Epsomite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Epsomite
Formula:
MgSO4 Β· 7H2O
Colour:
White, grey, colourless, or pink, greenish; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Silky, Earthy
Hardness:
2 - 2½
Specific Gravity:
1.675 - 1.679
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1806 by Jean-Claude DelamΓ©therie for the type locality at Epsom, Surrey, England.
Type Locality:
Epsomite Group; Epsomite-Morenosite Series; Epsomite-Goslarite Series.
A complete series exists to Morenosite and to Goslarite.
Usually found as crusts, delicate efflorescences, or botryoidal masses of tiny fibrous to acicular crystals, its color is white but it is often stained a variety of pale hues by impurities.
Epsomite is likely to occur in the Martian soils and on the satellites of Jupiter.
A complete series exists to Morenosite and to Goslarite.
Usually found as crusts, delicate efflorescences, or botryoidal masses of tiny fibrous to acicular crystals, its color is white but it is often stained a variety of pale hues by impurities.
Epsomite is likely to occur in the Martian soils and on the satellites of Jupiter.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1393
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1393:8
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
b89e6f5a-e948-4a1d-8faa-cfd8a63a2d67
IMA Classification of Epsomite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Mg(SO4) Β· 7H2O
Classification of Epsomite
7.CB.40
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
Dana 7th ed.:
29.6.11.1
29.6.11.1
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
6 : AXO4·xH2O
25.3.6
25 : Sulphates
3 : Sulphates of Mg
25 : Sulphates
3 : Sulphates of Mg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Esm | IMAβCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Epsomite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Epsomite
Vitreous, Silky, Earthy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
White, grey, colourless, or pink, greenish; colourless in transmitted light.
Comment:
Pink = cobaltoan; greenish = nickelian.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2 - 2½ on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Fragile
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {010}, distinct on {101}.
Perfect on {010}, distinct on {101}.
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Translation gliding:
T{110}, t[1_10] ?; T{100}, t[0_10] ?; T{011}, t[011] ?; T{101}, t[_101] ?.
Density:
1.675 - 1.679 g/cm3 (Measured) 1.678 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Measured on artificial material.
Optical Data of Epsomite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.433 nβ = 1.455 nγ = 1.461
2V:
Measured: 52° , Calculated: 54°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.028
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
none
Optical Extinction:
X = a; Y = c; Z = b.
Chemistry of Epsomite
Mindat Formula:
MgSO4 Β· 7H2O
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ni,Fe,Co,Mn,Zn
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| SO3 | 32.35 % |
| MgO | 16.20 % |
| FeO | 0.47 % |
| Fe2O3 | 0.78 % |
| H2O | 49.66 % |
| Total: | 99.46 % |
Sample references:
Crystallography of Epsomite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
2 2 2 - Disphenoidal
Space Group:
P21 21 21
Cell Parameters:
a = 11.86 Å, b = 11.99 Å, c = 6.858 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.989 : 1 : 0.572
Unit Cell V:
975.22 Γ
Β³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals rare, usually as fibrous to acicular crusts, fibers elongated [001]; may be in botryoidal masses or stalactic; wooly efflorescences. Artificial crystals short prismatic [001] to equant.
Twinning:
On {110}, rare.
Crystallographic forms of Epsomite
Crystal Atlas:
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Epsomite no.23 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Epsomite no.28 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0007157 | Epsomite | Fortes A D, Wood I G, Alfredsson M, Vocadlo L, Knight K S (2006) The thermoelastic properties of MgSO4*7D2O (epsomite) from powder neutron diffraction and ab initio calculation European Journal of Mineralogy 18 449-462 | 2006 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009290 | Epsomite | Baur W H (1964) On the crystal chemistry of salt hydrates. IV. The refinement of the crystal structure of MgSO4*7H2O (epsomite) Acta Crystallographica 17 1361-1369 |  | 1964 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Epsomite
Epitaxial Minerals:
| Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Morenosite | NiSO4 Β· 7H2O |
| Goslarite | ZnSO4 Β· 7H2O |
Epitaxy Comments:
Oriented overgrowths with zinc (Goslarite) and nickel (Morenosite) analogues. Also on Muscovite with Epsomite {100} or {110} parallel Muscovite {001} and Epsomite [001] parallel to Muscovite [120], [310], [150], [1_20], [3_10], [1_50].
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 5.98 Γ | (30) |
| 5.34 Γ | (30) |
| 5.31 Γ | (20) |
| 4.22 Γ | (100) |
| 4.20 Γ | (80) |
| 2.88 Γ | (20) |
| 2.67 Γ | (20) |
| 2.66 Γ | (30) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations | |
| 25 : Evaporites (prebiotic) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44) | <0.54 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) | |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Geological Setting:
Typically found growing as efflorescences in sheltered spots on outcrops of dolomitic or calcareous rocks; often found growing on the walls of caves and in salt lake deposits; also often found growing on the walls of coal and metal mines, including on wooden supports and abandoned equipment.
Type Occurrence of Epsomite
Synonyms of Epsomite
Other Language Names for Epsomite
Catalan:Epsomita
Dutch:Epsomiet
French:Sel d'Epsom
Hebrew:ΧΧ€Χ‘ΧΧΧΧ
Italian:Epsomite
Japanese:γ¨γγ½γγ€γ
Latin:Epsomensis
Magnesia vitriolata
Sal amarus
Sal Anglicanum
Sal Anglicus
Sal Catartica
Sal catharticum
Sal nativum catharticum
Sal neutrum acidulare
Magnesia vitriolata
Sal amarus
Sal Anglicanum
Sal Anglicus
Sal Catartica
Sal catharticum
Sal nativum catharticum
Sal neutrum acidulare
Polish:Epsomit
Portuguese:Epsomite
Russian:ΠΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ
Simplified Chinese:ζ³»ε©η
δΈζ°΄ιηΎ
ιη
δΈζ°΄ιηΎ
ιη
Spanish:Epsomita
Epsonita
Reichardtita
Epsonita
Reichardtita
Traditional Chinese:ηε©ιΉ½
δΈζ°΄ι瀬
ιιΉ½
δΈζ°΄ι瀬
ιιΉ½
Ukrainian:ΠΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡ
Varieties of Epsomite
| Aromite (of Darapsky) | Considered a variety of epsomite, but may be a mixture of epsomite and pickeringite. Originally described from Pampa de Aroma, Negreiros, Iquique Province, Tarapacá Region, Chile. |
| Cobalt-bearing Epsomite | A variety of Epsomite containing up to 2.5 wt.% CoO. |
| Copper and Zinc-bearing Epsomite | A variety of Epsomite containing copper and Zinc |
| Iron-bearing Epsomite | An iron-bearing variety of epsomite |
| Manganese-bearing Epsomite | A manganoan epsomite. Originally described from Špania Dolina (Urvölgy; Herrengrund), Špania Dolina ore belt, Starohorské Mts, Banská Bystrica Region, Slovak Republic. See also Fauserite (of Strunz). |
| Zinc-bearing and Manganese-bearing Epsomite |
Relationship of Epsomite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Goslarite | ZnSO4 Β· 7H2O | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
| Morenosite | NiSO4 Β· 7H2O | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 7 photos of Epsomite associated with Hexahydrite | MgSO4 Β· 6H2O |
| 3 photos of Epsomite associated with Sideronatrite | Na2Fe(SO4)2(OH) Β· 3H2O |
| 3 photos of Epsomite associated with Sulphur | S8 |
| 3 photos of Epsomite associated with Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 Β· 22H2O |
| 2 photos of Epsomite associated with Dypingite | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 Β· 5H2O |
| 2 photos of Epsomite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 2 photos of Epsomite associated with Inderite | MgB3O3(OH)5 Β· 5H2O |
| 2 photos of Epsomite associated with Tasmanite | |
| 1 photo of Epsomite associated with Opal | SiO2 Β· nH2O |
| 1 photo of Epsomite associated with Ludwigite | Mg2Fe3+(BO3)O2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.CB. | Sarvodaite | Al2(SO4)3 Β· 5H2O |
| 7.CB.02 | Voudourisite | CdSO4 Β· H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Dwornikite | Ni(SO4) Β· H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Gunningite | ZnSO4 Β· H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Kieserite | MgSO4 Β· H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Poitevinite | (Cu,Fe)SO4 Β· H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szmikite | MnSO4 Β· H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szomolnokite | FeSO4 Β· H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Cobaltkieserite | CoSO4 Β· H2O |
| 7.CB.07 | Sanderite | MgSO4 Β· 2H2O |
| 7.CB.10 | Bonattite | CuSO4 Β· 3H2O |
| 7.CB.12 | Belogubite | CuZn(SO4)2 Β· 10H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Aplowite | (Co,Mn,Ni)SO4 Β· 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Boyleite | (Zn,Mg)SO4 Β· 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Ilesite | (Mn,Zn,Fe)SO4 Β· 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Rozenite | FeSO4 Β· 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Starkeyite | MgSO4 Β· 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Drobecite | CdSO4 Β· 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Cranswickite | MgSO4 Β· 4H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Chalcanthite | CuSO4 Β· 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | JΓ΄kokuite | MnSO4 Β· 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Pentahydrite | MgSO4 Β· 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Siderotil | FeSO4 Β· 5H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Bianchite | Zn(SO4) Β· 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Chvaleticeite | Mn(SO4) Β· 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Ferrohexahydrite | FeSO4 Β· 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Hexahydrite | MgSO4 Β· 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Moorhouseite | Co(SO4) Β· 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Nickelhexahydrite | Ni(SO4) Β· 6H2O |
| 7.CB.30 | Retgersite | NiSO4 Β· 6H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Bieberite | CoSO4 Β· 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Boothite | CuSO4 Β· 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Mallardite | MnSO4 Β· 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 Β· H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Zincmelanterite | (Zn,Cu,Fe)SO4 Β· 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Alpersite | (Mg,Cu)(SO4) Β· 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Goslarite | ZnSO4 Β· 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Morenosite | NiSO4 Β· 7H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 Β· 17H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 Β· 12H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Aluminocoquimbite | Al2Fe2(SO4)6(H2O)12 Β· 6H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Lazaridisite | 3CdSO4 Β· 8H2O |
| 7.CB.52 | Pararaisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] Β· 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 Β· 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Paracoquimbite | Fe4(SO4)6(H2O)12 Β· 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Rhomboclase | (H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 Β· 2H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Raisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] Β· 6H2O |
| 7.CB.57 | Caichengyunite | Fe2+3Al2(SO4)6 Β· 30H2O |
| 7.CB.60 | Kornelite | Fe2(SO4)3 Β· 7H2O |
| 7.CB.65 | Quenstedtite | Fe2(SO4)3 Β· 11H2O |
| 7.CB.70 | Lausenite | Fe2(SO4)3 Β· 5H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Lishizhenite | ZnFe2(SO4)4 Β· 14H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | RΓΆmerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 Β· 14H2O |
| 7.CB.80 | Ransomite | CuFe2(SO4)4 Β· 6H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Apjohnite | Mn2+Al2(SO4)4 Β· 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | BΓlinite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 Β· 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Dietrichite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al2(SO4)4 Β· 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 Β· 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 Β· 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Redingtonite | (Fe2+,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)2(SO4)4 Β· 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Wupatkiite | (Co,Mg,Ni)Al2(SO4)4 Β· 22H2O |
| 7.CB.90 | Meridianiite | MgSO4 Β· 11H2O |
Other Information
Magnetism:
Diamagnetic
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Epsomite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1393.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Epsomite
Localities for Epsomite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
β - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Vogt (1977) |
Antarctica | |
| Gore et al. (2000) |
| Watanuki/ Torii/ Nishiyama/ Morikawa |
Argentina | |
| American Mineralogist: 51: 1-13 +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Asia | |
| CrΓ©taux et al. (2009) | |
Australia | |
| L. McClatchie |
| Leverett et al. (2005) |
| Geosciences |
| Thienenkamp (2004) |
| Sielecki (1988) |
| Sielecki (1988) | |
| Harris et al. (2003) |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| Pers. comm. M. Willoughby. +1 other reference |
| |
| Rob Fitzpatrick |
| Pring (1988) |
| |
| Bottrill & Baker Catalogue of Minerals ... |
| R Bottrill (in prep 2018) |
| Mark Raven |
| D.A.Henry. 1988. Minerals from the ... |
| |
| |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... | |
| Government Chemical Laboratories. In: ... +1 other reference |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Bridge et al. (1979) |
| Simpson et al. (1948) |
| Wilson et al. (2014) |
Austria | |
| Postl et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| G. Blass et al. (2002) |
| H. Meixner: Der Karinthin 11:242-252 (1950) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Meixner (1950) |
| Tufar (1982) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| C. Auer (2022) |
| Hackenberg 2003 |
| Gerald Gesselbauer (06.2010) +1 other reference |
| Gerald Gesselbauer (2010) |
| Postl et al. (2014) |
| Postl et al. (2011) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Sigmund 1912 | |
| Meixner (1977) |
| Pribitzer (1956) |
| SpΓΆtl (1989) |
| Meixner (1975) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Exel (1993) |
| |
| Reiter (2010) |
Belgium | |
| Van Tassel (1973) +4 other references |
| Van Tassel (1973) +2 other references |
| de Limbourg-Stirum (1923) +2 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| MΓ©lon (1943) +3 other references |
Bolivia | |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Jorge MuΓ±oz Reyes (1955) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) +1 other reference |
| Petrov et al. (2006) |
Brazil | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:43. |
Bulgaria | |
| Lips (2006) |
| ΠΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° et al. (2007) |
| Sabeva et al. (2017) |
Canada | |
| Kohut et al. (1993) | |
| Renaut et al. (1994) |
| Walker (1921) +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| JOHNSTON (1911) |
| Woodside collection |
| Mauthner (1996) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Zodrow et al. (1978) |
| How (1861) |
| Reiner Mielke 2014 |
| Reiner Mielke |
| Thirty - First Annual Report of the ... +1 other reference |
| Knight (1922) | |
| Last (1990) |
| Shang (2000) | |
| Greengrass et al. (1999) | |
| Robinson et al. (1992) |
| Robinson et al. (1992) | |
| 150-152. +1 other reference | |
Chile | |
| Ericksen et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Kampf et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Cabestrero et al. (2022) |
| British Natural History Museum online ... |
| [var: Aromite (of Darapsky)] Clark (1993) |
China | |
| Zhaolong Li et al. (1981) |
| Zhaolong Li et al. (1981) | |
| Sun Da-peng et al. (2002) |
| Shaoxiu Yang (1991) +1 other reference |
| Dongsheng Hu (1990) +1 other reference |
| Shaoxiu Yang (1991) +2 other references |
| Shaoxiu Yang (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Xiying Zhang et al. (2007) |
| Shaoxiu Yang (1991) | |
| Xiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981) |
| Mianping Zheng and Xifang Liu (2010) |
| Yanling Tang (2005) +1 other reference |
| Bingxiao Li (1992) |
| Bingxiao Li (1992) |
| Bingxiao Li (1992) +1 other reference |
Costa Rica | |
| RodrΓguez et al. (2017) |
| Ulloa et al. (2018) |
Czech Republic | |
| Zemek +5 other references |
| VtΔlenskΓ½ J. (1959) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Velebil |
| VtΔlenskΓ½ J. (1959) |
| JirΓ‘sek (2001) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| Beran (Ag, Au, Co) +2 other references |
| MatΓ½sek D. |
| MatΓ½sek D. |
| KruΕ₯a T. (1951) |
| JirΓ‘sek J et al. (2019) |
| KruΕ₯a T. (1951) |
| KopeΔnΓ½ |
| |
| Hofmanovi P. a R.: PΕΓspΔvek k ... |
| PauliΕ‘ +3 other references |
| Houzar S.: PΕehled minerΓ‘lΕ― z ... |
| HrΕ‘elovΓ‘ et al. (2013) |
| KruΕ₯a |
| KruΕ₯a T. (1944) |
| BouΕ‘ka |
| VarilovΓ‘ et al. (2011) |
| Petr PauliΕ‘ |
Egypt | |
| |
| BORCHERT et al. (801-864) +2 other references |
France | |
| R. Pierrot |
| C. Vialaron : La mine d'antimoine de DaΓΌ et al. (1999) |
| Coueille (1988) |
| "Les minΓ©raux et al. (1977) |
| Naze-Nancy Masalehdani et al. (2009) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Gol et al. (2010) |
| Gol et al. (2010) | |
| John A. Wood (1977) +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Habel (2011) |
| |
| BaumgΓ€rtl (2006) |
| XRD and Wet Chemical by Gerhard MΓΆhn |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| |
| XRD analysis |
| GrΓΆbner et al. (2011) |
| Witzke et al. (2011) |
| |
| Naumann +1 other reference | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| ... | |
| www.dergraul.de (2001) |
| Andreas Gerstenberg collection |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| T. Witzke & F. RΓΌger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| T. Witzke & F. RΓΌger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| T. Witzke & F. RΓΌger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) | |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Die TeufelslΓΆcher bei Jena |
| Siemroth (2008) |
| Liebeskind et al. (1992) |
| F. RΓΌger (1) |
Greece | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lapis et al. (1999) | |
| |
| Branko Rieck collection | |
| Hanke (1998) |
| Branko Rieck collection | |
| Econ Geol (1989) |
Hungary | |
| LovΓ‘sz A. (2014) |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| SΓ‘noor SzakΓ‘ll et al. (1997) |
| SΓ‘noor SzakΓ‘ll et al. (1997) | |
| SΓ‘noor SzakΓ‘ll et al. (1997) | |
| SzakΓ‘ll: Minerals of RudabΓ‘nya +1 other reference | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. +1 other reference |
| Mineral Species of Hungary |
| Mineral Species of Hungary | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. | |
| Farkas et al. (2009) |
| www.geomania.hu (2013) | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. +1 other reference |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| SzakΓ‘ll et al. (1996) | |
| SzakΓ‘ll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
| SzakΓ‘ll & JΓ‘nosi. Minerals of Hungary |
| SzakΓ‘ll et al. (1996) |
Iceland | |
| Carson (2015) |
India | |
| Equeenuddin (2015) |
Italy | |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
| Pichler et al. (1970) |
| American Mineralogist: (1927) +1 other reference |
| Pelloux (1927) +2 other references | |
| Scacchetti et al. (2023) |
| Giuseppe Pipino - L'antica miniera di ... |
| Antofilli M. et al. (1983) |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| Gramaccioli (1962) |
| Giuseppe Pipino (1980) +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Girolami (2006) +2 other references |
| Barresi (2006) |
| Bassani U. et al. (Ossola, Novara) |
| Ara D. et al. (2013) |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) |
| |
| Corrado Ferrito find and collection |
| Mezzadri (1988) |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
| Mezzadri (1988) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (GR) |
| Bazzoni C. et al. |
| Conticini F. et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| C.L. Garavelli (1957) |
| N. Calanchi et al. (1976) | |
| F. Millosevich (1914) |
| parcoculturaledicamaiano.toscana.it (2016) +1 other reference |
| Mauro (2020) |
| Mauro (2020) |
| Mauro D. (2016) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Orlandi P. (2005) |
| Orlandi P. (2005) | |
| Sabelli et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Sergio Pegoraro et al. (2022) +2 other references |
Japan | |
| Seki et al. (1987) |
| Okamoto collection (curated at the Geological Survey museum, Japan) +1 other reference |
Jersey | |
| Mourant (1978) |
Jordan | |
| Dill et al. (2009) |
Kenya | |
| Bowell et al. (1996) |
Kosovo | |
| Hyseni et al. (2010) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Martin Ε tevko-unpublished |
| Gazquez et al. (1) |
| Yta et al. (2005) |
| Yta et al. (2005) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
Morocco | |
| S. WeiΓ: Lapis 31 (7/8) |
| |
Netherlands | |
| T.G. Nijland +1 other reference |
| T.G. Nijland |
New Zealand | |
| Auton (1997) |
| Courtney et al. (1990) |
| Hauraki goldfield |
North Macedonia | |
| Boevl et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Norway | |
| Gunnar Raade (1990) +1 other reference |
| Neumann (1985) +1 other reference |
| Raade (1989) |
| Larsen (1974) |
Pakistan | |
| M. Qasim Jan et al. (1985) |
Peru | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Poland | |
| JirΓ‘sek +6 other references |
| PuΕawska +2 other references |
| Coppola et al. (2009) |
| CabaΕa et al. (2008) |
| Siuda (2004) +1 other reference |
| Balcerzak et al. (1992) | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) | |
| Damrat (2011) |
| Ε. Kruszewski field observations |
| Stepisiewicz (1983) |
| Nowak +1 other reference |
| Bril et al. (2008) |
| Ε. Kruszewski PXRD data (to be published soon) |
Portugal | |
| Joana Ribeiro et al. (2013) |
| Γlvarez-Valero et al. (2008) |
Romania | |
| B. Onac et al (2009, July) |
| Apopei et al. (2005) |
| Romanian Journal of Mineral Deposits | |
| Onac (2009) |
| Januszewska et al. (9th Meeting of the Mineralogical Society of Poland 28th Meeting of the Petrology group of the Mineralogical Society of Poland, October 19-22, 2023, Bielawa, Poland) +1 other reference |
| A. Januszewska PXRD data / Januszewska et al. (in preparation) |
Russia | |
| Bokova et al. (2016) | |
| Bokova et al. (2016) |
| Blinov et al. (2011) |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Bokova et al. (2016) |
| [Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p163-180] +1 other reference |
| [Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p.163-180] | |
| webmineral.ru (2018) |
| Arkhipov et al. (2015) |
| Arkhipov et al. (2015) | |
| Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2021) |
Slovakia | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Smithsonian Institution USNM ... |
| KodΔra (1986) | |
| |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) | |
| KodΔra (1986) | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| Duda |
| Russ (2017) | |
| KodΔra (1986) | |
| Russ (2017) | |
| Ε tevko M. et al. (Kremnitz) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| Martin Ε tevko |
| Martin Ε tevko-unpublished | |
| Martin Ε tevko |
| Ε tevko M. et al. (2017) |
| Sottnik et al. (1998) | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) | |
| ΔuΔa |
| MyΕ‘ΔΎan P. et al. (SlovenskΓ‘ republika) |
Slovenia | |
| Mineralogical Record: 22: 207. +1 other reference |
| Bancroft et al. (1991) | |
| Bancroft et al. (1991) | |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Dr. CΓ©sar SalvΓ‘n analysis |
| Rewitzer et al. (part 2) |
| Garcia (1996) |
| Romero et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Vizcayno et al. (1995) |
| Fernando GascΓ³n collection |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Onac et al. (2014) |
| Castro et al. (2001) |
| Dammer |
| Calvo (2014) | |
| Garcia-Guinea et al. (2018) |
| Joan Rosell (2022) |
| Joan Rosell |
| |
| Sanabria (2004) |
| GonzΓ‘lez del TΓ‘nago et al. (2002) |
| Crespo LΓ³pez et al. (2023) |
| Calvo (2014) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Benavente et al. (2018, September) |
| Casanova Honrubia |
Sweden | |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Philipp R. (1983) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Cannon (2005) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tanzania | |
| Wood (1977) |
Turkey | |
| Helvaci (1998) |
| Altay et al. (2010) |
Turkmenistan | |
| John K. Warren |
| World of Stones no.2 +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Green et al. (2000) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1959 32 : ... |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Ian Jones or national Museum of Wales ... |
Ukraine | |
| Nesterovskiy et al. (2015) | |
| Deyak M.A. Modern water-chemogenic ... |
| Tischenko Alexander |
| Dvoichenko P.A. The minerals of Crimea (1914) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Gennady P. Vdovykin (1973) |
| Dobrovolskaya T.I. (2004) |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Scarborough (1981) |
| Lindgren (1905) +3 other references |
| Gilluly (1937) +3 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10048353 |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 266. +3 other references |
| Schaller (1903a) +2 other references | |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 266. +4 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 266. +2 other references |
| Emory (1848) +1 other reference |
| Pemberton (1983) |
| Adams et al. (2014) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 266. +2 other references |
| Adams et al. (2014) |
| Greene (1981) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 266. +2 other references |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Rytuba et al. (2008) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 266 +5 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 266. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 266. +4 other references |
| Sharp (1959) +2 other references | |
| www.mineralsocal.org |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 266. +4 other references |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Pelletier | |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Cooper et al. (1989) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 111 (map 3-7) +3 other references |
| Dana 6: 1096 +6 other references |
| Ingalls et al. (1908) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 266. +2 other references |
| www.mineralsocal.org |
| Cooper et al. (1989) |
| [Mineralien Welt 1/93:44] |
| Engineering & Science Monthly +2 other references |
| Engr. & Sci. Monthly +6 other references |
| - (2005) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 267. +2 other references |
| Woodhouse (1957a) +1 other reference |
| Ford (1890) +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 267 +2 other references |
| Bailey (1964) +1 other reference |
| Cooper et al. (1986) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 138 +3 other references |
| Livingston et al. (2005, December) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 267. +1 other reference |
| Goldsmith (1877) +5 other references |
| Goldsmith (1877) +2 other references | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Moench et al. (1966) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| The Oxidized Zinc Ores of Leadville ... |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| Min Rec 36:2 pp143-185 |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Zielinski et al. (2001) | |
| Jeremy Zolan |
| Ralph Lieser of Pappyβs Beryl Shop +2 other references |
| Rocks & min.: 64:197. |
| Ream (1995) |
| Ream (2004) | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Mineralogical Record |
| Mineralogical Record (1997) | |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) | |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Paul J. Horick (1974) |
| Anderson (1994) | |
| |
| |
| Cerato |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| A Field Trip to the Alabastine Gypsum Mine by Kreigh Tomaszewski (Newsletter of the Worcester Mineral Club) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 58: 108. |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| Rocks and Minerals V.74 No.3 p.190 | |
| The Mineralogy of The Butte District +1 other reference |
| Robert Matthew Joeckel et al. (2007) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| USGS PP 162] +2 other references | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Mineral News (1990) |
| Bridget E. McCollam (2002) |
| Rocks & Minerals (2010) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Gibbs (1985) |
| Jensen (1985) |
| R. C. Peterson et al.: Am. Min.: 90 (2005) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Cook (1973) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Rogers (1991, August) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Bridget E. McCollam (2002) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Henry L. Jicha (1954) +1 other reference |
| Patrick Haynes collection |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 748.2 |
| John H. Betts (2009) | |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483 +1 other reference |
| Environmental Geology: 47. +1 other reference |
| King (n.d.) |
| Ernest H. Carlson. Jerret Whitford. ... | |
| gsa.confex.com (2002) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| ... |
| - (2005) |
| Gold (2006, October) |
| Dana 6: 1069. |
| Gordon |
| Ref.: Gordon (1922) | |
| Gordon | |
| www.jonesgeo.com (2011) |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| - (2005) |
| Flohr et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Origlieri (1990) |
| Rocks & Min. +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| North (2010) |
| Joe Marty (2015) |
| |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1985) |
| www.dnr.wa.gov/geology/okanogan.htm. |
| Cannon (1975) |
| USGS Bull 717 +1 other reference | |
| Cannon (1975) | |
| Valentine et al. (1956) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 73 (1998) |
| Cordua (1998) |
| Osterwald (1952) |
| Osterwald (1952) | |
| Osterwald (1952) | |
| Osterwald (1952) | |
| Farrington (1900) +1 other reference | |
Uzbekistan | |
| Uklonskiy et al. (1964) +2 other references |
| Slyusareva (1964) |
Venezuela | |
| Urbani (1996) |
| Franco Urbani (2009) | |
Europa | |
Mars | |
| Farrand et al. (2016) |
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Hilarion Mine, Kamariza Mines, Agios Konstantinos, Lavrion Mining District, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece