Epsomite
This page is currently not sponsored. Click here to sponsor this page.
Formula:
MgSO4 · 7H2O
System:
Orthorhombic
Colour:
White, grey, colourless, ...
Lustre:
Vitreous, Silky, Earthy
Hardness:
2 - 2½
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1806 by Jean-Claude Delamétherie for the type locality at Epsom, Surrey, England.
Epsomite Group; Epsomite-Morenosite Series; Epsomite-Goslarite Series.
A complete series exists to Morenosite and to Goslarite.
Usually found as crusts, delicate efflorescences, or botryoidal masses of tiny fibrous to acicular crystals, its color is white but it is often stained a variety of pale hues by impurities.
Epsomite is likely to occur in the Martian soils and on the satellites of Jupiter.
A complete series exists to Morenosite and to Goslarite.
Usually found as crusts, delicate efflorescences, or botryoidal masses of tiny fibrous to acicular crystals, its color is white but it is often stained a variety of pale hues by impurities.
Epsomite is likely to occur in the Martian soils and on the satellites of Jupiter.
Classification of Epsomite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
6/C.07-10
7.CB.40
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
Dana 7th ed.:
29.6.11.1
29.6.11.1
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
25.3.6
25 : Sulphates
3 : Sulphates of Mg
25 : Sulphates
3 : Sulphates of Mg
Physical Properties of Epsomite
Vitreous, Silky, Earthy
Diaphaneity (Transparency):
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
White, grey, colourless, or pink, greenish; colourless in transmitted light.
Comment:
Pink = cobaltoan; greenish = nickelian.
Streak:
White
Hardness (Mohs):
2 - 2½
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Fragile
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {010}, distinct on {101}.
Perfect on {010}, distinct on {101}.
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Translation gliding:
T{110}, t[1_10] ?; T{100}, t[0_10] ?; T{011}, t[011] ?; T{101}, t[_101] ?.
Density:
1.675 - 1.679 g/cm3 (Measured) 1.678 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Measured on artificial material.
Optical Data of Epsomite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.433 nβ = 1.455 nγ = 1.461
2V:
Measured: 52° , Calculated: 54°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.028
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
none
Chemical Properties of Epsomite
Formula:
MgSO4 · 7H2O
Elements listed in formula:
Analytical Data:
Effloresces in dry air. Very soluble in water.
Common Impurities:
Ni,Fe,Co,Mn,Zn
Crystallography of Epsomite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
2 2 2 - Disphenoidal
Space Group:
P21 21 21
Cell Parameters:
a = 11.86 Å, b = 11.99 Å, c = 6.858 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.989 : 1 : 0.572
Unit Cell Volume:
V 975.22 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals rare, usually as fibrous to acicular crusts, fibers elongated [001]; may be in botryoidal masses or stalactic; wooly efflorescences. Artificial crystals short prismatic [001] to equant.
Twinning:
On {110}, rare.
Crystallographic forms of Epsomite
Crystal Atlas:
Image Loading
Click on an icon to view
Epsomite no.23 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Epsomite no.28 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
Toggle
Edge Lines | Miller Indicies | Axes
Transparency
Opaque | Translucent | Transparent
View
Along a-axis | Along b-axis | Along c-axis | Start rotation | Stop rotation
Toggle
Edge Lines | Miller Indicies | Axes
Transparency
Opaque | Translucent | Transparent
View
Along a-axis | Along b-axis | Along c-axis | Start rotation | Stop rotation
Epitaxial Relationships of Epsomite
Epitaxial Minerals:
| Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Morenosite | NiSO4 · 7H2O |
| Goslarite | ZnSO4 · 7H2O |
Epitaxy Comments:
Oriented overgrowths with zinc (Goslarite) and nickel (Morenosite) analogues. Also on Muscovite with Epsomite {100} or {110} parallel Muscovite {001} and Epsomite [001] parallel to Muscovite [120], [310], [150], [1_20], [3_10], [1_50].
X-Ray Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.98 | (30) |
| 5.34 | (30) |
| 5.31 | (20) |
| 4.22 | (100) |
| 4.20 | (80) |
| 2.88 | (20) |
| 2.67 | (20) |
| 2.66 | (30) |
Occurrences of Epsomite
Type Occurrence of Epsomite
Relationship of Epsomite to other Species
Series:
Member of:
Other Members of Group:
| Goslarite | ZnSO4 · 7H2O |
| Morenosite | NiSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Dwornikite | NiSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Gunningite | ZnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Poitevinite | CuSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szmikite | Mn2+SO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szomolnokite | Fe2+SO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Cobaltkieserite | CoSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.07 | Sanderite | MgSO4 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.10 | Bonattite | CuSO4 · 3H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Aplowite | CoSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Boyleite | ZnSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Ilesite | Mn2+SO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Rozenite | Fe2+SO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Starkeyite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Drobecite | CdSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Cranswickite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Jôkokuite | Mn2+SO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Pentahydrite | MgSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Siderotil | (Fe,Cu)SO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Bianchite | ZnSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Chvaleticeite | MnSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Ferrohexahydrite | Fe2+SO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Hexahydrite | MgSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Moorhouseite | CoSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Nickelhexahydrite | NiSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.30 | Retgersite | NiSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Bieberite | CoSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Boothite | CuSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Mallardite | Mn 2+SO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Melanterite | Fe2+SO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Zincmelanterite | ZnSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Alpersite | (Mg,Cu2+)SO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Goslarite | ZnSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Morenosite | NiSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Alunogen | Al2(SO4)3(H2O)12 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Aluminocoquimbite | AlFe(SO4)3 · 9H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Coquimbite | Fe23+(SO4)3 · 9H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Paracoquimbite | Fe23+(SO4)3 · 9H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Rhomboclase | (H3O)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 3H2O |
| 7.CB.60 | Kornelite | Fe23+(SO4)3 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.65 | Quenstedtite | Fe23+(SO4)3 · 11H2O |
| 7.CB.70 | Lausenite | Fe23+(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Lishizhenite | ZnFe23+(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Römerite | Fe2+Fe23+(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.80 | Ransomite | CuFe23+(SO4)4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Apjohnite | Mn2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Bílinite | Fe2+Fe23+(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Dietrichite | ZnAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Halotrichite | Fe2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Redingtonite | Fe2+Cr2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Wupatkiite | CoAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.90 | Meridianiite | MgSO4 · 11H2O |
| 25.3.1 | Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O |
| 25.3.2 | Sanderite | MgSO4 · 2H2O |
| 25.3.3 | Starkeyite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 25.3.4 | Pentahydrite | MgSO4 · 5H2O |
| 25.3.5 | Hexahydrite | MgSO4 · 6H2O |
| 25.3.7 | Caminite | Mg7(SO4)5(OH)4 · H2O |
| 25.3.8 | Vanthoffite | Na6Mg(SO4)4 |
| 25.3.9 | Blödite | Na2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 25.3.10 | Konyaite | Na2Mg(SO4)2 · 5H2O |
| 25.3.11 | Löweite | Na12Mg7(SO4)13 · 15H2O |
| 25.3.12 | Uklonskovite | NaMg(SO4)F · 2H2O |
| 25.3.13 | Langbeinite | K2Mg2(SO4)3 |
| 25.3.14 | Leonite | K2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 25.3.15 | Picromerite | K2Mg(SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 25.3.16 | Efremovite | (NH4)2Mg2(SO4)3 |
| 25.3.17 | Boussingaultite | (NH4)2Mg(SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 25.3.18 | Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
Other Names for Epsomite
Name in Other Languages:
Catalan:Epsomita
Dutch:Epsomiet
French:Sel d'Epsom
Hebrew:אפסומיט
Italian:Epsomite
Japanese:エプソマイト
Latin:Epsomensis
Magnesia vitriolata
Sal amarus
Sal Anglicanum
Sal Anglicus
Sal Catartica
Sal catharticum
Sal nativum catharticum
Sal neutrum acidulare
Magnesia vitriolata
Sal amarus
Sal Anglicanum
Sal Anglicus
Sal Catartica
Sal catharticum
Sal nativum catharticum
Sal neutrum acidulare
Polish:Epsomit
Portuguese:Epsomite
Russian:Эпсомит
Spanish:Epsomita
Epsonita
Reichardtita
Epsonita
Reichardtita
Ukrainian:Епсоміт
Other Information
Magnetism:
Diamagnetic
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Epsomite
Reference List:
Hermann (1721) De Sale nativo cathartico in fodinis Hungariae recens invento, Posonii (as Sal nativum catharticum).
Wallerius, J.G (1747) Mineralogia, eller Mineralriket. Stockholm: 184 (as Sal neutrum acidulare).
Wallerius, J.G (1747) Mineralogia, eller Mineralriket. Stockholm: 184 (as Sal Anglicanum).
Wallerius, J.G. (1753) French edition of “Mineralogia, eller Mineralriket.” 2 volumes, Paris: 1: 339 (as Sel d'Epsom).
Scopoli (1761) De Hydrarg. Idriense Tent., Venet (as Halotrichum).
Klaproth, M.H. (1802) Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper. vol. 3: 104 (as Halotrichum).
Brooke (1823) Annals of Philosophy, London: 22: 40.
Beudant, F.S. (1824) Traité élémentaire de Minéralogie, 8vo, Paris: 445.
Miller (1852): 546.
Rammelsberg (1854) Annalen der Physik, Halle, Leipzig: 91: 324.
Krause (1874) Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaften, Halle: 44: 554 (as Reichardtit).
Krause (1874) Archiv Pharm.: 5: 423 (as Reichardtit).
Krause (1875) Archiv Pharm.: 6: 41 (as Reichardtit).
Dufet (1878) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 1: 58.
Dufet (1880) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 3: 180.
Blasius (1885) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 10: 227.
Dufet (1889) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 12: 22.
Retgers (1889) Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Leipzig, Berlin: 3: 534.
Brunlechner (1893) Jahrbuch Nat. Land.-Mus. Klagenfurt: 22: 192 (as Seelandite).
Borel (1895) Arch. sc. phys. nat. Genève: [3]: 34: 230.
Retgers (1895) Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Leipzig, Berlin: 16: 580.
Johnsen (1907) Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Heidelberg, Stuttgart, Beil.-Bd.: 23: 315.
Groth, P. (1908) Chemische Krystallographie. Leipzig. 5 volumes: vol. 2: 401.
Lacroix, A. (1910) Minéralogie de la France et des ses colonies, Paris. 5 volumes: vol. 4: 212.
Tenne and Calderón (1910): 2: 235.
Gaudefroy (1913) Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences de Paris: 157: 61.
Eyermann (1914) cited in Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 54: 100.
Johnsen (1915) Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Stuttgart: 33, 289.
Merwin (1915) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 55: 113.
Zsivny (1915) Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Nat. Hungar.: 13: 577.
Goldschmidt, V. (1916) Atlas der Krystallformen. 9 volumes, atlas, and text: vol. 3: 151.
Jenkins (1918) American Journal of Science: 46: 638.
Walker (1921) University of Toronto Stud., Geol. Ser., no. 12: 43, 44.
Longchambon (1922) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 45: 238.
Mellor, J.W. (1923) A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. 16 volumes, London: 4: 329.
Onorato (1925) Reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, Att.: [6]: 2: 204.
Cardoso (1926) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 63: 19.
Westenbrink (1926) Proceedings of the Academy of Science Amsterdam: 29: 1223.
Hintze, Carl (1929) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1[3B]: 4346.
Mahl (1929) Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Heidelberg, Stuttgart, Beil.-Bd.: 59: 273.
Shannon (1929) Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum: 74, Art. 13.
Kokta (1930) Příroda, Brno: 32: 381.
Porter (1930) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 75: 288.
Hey (1931) Mineralogical Magazine: 22: 510.
Barnes and Hunter (1932) Nature: 130: 96.
Royer (1932) Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Stuttgart: 194: 1088.
Vavrinecz (1932) Magyar Chem. Foly.: 38: 140.
Smythe (1933) The Vasculum, Newcastle-on-Tyne: 19: 12 (Min. Abs.: 5: 283).
Milton and Johnston (1938) Economic Geology: 33: 749.
Mélon (1944) Annales Société géologique de Belgique, Liége: 67: B56.
Hutton (1947) American Mineralogist: 32: 553.
Zirkl (1948) Min. Mitt.: 1: 185.
Meixner, H. (1950) Der Karinthin 11:242-252 (as Seelandite).
Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 509-513.
Acta Crystallographica: 17: 1361-1369.
Gaines, Richard V., H. Catherine, W. Skinner, Eugene E. Foord, Brian Mason, Abraham Rosenzweig (1997) Dana's New Mineralogy: The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana: 612.
Fortes, A.D. (2005) From Surrey to the moons of Jupiter (via Mars): The Story of Epsomite. Axis: 1(9): 28 pp.
Wallerius, J.G (1747) Mineralogia, eller Mineralriket. Stockholm: 184 (as Sal neutrum acidulare).
Wallerius, J.G (1747) Mineralogia, eller Mineralriket. Stockholm: 184 (as Sal Anglicanum).
Wallerius, J.G. (1753) French edition of “Mineralogia, eller Mineralriket.” 2 volumes, Paris: 1: 339 (as Sel d'Epsom).
Scopoli (1761) De Hydrarg. Idriense Tent., Venet (as Halotrichum).
Klaproth, M.H. (1802) Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper. vol. 3: 104 (as Halotrichum).
Brooke (1823) Annals of Philosophy, London: 22: 40.
Beudant, F.S. (1824) Traité élémentaire de Minéralogie, 8vo, Paris: 445.
Miller (1852): 546.
Rammelsberg (1854) Annalen der Physik, Halle, Leipzig: 91: 324.
Krause (1874) Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaften, Halle: 44: 554 (as Reichardtit).
Krause (1874) Archiv Pharm.: 5: 423 (as Reichardtit).
Krause (1875) Archiv Pharm.: 6: 41 (as Reichardtit).
Dufet (1878) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 1: 58.
Dufet (1880) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 3: 180.
Blasius (1885) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 10: 227.
Dufet (1889) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 12: 22.
Retgers (1889) Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Leipzig, Berlin: 3: 534.
Brunlechner (1893) Jahrbuch Nat. Land.-Mus. Klagenfurt: 22: 192 (as Seelandite).
Borel (1895) Arch. sc. phys. nat. Genève: [3]: 34: 230.
Retgers (1895) Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Leipzig, Berlin: 16: 580.
Johnsen (1907) Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Heidelberg, Stuttgart, Beil.-Bd.: 23: 315.
Groth, P. (1908) Chemische Krystallographie. Leipzig. 5 volumes: vol. 2: 401.
Lacroix, A. (1910) Minéralogie de la France et des ses colonies, Paris. 5 volumes: vol. 4: 212.
Tenne and Calderón (1910): 2: 235.
Gaudefroy (1913) Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences de Paris: 157: 61.
Eyermann (1914) cited in Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 54: 100.
Johnsen (1915) Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Stuttgart: 33, 289.
Merwin (1915) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 55: 113.
Zsivny (1915) Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Nat. Hungar.: 13: 577.
Goldschmidt, V. (1916) Atlas der Krystallformen. 9 volumes, atlas, and text: vol. 3: 151.
Jenkins (1918) American Journal of Science: 46: 638.
Walker (1921) University of Toronto Stud., Geol. Ser., no. 12: 43, 44.
Longchambon (1922) Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie: 45: 238.
Mellor, J.W. (1923) A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. 16 volumes, London: 4: 329.
Onorato (1925) Reale accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, Att.: [6]: 2: 204.
Cardoso (1926) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 63: 19.
Westenbrink (1926) Proceedings of the Academy of Science Amsterdam: 29: 1223.
Hintze, Carl (1929) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1[3B]: 4346.
Mahl (1929) Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Heidelberg, Stuttgart, Beil.-Bd.: 59: 273.
Shannon (1929) Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum: 74, Art. 13.
Kokta (1930) Příroda, Brno: 32: 381.
Porter (1930) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 75: 288.
Hey (1931) Mineralogical Magazine: 22: 510.
Barnes and Hunter (1932) Nature: 130: 96.
Royer (1932) Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Stuttgart: 194: 1088.
Vavrinecz (1932) Magyar Chem. Foly.: 38: 140.
Smythe (1933) The Vasculum, Newcastle-on-Tyne: 19: 12 (Min. Abs.: 5: 283).
Milton and Johnston (1938) Economic Geology: 33: 749.
Mélon (1944) Annales Société géologique de Belgique, Liége: 67: B56.
Hutton (1947) American Mineralogist: 32: 553.
Zirkl (1948) Min. Mitt.: 1: 185.
Meixner, H. (1950) Der Karinthin 11:242-252 (as Seelandite).
Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 509-513.
Acta Crystallographica: 17: 1361-1369.
Gaines, Richard V., H. Catherine, W. Skinner, Eugene E. Foord, Brian Mason, Abraham Rosenzweig (1997) Dana's New Mineralogy: The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana: 612.
Fortes, A.D. (2005) From Surrey to the moons of Jupiter (via Mars): The Story of Epsomite. Axis: 1(9): 28 pp.
Internet Links for Epsomite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1393.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
Smallcleugh Mine, Nenthead, Alston Moor District, Cumbria, England, UK