Duftite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Duftite
Formula:
PbCu(AsO4)(OH)
Colour:
Olive-green, grey-green
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy, Dull
Hardness:
4½
Specific Gravity:
6.12
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named by Otto Pufahl in 1920 for Gustav Bernhard Duft [b. 1859 Clausthal, Germany - 1924?], second General Manager of the Tsumcor Mine (Tsumeb Mine), Namibia (~1906), but Duft was active in Namibia as early as 1892. Guillemin (1956) distinguished two kinds of duftite: "duftite-α" = duftite (space group Pnam) and (Ca-bearing) "duftite-β" = duftite (space group P212121).
Adelite-Descloizite Group. Conichalcite-Duftite Series. Duftite-Mottramite Series.
Duftite-alpha is possibly a variety of Duftite isostructural with descloizite (for literature see duftite). Modern studies needed.
Duftite-β was found to be a compositional intermediate in the conichalcite-duftite series, which has a modulated structure based on the intergrowth of the two structures in domains of approximately 50 Å (Kharisun et al., 1998).
Originally described from Tsumeb Mine (Tsumcorp Mine), Tsumeb, Otjikoto (Oshikoto) Region, Namibia.
Duftite-alpha is possibly a variety of Duftite isostructural with descloizite (for literature see duftite). Modern studies needed.
Duftite-β was found to be a compositional intermediate in the conichalcite-duftite series, which has a modulated structure based on the intergrowth of the two structures in domains of approximately 50 Å (Kharisun et al., 1998).
Originally described from Tsumeb Mine (Tsumcorp Mine), Tsumeb, Otjikoto (Oshikoto) Region, Namibia.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1325
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1325:9
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
f1984c6d-9307-453a-b789-29ab6ec9e832
IMA Classification of Duftite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1920
Classification of Duftite
8.BH.35
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
H : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH,etc.):RO4 = 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
H : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH,etc.):RO4 = 1:1
41.5.1.4
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
5 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
5 : (AB)2(XO4)Zq
20.5.3
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
5 : Arsenates of Ti and Pb
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
5 : Arsenates of Ti and Pb
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Dft | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Duftite
Pronunciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Debbie Woolf | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Duftite
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy, Dull
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Lustre vitreous on fracture surfaces; dull on crystal faces.
Colour:
Olive-green, grey-green
Comment:
Light apple-green in transmitted light.
Streak:
Pale green, white
Hardness:
4½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
Usually unobservable in botryoidal aggregates.
Usually unobservable in botryoidal aggregates.
Fracture:
Conchoidal, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
6.12 g/cm3 (Measured) 6.602 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Duftite-α D=6.57
Optical Data of Duftite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 2.030 - 2.040 nβ = 2.060 - 2.080 nγ = 2.080 - 2.100
Birefringence:
0.055
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.050 - 0.060
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
r > v perceptible
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Duftite
Mindat Formula:
PbCu(AsO4)(OH)
Crystallography of Duftite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
2 2 2 - Disphenoidal
Space Group:
P21 21 21
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.749(1) Å, b = 9.36(1) Å, c = 5.91(1) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.828 : 1 : 0.631
Unit Cell V:
428.66 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Usually botryoidal, rare tiny crystals elongated [001] with curved and rough faces aggregated into crusts. Pseudo-octahedral.
Comment:
For P212121; UCD for Pnam a 7.788, b 9.223, c 6.001
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0014532 | Duftite | Kharisun, Taylor M R, Bevan D J M, Pring A (1998) The crystal chemistry of duftite, PbCuAsO4(OH) and the beta-duftite problem Mineralogical Magazine 62 121-130 | 1998 | 0 | 293 | ||
0020488 | Duftite | Sokolova E V, Egorov-Tismenko Y K (1982) Study of crystalline structures of rare arsenates: duftite and mimetite Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta Geologiya 37 50-56 | 1982 | Cassiterite-sulfide field, Festivalnyi, East Siberia, Russia | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
4.18 Å | (70) |
3.17 Å | (100) |
2.91 Å | (80) |
2.63 Å | (90) |
2.26 Å | (90) |
1.868 Å | (50) |
1.750 Å | (50) |
1.637 Å | (70) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] |
Geological Setting:
Uncommon mineral in the oxidized zone of some polymetallic sulfide deposits.
Type Occurrence of Duftite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type material.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Oxidized zone of a polymetallic deposit.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Pufahl, O. (1920) Mitteilungen über mineralien und erze von Südwestafrika, besonders solche von Tsumeb. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie: 1920: 289-296.
Other Language Names for Duftite
Varieties of Duftite
Calcio-duftite | Ca-bearing variety of duftite (solid solution between duftite and conichalcite). |
Duftite-β | Duftite-beta was found to be a compositional intermediate in the duftite–conichalcite series, which has a modulated structure based on the intergrowth of the two structures in domains of approximately 50 Å: Kharisun, 1998. The duftite “story” - an... |
Relationship of Duftite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Adelite | CaMg(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
Arsendescloizite | PbZn(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
Austinite | CaZn(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
Čechite | PbFe2+(VO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
Cobaltaustinite | CaCo(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
Conichalcite | CaCu(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
Descloizite | PbZn(VO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
Duftite-alpha | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) | |
Gottlobite | CaMg(VO4)(OH) | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
Hermannroseite | CaCu(PO4)(OH) | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
Mottramite | PbCu(VO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
Nickelaustinite | CaNi(AsO4)(OH) | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
Pyrobelonite | PbMn2+(VO4)(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
Tangeite | CaCu(VO4)(OH) | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
Unnamed (Pb-analogue of Nickelaustinite) | PbNi(AsO4)(OH) | |
Vuagnatite | CaAl(SiO4)(OH) | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
657 photos of Duftite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
240 photos of Duftite associated with Dioptase | CuSiO3 · H2O |
165 photos of Duftite associated with Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
140 photos of Duftite associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
99 photos of Duftite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
86 photos of Duftite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
61 photos of Duftite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
59 photos of Duftite associated with Wulfenite | Pb(MoO4) |
48 photos of Duftite associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
38 photos of Duftite associated with Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
8.BH. | Crimsonite | PbFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
8.BH. | Reznitskyite | CaMg(VO4)F |
8.BH. | Cuprozheshengite | Pb4CuZn2(AsO4)2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
8.BH. | Zheshengite | Pb4ZnZn2(AsO4)2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
8.BH. | Peterchinite | Zn3Zn2(OH)6As[O3(OH)3] |
8.BH.05 | Thadeuite | Ca(Mg,Fe2+)3(PO4)2(OH,F)2 |
8.BH.10 | Durangite | NaAl(AsO4)F |
8.BH.10 | Isokite | CaMg(PO4)F |
8.BH.10 | Lacroixite | NaAl(PO4)F |
8.BH.10 | Maxwellite | NaFe3+(AsO4)F |
8.BH.10 | Panasqueiraite | CaMg(PO4)(OH,F) |
8.BH.10 | Kononovite | NaMg(SO4)F |
8.BH.10 | Arsenatrotitanite | NaTi(AsO4)O |
8.BH.15 | Drugmanite | Pb2(Fe3+,Al)(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)2 |
8.BH.20 | Bjarebyite | (Ba,Sr)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
8.BH.20 | Cirrolite | Ca3Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 (?) |
8.BH.20 | Kulanite | Ba(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)2(Al,Fe3+)2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
8.BH.20 | Penikisite | Ba(Mg,Fe2+,Ca)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
8.BH.20 | Perloffite | Ba(Mn2+,Fe2+)2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
8.BH.20 | Johntomaite | BaFe2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
8.BH.20 | Bjarebyite Group | |
8.BH.20 | Strontioperloffite | SrMn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
8.BH.20 | Plumboperloffite | PbMn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
8.BH.25 | Bertossaite | (Li,Na)2(Ca,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al4(PO4)4(OH,F)4 |
8.BH.25 | Palermoite | (Li,Na)2(Sr,Ca)Al4(PO4)4(OH)4 |
8.BH.25 | Natropalermoite | Na2SrAl4(PO4)4(OH)4 |
8.BH.30 | Carminite | PbFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
8.BH.30 | Sewardite | CaFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
8.BH.35 | Adelite | CaMg(AsO4)(OH) |
8.BH.35 | Arsendescloizite | PbZn(AsO4)(OH) |
8.BH.35 | Austinite | CaZn(AsO4)(OH) |
8.BH.35 | Cobaltaustinite | CaCo(AsO4)(OH) |
8.BH.35 | Conichalcite | CaCu(AsO4)(OH) |
8.BH.35 | Gabrielsonite | PbFe3+(As3+O3)O |
8.BH.35 | Nickelaustinite | CaNi(AsO4)(OH) |
8.BH.35 | Tangeite | CaCu(VO4)(OH) |
8.BH.35 | Duftite-alpha | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) |
8.BH.35 | Gottlobite | CaMg(VO4)(OH) |
8.BH.35 | Hermannroseite | CaCu(PO4)(OH) |
8.BH.40 | Čechite | PbFe2+(VO4)(OH) |
8.BH.40 | Descloizite | PbZn(VO4)(OH) |
8.BH.40 | Mottramite | PbCu(VO4)(OH) |
8.BH.40 | Pyrobelonite | PbMn2+(VO4)(OH) |
8.BH.40 | Khorixasite | (Bi0.67◻0.33)Cu(VO4)(OH) |
8.BH.45 | Bayldonite | PbCu3(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
8.BH.45 | Vésigniéite | BaCu3(VO4)2(OH)2 |
8.BH.50 | Paganoite | NiBi(AsO4)O |
8.BH.55 | Harrisonite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)6(PO4)2(SiO4)2 |
8.BH.55 | Jagowerite | BaAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
8.BH.60 | Attakolite | CaMn2+Al4(SiO3OH)(PO4)3(OH)4 |
8.BH.65 | Leningradite | PbCu3(VO4)2Cl |
8.BH.70 | Katiarsite | KTiO(AsO4) |
8.BH.70 | Yurgensonite | K2SnTiO2(AsO4)2 |
8.BH.75 | Melanarsite | K3Cu7Fe3+O4(AsO4)4 |
8.BH.80 | Moraskoite | Na2Mg(PO4)F |
8.BH.80 | Evseevite | Na2Mg(AsO4)F |
8.BH.85 | Piccoliite | NaCaMn3+2(AsO4)2O(OH) |
Fluorescence of Duftite
Not Fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Duftite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1325.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Duftite
Reference List:
Richmond, Wallace E. (1940) Crystal chemistry of the phosphates, arsenates and vanadates of the type A2XO4(Z) American Mineralogist, 25 (7) 441-479 p.458
Claringbull, G. F. (1951) New occurrences of duftite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 29 (213) 609-614 doi:10.1180/minmag.1951.029.213.07
Guillemin, Claude (1956) Contribution à la minéralogie des arséniates, phosphates et vanadates de cuivre. I. — Arséniates de cuivre. Bulletin de Minéralogie, 79 (1) 7-95 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1956.5049esp. pg. 70–80
Jambor, J. L., Owens, D. R., Dutrizac, J. E. (1980) Solid solution in the adelite group of arsenates. The Canadian Mineralogist, 18 (2) 191-195
Kharisun, Taylor, Max R., Bevan, D. J. M., Pring, Allan (1998) The crystal chemistry of duftite, PbCuAsO4(OH) and the β-duftite problem. Mineralogical Magazine, 62 (1) 121-130 doi:10.1180/002646198547413
Markl, Gregor, Keim, Maximilian F., Bayerl, Richard (2019) Unusual Mineral Diversity in a Hydrothermal Vein-type Deposit: the Clara Mine, SW Germany, as a Type Example. The Canadian Mineralogist, 57 (4) 427-456 doi:10.3749/canmin.1900003
Localities for Duftite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Sureda (1978) |
Australia | |
| Leverett et al. (2003) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| England et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Stuart Mills |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Australian Mineralogist (5) |
| Muller (1972) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch et al. (1999) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| [Mandarino +1 other reference |
Mineralogical Record 24 | |
Nickel et al. (1993) | |
Grice et al. (1991) | |
| Nickel et al. (1994) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| G.Indra 1997 |
G.Blaß | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2011) |
C.Auer (2013) +1 other reference | |
| Kirchner et al. (2007) |
| Schachinger et al. (2015) |
| Schachinger et al. (2014) |
| Offenbacher (1991) |
| Schachinger et al. (2014) |
| Lapis 29 (9) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) |
Poeverlein et al. (2007) | |
Der Aufschluß (2006) | |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| 54 (in German) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer et al. (2007) |
Bulgaria | |
| Minceva-Stefanova (2001) |
Minceva-Stefanova (2001) | |
Minceva-Stefanova (2001) | |
Chile | |
| maurizio dini - analysed material |
| maurizio dini collection - analysed ... |
maurizio dini & bob jenkins collection ... | |
| Yang et al. (2011) |
maurizio dini collection - quantitative ... | |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schluter et al. (Salzburg Department of Mineralogy) |
China | |
| Lairen Lai and Yi Li (1990) +2 other references |
| Hercule Shen |
Hercule Shen | |
Czech Republic | |
| [Lapis 1995 |
J.Hyrsl (1992) | |
Ondruš et al. (1989) | |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| Pauliš et al. (2023) |
| Sejkora (1994) |
Egypt | |
| Afify et al. (2022) |
France | |
| Coueille (1988) |
| EDS-analysed by Vincent Bourgoin |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| [var: Calcio-duftite] Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Kolitsch (1997) |
Clark (1993) | |
| Thierry Brunsperger collection. |
| Nicolas Meisser September 2009 analysis |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Le Cahier des micromonteurs |
| Leydet (1998) |
| R. Pierrot |
| [var: Calcio-duftite] Jean-Luc Portes Collection |
| Jean-Marie Claude collection +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Pöllmann et al. (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (1995) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Hock et al. (1992) |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| |
D Schläfli collection | |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
Lapis 25 (2) | |
Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
Belendorff et al. (1987) | |
Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| Emser Hefte 1988 (1) +1 other reference |
| Legner et al. (2022) |
| P Haas collection |
| Weiß (1990) |
| J. Gröbner: Neufunde aus den Bergbaurevieren St. Andreasberg et al. (2007) |
Weiß (1990) | |
| Lapis (1) |
| Habel et al. (2009) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
Heckmann et al. (1990) | |
| Lapis (5) |
Lapis (5) | |
| Markl et al. (1990) |
| Weiss: "Mineralienfundstellen et al. (Munich) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| 62. +1 other reference |
| Müller et al. (2021) |
Lapis (4) | |
| Gröbner J. et al. (2006) |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) |
| 81-82. +1 other reference |
J. Gröbner (7/8) | |
| Witzke (2012) |
Greece | |
| Schnorrer et al. (1999) |
| |
Rieck (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Steve Rust collection |
| Lapis et al. (1999) |
Italy | |
| EDX analysis by Italo Campostrini +1 other reference |
| Carnia (Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia) +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2015) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) |
| Guastoni et al. (2020) |
| Simone Ferrero collection |
| Guastoni et al. (2006) +2 other references |
Guastoni A. et al. (2006) +2 other references | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Conedera M. et al. (2016) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2021) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Paolo Gasparetto et al. (2014) | |
SEM/EDS analysis by AMI SIUK | |
Fabio Tosato +3 other references | |
| A.Costantini (2015) |
| Orlandi et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| pers. comm. Kotaro Watanabe +1 other reference |
Uehara et al. (2014) | |
| Uehara et al. (2014) |
Mexico | |
| Rocks & Min.: 56:247. +2 other references |
Morocco | |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| Georges FAVREAU collection + EDS ... |
Barral (2023) | |
| Georges Favreau collection |
Namibia (TL) | |
| Pufahl (1920) +2 other references |
| Dunn (1991) |
Markham (1959) | |
Norway | |
| Husdal (2019) |
Poland | |
| SiudaR. et al. (La) |
Portugal | |
| |
Republic of the Congo | |
| EDXS analyses by P. Roth |
| www.spiriferminerals.com (2020) |
Russia | |
| webmineral.ru (2020) |
| Nenasheva et al. (2011) |
| Cook (2007) |
| Pekov (1998) |
Slovakia | |
| Števko et al. (2016) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
Spain | |
| |
| Viñals et al. (2008) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Dr. Cesar Menor Salván |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
Jean Claude Dol collection | |
| Calvo (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
Calvo Rebollar (2015) | |
| Borja Sainz de Baranda (2007) |
| Joan Rosell |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
Switzerland | |
| |
| Malcherek et al. (2024) +1 other reference |
Meisser (1999) | |
| 29-56. +1 other reference |
| Cuchet et al. (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| |
Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| EDXS analyses |
UK | |
| |
Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (MS) +2 other references |
Cooper et al. (1990) | |
- (2006) | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) |
Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| [var: Calcio-duftite] Claringbull (1951) +2 other references |
| - (2006) |
| Turner et al. (2010) |
| Livingstone (2002) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
- (2008) | |
| Raman identification by Dr. Yang |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| Robert Jenkins Raman Spectroscopy |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Randy Ernst Collecton |
| Williams (1968) +1 other reference |
| |
| Williams (1968) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Galbraith (1947) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Murdoch (1966) +1 other reference |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 323. +1 other reference | |
| In the collection of Brent Thorne. ... +1 other reference |
| Mineral News Vol 16-5 Adams +2 other references |
| Adams (2001) |
| MarekC pers. coll. 2017-2018 |
| Bulletin of the Mineralogical Society ... +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 323 +3 other references |
| Rocks & Minerals: Sept |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Waisman (1992) +1 other reference |
| Gobla (2012) |
Gobla (2012) | |
Gobla (2012) | |
| Hayes et al. (2008) |
| Smith et al. (2013) |
USGS Open-File Report 76-56 | |
| USGS Open-File Report 76-56 +1 other reference |
- (2005) | |
| Rocks & Minerals |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Rocks & Minerals | |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| The Minerals of Rhyolite Pass |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Rocks & Minerals (2010) | |
| Jenkins (2) +1 other reference |
| Jerry Cone Collection |
| 2008 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| R&M 71:1 p66-68 +1 other reference |
| Walstrom 2006 New Mexico Mineral ... |
| Eckhard D. Stuart collection |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Roberts et al. (1997) |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Vetter et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
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Cap Garonne Mine, Le Pradet, Toulon, Var, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France