revista de Minerales, 7 (1), 26-30. |
| Rewitzer, C., Calvo, M. Hochleitner, R., and Utrera, C. (2018). Cotunnite, caracolite, sideronatrite and other rare secondary minerals in the "Ferruginosa" mine, Cabo de Palos, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain. Mineral Up, 5 (1), 66-79. |
Tunisia | |
| Kutzke, H., Barbier, B., Becker, P. & Eggert, G. (1997): Barstowite as a corrosion product on a lead object from the Mahdia shipwreck. Studies in Conservation 42, 176-180. |
UK | |
| BMS Newsletter 79, March 2010 (http://britishmicromountsociety.homestead.com/Gannell-Smelter.html) |
| Goley, P. and Williams R. (1995) Cornish Mineral Reference Manual. Endsleigh Publications |
| No reference listed |
| Turner, R.W. and Rumsey, M.S. (2010): Mineral Relationships in the Mendip Hills. Journal of the Russell Society, vol 13, pp 3-46; Turner R.W. and Rumsey, M.S. (2007) Merehead Mineralogy - an Update. Russell Soc Newsletter, No 50, pp 17-18 (March 2007); Turner, R.W., (2006) A Mechanism for the formation of the Mineralised Mn Deposits at Merehead Quarry, Cranmore, Somerset, England. Mineralogical Magazine vol. 70, no. 6, pp 629 - 653 |
| |
| Hubbard, N. & Green, D.I., 2005. Cotunnite from Penrhyn Du Mine, Gwynedd, Wales. Journal of the Russell Society, 8(2), 106-107. |
USA | |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd. ed.: 190; Hill, J.M. (1914b), The Grand Gulch Mining Region, Mohave Co., AZ, USGS Bull.580: 39-58; Galbraith, F.W. & Brennan (1959), Mineras of AZ: 44. |
| Collected by Bob Housley. SEM EDS analzyed. |
| Shepard, C. U. (1866). Cotunnite at Southampton lead mine (American Journal of Science, 2nd series 47:247-48). |
| McSwiggen, P. L. (1999) Platinum-palladium group minerals, gold, silver, and cobalt in the Minnamax copper-nickel sulfide deposit, Duluth Complex, northeastern Minnesota. Minnesota Geological Survey Report of Investigations 54 |
| Robert E Walstrom (2015) Skarn Minerals of the Victorio Mountains, Luna County, New Mexico. 36th Annual New Mexico Mineral Symposium p 34 |
| Robert E. Walstrom collecdtion | |
| Alminas, Henry V.; Foord, Eugene E.; Tucker, Robert E. (1994) Geochemistry, mineralogy, and geochronology of the U.S. Virgin Islands USGS Bulletin 2057 36p |
| UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah |
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Challacollo, Tamarugal Province, Tarapacá, Chile