Erlichmanite
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About Erlichmanite
Formula:
OsS2
Colour:
Gray
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
4½ - 5½
Specific Gravity:
8.28
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
Named in honor of Jozef Erlichman (1935 - ), electron microprobe analyst for the Planetology Branch, NASA-Ames Research Center, employee of Applied Space Products, Palo Alto, California. He identified or worked on several new minerals.
Classification of Erlichmanite
Approved
2/D.17-110
2.EB.05a
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
E : Metal Sulfides, M: S <= 1:2
B : M:S = 1:2, with Fe, Co, Ni, PGE, etc.
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
E : Metal Sulfides, M: S <= 1:2
B : M:S = 1:2, with Fe, Co, Ni, PGE, etc.
2.12.1.16
2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
3.12.57
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
12 : Sulphides etc. of the platinum metals
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
12 : Sulphides etc. of the platinum metals
Physical Properties of Erlichmanite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Gray
Hardness:
4½ - 5½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=1730 - 1950 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Density:
8.28 g/cm3 (Measured) 9.59 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Erlichmanite
Reflectivity:
400nm | R=44.4% |
420nm | R=44.2% |
440nm | R=44.0% |
460nm | R=43.8% |
580nm | R=43.4% |
500nm | R=43.0% |
520nm | R=42.7% |
540nm | R=42.2% |
560nm | R=41.7% |
580nm | R=41.3% |
600nm | R=40.9% |
620nm | R=40.4% |
640nm | R=40.0% |
660nm | R=39.4% |
680nm | R=38.8% |
700nm | R=38.2% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 44.4%.
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemical Properties of Erlichmanite
Formula:
OsS2
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ir,Rh,Ru,Pd
Crystallography of Erlichmanite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3 (2/m 3) - Diploidal
Space Group:
Pa3
Setting:
Pa3
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.6196(3) Å
Unit Cell V:
177.47 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Pyritohedral crystals, grains
Comment:
Synthetic
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0011029 | Erlichmanite | Stingl T, Muller B, Lutz H D (1992) Crystal structure refinement of osmium(II) disulfide, OsS2 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 202 161-162 | ![]() | 1992 | 0 | 293 | |
0017725 | Erlichmanite | Oftedal I (1928) Uber die Kristallstrukturen der verbindungen RuS2, OsS2, MnTe2 und AuSb2. Mit einem Anhang uber die Gitterkonstant von Pyrit Zeitschrift fur Physikalische Chemie 135 291-299 | 1928 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.24 Å | (100) |
2.810 Å | (85) |
1.987 Å | (55) |
1.694 Å | (85) |
1.081 Å | (30) |
0.787 Å | (55) |
0.780 Å | (65) |
Geological Environment
Geological Setting:
Platinum placers
Type Occurrence of Erlichmanite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Stanford University
Synonyms of Erlichmanite
Other Language Names for Erlichmanite
German:Erlichmanit
Russian:Эрликманит
Simplified Chinese:硫锇矿
Spanish:Erlichmanita
Traditional Chinese:硫鋨礦
Relationship of Erlichmanite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Aurostibite | AuSb2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Cattierite | CoS2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Dzharkenite | FeSe2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Fukuchilite | Cu3FeS8 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Gaotaiite | Ir3Te8 | Iso. |
Geversite | PtSb2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Hauerite | MnS2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Insizwaite | Pt(Bi,Sb)2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Krut'aite | CuSe2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Laurite | RuS2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Penroseite | (Ni,Co,Cu)Se2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Pyrite | FeS2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Sperrylite | PtAs2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Trogtalite | CoSe2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Vaesite | NiS2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Villamaninite | (Cu,Ni,Co,Fe)S2 | Tric. |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Hollingworthite | (Rh,Pt,Pd)AsS |
Irarsite | (Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS |
Laurite | RuS2 |
Platinum | Pt |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
2.EB.05a | Aurostibite | AuSb2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.EB.05b | Bambollaite | Cu(Se,Te)2 | Tet. |
2.EB.05a | Cattierite | CoS2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.EB.05a | Fukuchilite | Cu3FeS8 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.EB.05a | Geversite | PtSb2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.EB.05a | Hauerite | MnS2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.EB.05a | Insizwaite | Pt(Bi,Sb)2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.EB.05a | Krut'aite | CuSe2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.EB.05a | Laurite | RuS2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.EB.05a | Penroseite | (Ni,Co,Cu)Se2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.EB.05a | Pyrite | FeS2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.EB.05a | Sperrylite | PtAs2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.EB.05a | Trogtalite | CoSe2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.EB.05a | Vaesite | NiS2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.EB.05a | Villamaninite | (Cu,Ni,Co,Fe)S2 | Tric. |
2.EB.05a | Dzharkenite | FeSe2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.EB.05a | Gaotaiite | Ir3Te8 | Iso. |
2.EB.10b | Alloclasite | Co1-xFexAsS | Mon. 2 : P21 |
2.EB.10d | Costibite | CoSbS | Orth. mm2 : Pmn21 |
2.EB.10a | Ferroselite | FeSe2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
2.EB.10a | Frohbergite | FeTe2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
2.EB.10c | Glaucodot | (Co0.50Fe0.50)AsS | Orth. mm2 : Pmn21 |
2.EB.10a | Kullerudite | NiSe2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
2.EB.10a | Marcasite | FeS2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
2.EB.10a | Mattagamite | CoTe2 | Orth. |
2.EB.10e | Paracostibite | CoSbS | Orth. |
2.EB.10e | Pararammelsbergite | NiAs2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca |
2.EB.10f | Oenite | CoSbAs | Orth. |
2.EB.15a | Anduoite | (Ru,Os)As2 | Orth. |
2.EB.15a | Clinosafflorite | CoAs2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
2.EB.15a | Löllingite | FeAs2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
2.EB.15a | Nisbite | NiSb2 | Orth. |
2.EB.15a | Omeiite | (Os,Ru)As2 | Orth. |
2.EB.15c | Paxite | CuAs2 | Mon. |
2.EB.15a | Rammelsbergite | NiAs2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
2.EB.15a | Safflorite | (Co,Ni,Fe)As2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
2.EB.15b | Seinäjokite | (Fe,Ni)(Sb,As)2 | Orth. |
2.EB.20 | Arsenopyrite | FeAsS | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
2.EB.20 | Gudmundite | FeSbS | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
2.EB.20 | Osarsite | (Os,Ru)AsS | Mon. |
2.EB.20 | Ruarsite | (Ru,Os)AsS | Mon. |
2.EB.25 | Cobaltite | CoAsS | Orth. mm2 : Pca21 |
2.EB.25 | Gersdorffite | NiAsS | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.EB.25 | Hollingworthite | (Rh,Pt,Pd)AsS | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) |
2.EB.25 | Irarsite | (Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS | Iso. |
2.EB.25 | Jolliffeite | NiAsSe | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.EB.25 | Krutovite | NiAs2 | Iso. |
2.EB.25 | Maslovite | PtBiTe | Iso. 2 3 : P21 3 |
2.EB.25 | Michenerite | PdBiTe | Iso. 2 3 : P21 3 |
2.EB.25 | Padmaite | PdBiSe | Iso. |
2.EB.25 | Platarsite | PtAsS | Iso. |
2.EB.25 | Testibiopalladite | PdTe(Sb,Te) | Iso. |
2.EB.25 | Tolovkite | IrSbS | Iso. |
2.EB.25 | Ullmannite | NiSbS | Iso. 2 3 : P21 3 |
2.EB.25 | Willyamite | CoSbS | |
2.EB.25 | Changchengite | IrBiS | Iso. |
2.EB.25 | Mayingite | IrBiTe | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.EB.25 | Hollingsworthite | (Rh,Pt,Pd)AsS | |
2.EB.25 | Kalungaite | PdAsSe | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.EB.25 | Milotaite | PdSbSe | Iso. 2 3 : P21 3 |
2.EB.30 | Urvantsevite | Pd(Bi,Pb)2 | Tet. |
2.EB.35 | Rheniite | ReS2 | Tric. |
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)
2.12.1.1 | Pyrite | FeS2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.12.1.2 | Vaesite | NiS2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.12.1.3 | Cattierite | CoS2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.12.1.4 | Penroseite | (Ni,Co,Cu)Se2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.12.1.5 | Trogtalite | CoSe2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.12.1.6 | Villamaninite | (Cu,Ni,Co,Fe)S2 | Tric. |
2.12.1.7 | Fukuchilite | Cu3FeS8 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.12.1.8 | Krut'aite | CuSe2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.12.1.9 | Hauerite | MnS2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.12.1.10 | Laurite | RuS2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.12.1.11 | Aurostibite | AuSb2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.12.1.12 | Krutovite | NiAs2 | Iso. |
2.12.1.13 | Sperrylite | PtAs2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.12.1.14 | Geversite | PtSb2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.12.1.15 | Insizwaite | Pt(Bi,Sb)2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.12.1.17 | Dzharkenite | FeSe2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
2.12.1.18 | Gaotaiite | Ir3Te8 | Iso. |
2.12.1.19 | Mayingite | IrBiTe | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
3.12.1 | Seinäjokite | (Fe,Ni)(Sb,As)2 | Orth. |
3.12.2 | Laurite | RuS2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
3.12.3 | Ruthenarsenite | (Ru,Ni)As | Orth. |
3.12.4 | Anduoite | (Ru,Os)As2 | Orth. |
3.12.5 | Ruarsite | (Ru,Os)AsS | Mon. |
3.12.6 | Xingzhongite | Pb2+Ir3+2S4 | Iso. |
3.12.7 | Rhodplumsite | Rh3Pb2S2 | Trig. |
3.12.8 | Cuprorhodsite | (Cu1+0.5Fe3+0.5)Rh3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
3.12.9 | Konderite | Cu3Pb(Rh,Pt,Ir)8S16 | Hex. 6/m : P6/m |
3.12.10 | Bowieite | (Rh,Ir,Pt)2S3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
3.12.11 | Cherepanovite | RhAs | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
3.12.12 | Hollingworthite | (Rh,Pt,Pd)AsS | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) |
3.12.13 | Vysotskite | (Pd,Ni)S | Tet. |
3.12.14 | Vasilite | (Pd,Cu)16(S,Te)7 | Iso. |
3.12.15 | Palladseite | Pd17Se15 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) |
3.12.16 | Oosterboschite | (Pd,Cu)7Se5 | Orth. |
3.12.17 | Telluropalladinite | Pd9Te4 | Mon. |
3.12.18 | Temagamite | Pd3HgTe3 | Trig. 3m : P3m1 |
3.12.19 | Sopcheite | Ag4Pd3Te4 | Orth. |
3.12.20 | Michenerite | PdBiTe | Iso. 2 3 : P21 3 |
3.12.21 | Kotulskite | Pd(Te,Bi)2-x (x ≈ 0.4) | Hex. |
3.12.22 | Telargpalite | (Pd,Ag)3(Te,Bi) | Iso. |
3.12.23 | Merenskyite | PdTe2 | Trig. 3m : P3m1 |
3.12.24 | Palladoarsenide | Pd2As | Mon. 2/m : P2/m |
3.12.25 | Stillwaterite | Pd8As3 | Trig. |
3.12.26 | Atheneite | Pd2As0.75Hg0.25 | Hex. 6 m2 : P62m |
3.12.27 | Majakite | PdNiAs | Hex. |
3.12.28 | Palarstanide | Pd5(Sn,As)2 | Hex. |
3.12.29 | Arsenopalladinite | Pd8(As,Sb)3 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
3.12.30 | Vincentite | Pd3As | Tet. |
3.12.31 | Palladobismutharsenide | Pd2(As,Bi) | Orth. |
3.12.32 | Stibiopalladinite | Pd5Sb2 | Hex. |
3.12.33 | Hexatestibiopanickelite | (Pd,Ni)(Sb,Te) | Hex. |
3.12.34 | Sudburyite | PdSb | Hex. |
3.12.35 | Testibiopalladite | PdTe(Sb,Te) | Iso. |
3.12.36 | Borovskite | Pd3SbTe4 | Iso. |
3.12.37 | Isomertieite | Pd11Sb2As2 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
3.12.38 | Mertieite-I | Pd11(Sb,As)4 | Hex. |
3.12.39 | Mertieite-II | Pd8Sb2.5As0.5 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c |
3.12.40 | Sobolevskite | PdBi | Hex. |
3.12.41 | Froodite | α-PdBi2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
3.12.42 | Polarite | Pd(Bi,Pb) | Orth. mm2 : Cmc21 |
3.12.43 | Urvantsevite | Pd(Bi,Pb)2 | Tet. |
3.12.44 | Cooperite | PtS | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mmc |
3.12.45 | Braggite | (Pt,Pd,Ni)S | Tet. |
3.12.46 | Kharaelakhite | (Cu,Pt,Pb,Fe,Ni)9S8 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmm |
3.12.47 | Malanite | Cu1+(Ir3+Pt4+)S4 | Iso. |
3.12.48 | Moncheite | (Pt,Pd)(Te,Bi)2 | Trig. |
3.12.49 | Maslovite | PtBiTe | Iso. 2 3 : P21 3 |
3.12.50 | Sperrylite | PtAs2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
3.12.51 | Platarsite | PtAsS | Iso. |
3.12.52 | Geversite | PtSb2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
3.12.53 | Daomanite | CuPtAsS2 | Orth. |
3.12.54 | Genkinite | (Pt,Pd,Rh)4Sb3 | Tet. 4 2 2 |
3.12.55 | Stumpflite | PtSb | Hex. |
3.12.56 | Insizwaite | Pt(Bi,Sb)2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
3.12.58 | Omeiite | (Os,Ru)As2 | Orth. |
3.12.59 | Osarsite | (Os,Ru)AsS | Mon. |
3.12.60 | Kashinite | (Ir,Rh)2S3 | Orth. |
3.12.61 | Inaglyite | Cu3Pb(Ir,Pt)8S16 | Hex. |
3.12.62 | Cuproiridsite | (Cu,Fe)Ir2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
3.12.63 | Iridarsenite | (Ir,Ru)As2 | Mon. |
3.12.64 | Irarsite | (Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS | Iso. |
3.12.65 | Tolovkite | IrSbS | Iso. |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Erlichmanite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Oftedal, I. (1928) Über die Kristallstrukturen der verbindungen RuS2, OsS2, MnTe2 und AuSb2. Mit einem Anhang über die Gitterkonstant von Pyrit. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie: 135: 291-299.
Snetsinger, K.G. (1971) Erlichmanite (OsS2), a new mineral. American Mineralogist: 56: 1501-1506.
Stingl, T., Mueller, B., Lutz, H.D. (1992) Crystal structure refinement of osmium(II) disulfide. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 202: 161-162.
González-Jiménez, J.M., Gervilla, F., Proenza, J.A., Kerestedjian, T., Augé, T., Bailly, L. (2009) Zoning of laurite (RuS2) - erlichmanite (OsS2): Implications for the origin of PGM in ophiolite chromitites. European Journal of Mineralogy: 21: 419-432.
Internet Links for Erlichmanite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1401.html
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Mineral Dealers:
Localities for Erlichmanite
Locality List




All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Schulze, H. (1998) Meteoritics & Planetary Science 33 (4, Supplement): A139. (July 1998) |
Australia | |
| Webb, K. (2014). The age and tectonometallogenic setting of the Fifield “Alaskan-type” intrusive suite, Lachlan Orogen, NSW. NSW., Bachelor of Science (Honours), School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong. |
Johan, Z., Ohnenstetter, M., Slansky, E., Barron, L.M., Suppel, D. (1989) Platinum mineralization in the Alaskan-type intrusive complexes near Fifield, New South Wales, Australia. Part 1. Platinum-group minerals in clinopyroxenites of the Kelvin Grove prospect, Owendale intrusion. Mineralogy and Petrology, 40:4, 289-309. | |
5th International Platinum Symposium Bulletin of The Geological Society of Finland Number 61, Part 1,1989,1-64 | |
Austria | |
| Malitch, K.N., Melcher, F., Mühlhans , H. (2001) Palladium and gold mineralization in podiform chromitite at Kraubath, Austria. Mineralogy and Petrology: 73: 247-277. |
| Malitch, K. N., & Knauf, V. V. (2002). Diversity of PGM assemblages at Kraubath: a case study of mantle-derived chromitites from the Eastern Alps, Austria. In 9th International Platinum Symposium (Abstracts). |
Brazil | |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) session MPM-04 Platinum-group mineralogy: Diversity of Platinum group minerals (PGM) in chromitites from Brazil, preliminary results; Garuti, G., Proenza, J. A., & Zaccarini, F. (2005). Platinum-group element distribution and mineralogy in altered chromitite of the Campo Formoso layered intrusion (Bahia state, Brazil). Geology & Petrology 82-85 |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) session MPM-04 Platinum-group mineralogy: Diversity of Platinum group minerals (PGM) in chromitites from Brazil, preliminary results |
Garuti, G., Zaccarini, F., Proenza, J. A., Thalhammer, O. A., & Angeli, N. (2012). Platinum-group minerals in chromitites of the Niquelândia layered intrusion (Central Goias, Brazil): Their magmatic origin and low-temperature reworking during serpentinization and lateritic weathering. Minerals, 2(4), 365-384. | |
| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) session MPM-04 Platinum-group mineralogy: Diversity of Platinum group minerals (PGM) in chromitites from Brazil, preliminary results |
Bulgaria | |
| Цинцов, З. (1998). Състав, разпространение и транспорт на минералите на елементите от групата на платината в алувиалните седименти на Благоевградския грабен. Сп. БГД, 59(2), 59-65. |
| Bul. Acad. Sci. (1998) |
| Atanasov, A. V. (1990). Vasilite,(Pd, Cu) 16 (S, Te) 7, a new mineral species from Novoseltsi, Bulgaria. The Canadian Mineralogist, 28(3), 687-689. |
Canada | |
| Nixon, G.T., Cabri, L.J., and Laflamme, J.H.G. (1990) Platinum-group-element mineralizaton in lode and placer deposits associated with the Tulameen Alaskan-type complex, British Columbia. Canadian Mineralogist: 28, 503-535. |
Nixon, G. T., Cabri, L. J., & Laflamme, J. G. (1990). Platinum-group-element mineralization in lode and placer deposits associated with the Tulameen Alaskan-type complex, British Columbia. The Canadian Mineralogist, 28(3), 503-535. | |
Nixon, G. T., Cabri, L. J., & Laflamme, J. G. (1990). Platinum-group-element mineralization in lode and placer deposits associated with the Tulameen Alaskan-type complex, British Columbia. The Canadian Mineralogist, 28(3), 503-535. | |
| http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001NE/finalprogram/abstract_2302.htm. |
Pagé et al. (2001) GSA 2001 NE program abstracts | |
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China | |
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Colombia | |
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Costa Rica | |
| Federica Zaccarini, Ronald J. Bakker, Giorgio Garuti, Thomas Aiglsperger, Oskar A. R. Thalhammer, Lolita Campos, Joaquin A. Proenza, John F. Lewis (2010) Platinum group minerals in chromitite bodies of the Santa Elena Nappe, Costa Rica: mineralogical characterization by electron microprobe and Raman–spectroscopy. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 62:161-171 |
Cuba | |
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Cyprus | |
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Ecuador | |
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Ethiopia | |
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Finland | |
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| 33rd International Geological Congress (2008) session MPM-04 Platinum-group mineralogy: Pt-Pd selenides from river placers, northern Finland; Kari Kojonen (2012) PGE ore potential in the southwestern granulite belt of Northern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Report of Investigation 207 pp 64-67 |
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| Stanislav S. Gornostayev, Kauko V.O. Laajoki & Ossi Leinonen (2000) The platinum-group minerals in the Kemi chromite deposit, Finland: a case study of the Elijärvi ore body. In Abstract volume and Field trip Guidebook, 2nd annual GEODE-Fennoscandian shield field workshop on Palaeoproterozoic and Archean greenstone belts and VMS districts in the Fennoscandian Shield (Vol. 28). |
| Barkov, A., Halkoaho, T., Roberts, A., Criddle, A., Martin, R., Papunen, H. (1999) New Pd-Pb and Pb-V oxides frm a bonanza-type PGE-rich, nearly BMS-free deposit in the Penikat layered complex, Finland. Canadian Mineralogist, 37, 1507-1524.; Barkov, A. Y., Fleet, M. E., Martin, R. F., & Alapieti, T. T. (2004). Zoned sulfides and sulfarsenides of the platinum-group elements from the Penikat layered complex, Finland. The Canadian Mineralogist, 42(2), 515-537. |
| Gervilla, F., Kojonen, K. and Merkle, R.K.W., 2005. Platinum-group minerals in the Proterozoic Keivitsa mafic-ultramafic intrusion, Sodankylä, northern Finland. Extended Abstract, 10th International Platinum Symposium, Abstract volume |
| mutanen Tapani 1997. Geology and ore petrology of Akanvaara nd Koitelainen mafic layered intrusions and the Keivitsa -satovaara layered complex, Northern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, bulletin 395. 233s. |
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France | |
| Cassian, P. (2007). New Caledonia Geology and Mining. In ニューカレドニアの投資環境調査 2007 年 (p. 58). |
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Greece | |
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India | |
| Alapieti, T.T., Devaraju, T.C., Kaukonen, R.J. (2005) SEM-EDS Study of the Platinum-group Minerals in the PGE mineralized Hanumalapura Segment of the Layeredmafic-ultramafic Complex of Channagiri, Davangere District, Karnataka. Journal of the Geological Society of India: 65: 745-752. |
Indonesia | |
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Japan | |
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Kazakhstan | |
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Madagascar | |
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Mexico | |
| Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems Annual report 2012 p. 124 |
Mongolia | |
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New Zealand | |
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Norway | |
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Oman | |
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Philippines | |
| Oberthür, T., Melcher, F., & Weiser, T. W. (2017). Detrital Platinum-Group Minerals and Gold In Placers of Southeastern Samar Island, Philippines. The Canadian Mineralogist, 55(1), 45-62. |
Russia | |
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Tolstykh, N., Sidorov, E., & Kozlov, A. (2009). Platinum-group Minerals from the Olkhovaya–1 Placers Related to the Karaginsky Ophiolite Complex, Kamchatskiy Mys Peninsula, Russia. The Canadian Mineralogist, 47(5), 1057-1074. | |
| Zhmodik, S. M., Nesterenko, G. V., Airiyants, E. V., Belyanin, D. K., Kolpakov, V. V., Podlipsky, M. Y., & Karmanov, N. S. (2016). Alluvial platinum-group minerals as indicators of primary PGE mineralization (placers of southern Siberia). Russian Geology and Geophysics, 57(10), 1437-1464. |
| Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow |
Cabri, L.J., Laflamme, H.H. Giles, (1997), Platinum Group Minerals from the Konder Massif, Russian Far East, Min Rec. 28, 97-106 | |
| Barkov, A. Y., Shvedov, G. I., Silyanov, S. A., & Martin, R. F. (2018). Mineralogy of Platinum-Group Elements and Gold in the Ophiolite-Related Placer of the River Bolshoy Khailyk, Western Sayans, Russia. Minerals, 8(6), 247. |
Alexander V. Dedeev et al (2002) The PGE-Bearing Sulphide Ores of the Kingash Mafic-Ultramafic Differentiated Intrusion and Ore Processing Characteristics, East Sajan, Russia. 9th annual platinum symposium | |
| Barkov, A. Y., Tolstykh, N. D., Shvedov, G. I., & Martin, R. F. (2018). Ophiolite-related associations of platinum-group minerals at Rudnaya, western Sayans, and Miass, southern Urals, Russia. Mineralogical Magazine, 1-32. |
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Chashchin, V. V., & Petrov, S. V. (2013). Low-sulfide PGE ore in the Volchetundra gabbro-anorthosite pluton, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Geology of Ore Deposits, 55(5), 357-382. | |
| Shcheka G.G., Vrzhosek A.A., Lehmann B., Tolstykh N.D. (2004) Associations of platinum-group minerals from the Zolotaya gold placiers, Primorye, Russian Far East, - Canadian Mineralogist, v.42, pp. 583-599. |
| Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow |
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| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data, 2018 |
| Garuti, G., Pushkarev, E.V., and Zaccarini, F. (2002) Composition and paragenesis of Pt alloys from chromitites of the Uralian-Alaskan-type Kytlym and Uktus complexes, northern and central Urals, Russia. Canadian Mineralogist: 40: 1127-1146. |
| Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow |
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9th International platinum symposium Chromite-PGE mineralization in the Uktus Alaskan-Type Complex (Central Urals,); Garuti, G., Pushkarev, E.V., and Zaccarini, F. (2002) Composition and paragenesis of Pt alloys from chromitites of the Uralian-Alaskan-type Kytlym and Uktus complexes, northern and central Urals, Russia. Canadian Mineralogist: 40: 1127-1146.; Zaccarini, F., Pushkarev, E., Garuti, G., Krause, J., Dvornik, G. P., Stanley, C., & Bindi, L. (2013). Platinum-group minerals (PGM) nuggets from alluvial-eluvial placer deposits in the concentrically zoned mafic-ultramafic Uktus complex (Central Urals, Russia). European Journal of Mineralogy, 25(4), 519-531. | |
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Jan Pašava, Ilja Knésl, Anna Vymazalová, Ivan Vavřín, Ludmila Ivanovna Gurskaya, Leonid Ruslanovich Kolbantsev (2011) Geochemistry and mineralogy of platinum-group elements (PGE) in chromites from Centralnoye I, Polar Urals, Russia. Geoscience Frontiers 2:81-85 | |
Jan Pašava, Ilja Knésl, Anna Vymazalová, Ivan Vavřín, Ludmila Ivanovna Gurskaya, Leonid Ruslanovich Kolbantsev (2011) Geochemistry and mineralogy of platinum-group elements (PGE) in chromites from Centralnoye I, Polar Urals, Russia. Geoscience Frontiers 2:81-85 | |
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Sierra Leone | |
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Bowles, J. F., Suárez, S., Prichard, H. M., & Fisher, P. C. (2018). The mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the alluvial platinum-group minerals of the Freetown Layered Complex, Sierra Leone. Mineralogical Magazine, 1-30. | |
Slovakia | |
| Radvanec, M., & Uher, P. (2016). Platinum-group minerals in metapyroxenite from Jasov, Meliatic Unit, Slovakia. Acta Geol. Slov., 8, 2, 195, 201. |
South Africa | |
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Econ Geol (1989) 84:1651-1655 | |
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Spain | |
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Baurier-Aymat, S.; Jiménez-Franco, A.; Roqué-Rosell, J.; González-Jiménez, J.M.; Gervilla, F.; Proenza, J.A.; Mendoza, J.; Nieto, F. (2019) Nanoscale Structure of Zoned Laurites from the Ojén Ultramafic Massif, Southern Spain. Minerals 9, 288. | |
Baurier-Aymat, S.; Jiménez-Franco, A.; Roqué-Rosell, J.; González-Jiménez, J.M.; Gervilla, F.; Proenza, J.A.; Mendoza, J.; Nieto, F. (2019) Nanoscale Structure of Zoned Laurites from the Ojén Ultramafic Massif, Southern Spain. Minerals 9, 288. | |
Turkey | |
| Kozlu, H., & Rudashevsky, N. V. (2010). Geochemistry of the platinum-group minerals (PGM) in the chromitites from Elbistan–Berit Mantle/Transition Zone and Kızıldağ (Hatay) Ophiolite, SE–S Turkey. In 11th International Platinum Symposium Ontario Geological Survey, Pdf Abstract Miscellaneous Release-Data (Vol. 269). |
| Uysal, I., Sadiklar, M. B., Tarkian, M., Karsli, O., & Aydin, F. (2005). Mineralogy and composition of the chromitites and their platinum-group minerals from Ortaca (Muğla-SW Turkey): evidence for ophiolitic chromitite genesis. Mineralogy and petrology, 83(3-4), 219-242.; Uysal, İ., Tarkian, M., Sadiklar, M. B., Zaccarini, F., Meisel, T., Garuti, G., & Heidrich, S. (2009). Petrology of Al-and Cr-rich ophiolitic chromitites from the Muğla, SW Turkey: implications from composition of chromite, solid inclusions of platinum-group mineral, silicate, and base-metal mineral, and Os-isotope geochemistry. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 158(5), 659-674. |
UK | |
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USA | |
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USGS Open-File Report 01-269 | |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225. |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225. | |
| Dana's New Mineralogy; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California: 63.; Snetsinger, K.G. (1971b) Erlichmanite (OsS2), a new mineral. American Mineralogist: 56: 1501-1506. |
| Sjoberg, J. and Gomes, J.M. (1980) Platinum-group minerals in California alluvial deposits. US Bureau of Mines, Reno Research Center, unpublished manuscript: 15, figure 1; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 64. |
| Bart Cannon analysis, Cannon Microprobe, #FP 51, January 11, 1995. |
| Smith, II, R. C. and Barnes, J. H. (2011) |
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Konder alkaline-ultrabasic massif, Ayan-Maya district, Khabarovsk Krai, Russia