Fornacite
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About Fornacite
Formula:
Pb2Cu(CrO4)(AsO4)(OH)
Colour:
Deep olive-green; golden yellow in transmitted light (small grains).
Lustre:
Resinous, Waxy, Greasy
Hardness:
2 - 3
Specific Gravity:
6.27
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named in 1916 by Antoine François Alfred Lacroix from the Latin fornax "the furnace" in honor of geographer and French colonial governor of Middle Congo (1911-16), Lucien Louis Fourneau [February 16, 1867, Saint-Cyr-l'Ecole, Yvelines, France - August 3, 1930, Perros-Guirec, Côtes-du-Nord [now Côtes-d'Armor], France], whose name also translates to "the furnace".
Fourneau was lieutenant governor of Oubangui-Chari (1909-10) and commissioner of French Cameroons (1916-19).
Fourneau was lieutenant governor of Oubangui-Chari (1909-10) and commissioner of French Cameroons (1916-19).
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
Fornacite-Vauquelinite Series. The arsenate analogue of vauquelinite.
Related to the Brackebuschite Supergroup.
Related to the Brackebuschite Supergroup.
Classification of Fornacite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1915
6/F.02-20
7.FC.10
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
F : Chromates
C : With PO4, AsO4, SiO4
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
F : Chromates
C : With PO4, AsO4, SiO4
43.4.3.2
43 : COMPOUND PHOSPHATES, ETC.
4 : Anhydrous Compound Phosphates, etc·, Containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
43 : COMPOUND PHOSPHATES, ETC.
4 : Anhydrous Compound Phosphates, etc·, Containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
22.5.4
22 : Phosphates, Arsenates or Vanadates with other Anions
5 : Phosphates, arsenates or vanadates with chromate, molybdate, niobate or tantalate
22 : Phosphates, Arsenates or Vanadates with other Anions
5 : Phosphates, arsenates or vanadates with chromate, molybdate, niobate or tantalate
Physical Properties of Fornacite
Resinous, Waxy, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Deep olive-green; golden yellow in transmitted light (small grains).
Streak:
Olive green
Hardness:
2 - 3 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
6.27 g/cm3 (Measured) 6.30 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Fornacite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 2.142 nγ = 2.242
Birefringence:
0.100
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.100

Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
Strong
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Comments:
2V rather large.
Chemical Properties of Fornacite
Formula:
Pb2Cu(CrO4)(AsO4)(OH)
IMA Formula:
CuPb2(CrO4)(AsO4)(OH)
Crystallography of Fornacite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Setting:
P1 21/c 1
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.101(2) Å, b = 5.893(11) Å, c = 17.547(9) Å
β = 110.00(4)°
β = 110.00(4)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.375 : 1 : 2.978
Unit Cell V:
787.16 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Short bladed crystals in divergent groupings.
Comment:
Other cell given: 7.91, 5.91, 17.46 A, xxx°.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0010641 | Fornacite | Cocco G, Fanfani L, Zanazzi P F (1967) The crystal structure of fornacite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 124 385-397 | ![]() | 1967 | Reneville, Congo | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
8.22 Å | (50) |
4.80 Å | (90) |
3.31 Å | (100) |
2.98 Å | (100) |
2.88 Å | (100) |
2.80 Å | (100) |
2.71 Å | (90) |
Geological Environment
Geological Setting:
Oxidized zones of polymetallic deposits
Type Occurrence of Fornacite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Confused groups of small, prismatic crystals.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Lacroix, A. (1915) Note préliminaire sur une novelle espèce minérale (furnacite), provenant du Moyen Congo (Afrique equatoriale française). Bulletin de la Société Française de Minéralogie: 38: 198-200.
Synonyms of Fornacite
Other Language Names for Fornacite
Relationship of Fornacite to other Species
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
Dioptase | CuSiO3 · H2O |
Fluorite | CaF2 |
Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
Wulfenite | Pb(MoO4) |
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
31 photos of Fornacite associated with Wulfenite | Pb(MoO4) |
23 photos of Fornacite associated with Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
20 photos of Fornacite associated with Chrysocolla | Cu2-xAlx(H2-xSi2O5)(OH)4 · nH2O, x < 1 |
16 photos of Fornacite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
13 photos of Fornacite associated with Dioptase | CuSiO3 · H2O |
8 photos of Fornacite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
7 photos of Fornacite associated with Creaseyite | Pb2Cu2Fe3+2(Si4.67Al0.33)O15.33(OH)3 · H2O |
6 photos of Fornacite associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
5 photos of Fornacite associated with Rosasite | (Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2 |
4 photos of Fornacite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
7.FC.05 | Vauquelinite | Pb2Cu(CrO4)(PO4)(OH) | Mon. 2/m |
7.FC.10 | Molybdofornacite | Pb2Cu(MoO4,CrO4)(AsO4,PO4)(OH) | Mon. |
7.FC.15 | Hemihedrite | Pb10Zn(CrO4)6(SiO4)2(OH)2 | Tric. |
7.FC.15 | Iranite | Pb10Cu(CrO4)6(SiO4)2(OH)2 | Tric. |
7.FC.20 | Cassedanneite | Pb5(CrO4)2(VO4)2 · H2O | Mon. |
7.FC.20 | Embreyite | Pb5(CrO4)2(PO4)2 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)
43.4.3.1 | Vauquelinite | Pb2Cu(CrO4)(PO4)(OH) | Mon. 2/m |
43.4.3.3 | Molybdofornacite | Pb2Cu(MoO4,CrO4)(AsO4,PO4)(OH) | Mon. |
43.4.3.4 | UM1994-19-PO:CuHMoPb | Pb2Cu(PO4)(MoO4,AsO4,CrO4,GaO4)(OH) |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
22.5.1 | Vauquelinite | Pb2Cu(CrO4)(PO4)(OH) | Mon. 2/m |
22.5.2 | Embreyite | Pb5(CrO4)2(PO4)2 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
22.5.3 | Cassedanneite | Pb5(CrO4)2(VO4)2 · H2O | Mon. |
22.5.5 | Molybdofornacite | Pb2Cu(MoO4,CrO4)(AsO4,PO4)(OH) | Mon. |
22.5.6 | Mendozavilite-NaFe | [Na2(H2O)15Fe3+(H2O)6][Mo8P2Fe3+3O35(OH)2] | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
22.5.7 | Paramendozavilite | [KAl4(H2O)30][Mo12P6Fe3+6O60(OH)13] | Mon. |
22.5.8 | Betpakdalite-CaCa | [Ca2(H2O)17Ca(H2O)6][Mo6+8As5+2Fe3+3O36(OH)] | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
22.5.9 | Betpakdalite-NaCa | [Na2(H2O)17Ca(H2O)6][Mo6+8As5+2Fe3+3O34(OH)3] | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
22.5.10 | Obradovicite-KCu | [K2(H2O)17Cu(H2O)6][Mo8As2Fe3+3O34(OH)3] | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmna |
22.5.11 | Melkovite | [Ca2(H2O)15Ca(H2O)6][Mo8P2Fe3+3O36(OH)] | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
22.5.12 | Rankachite | Ca0.5(V4+,V5+)(W6+,Fe3+)2O8(OH) · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
22.5.13 | Olmsteadite | KFe2+2(Nb5+,Ta5+)(PO4)2O2 · 2H2O | Orth. |
22.5.14 | Johnwalkite | K(Mn2+,Fe2+,Fe3+)2(Nb5+,Ta5+)(PO4)2O2 · 2(H2O,OH) | Orth. |
Fluorescence of Fornacite
Not Fluorescent in UV.
Other Information
Notes:
Totally soluble in HCl.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Fornacite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Lacroix, A. (1915) Note préliminaire sur une novelle espèce minérale (furnacite), provenant du Moyen Congo (Afrique equatoriale française). Bulletin de la Société Française de Minéralogie: 38: 198-200.
Lacroix, A. (1916) Erratum concernant une nouvelle espèce minérale du Congo. Bulletin de la Société Française de Minéralogie: 39: 84-84.
Palache, C., Berman, H., Frondel, C. (1951) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 652.
Bariand, P. and Herpin, P. (1962) Nouvelles données sur la fornacite (chromo-arseniate de plomb et de cuivre). Bull. Soc. Franc. Minéral., 85, 309-311. (in French).
Fleischer, M. (1964) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 49: 439-448.
Cocco, G., Fanfani, L., Zanazzi, P.F. (1967) The crystal structure of fornacite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 124: 385-397.
Fanfani, L., Zanazzi, P.F. (1967) Structural similarities of some secondary lead minerals. Mineralogical Magazine: 36: 522-529.
Cesbron, F., Williams, S.A. (1980) Iranite-hémihédrite, bellite, phoenicochroite, vauquelinite et fornacite: synthèse et nouvelles données. Bulletin de Minéralogie: 103: 469-477.
Frost, R.L. (2004) Raman microscopy of selected chromate minerals. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy: 35: 153-158.
Ksenofontov, D.A., Kabalov, Y.K., Pekov, I.V., Zubkova, N.V. (2014) Refinement of the crystal structure of fornacite using the Rietveld method. Doklady Earth Sciences: 456: 520-523.
Internet Links for Fornacite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1583.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
Localities for Fornacite
Locality List




All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Australian Min. 3:1 (1997) |
| Nickel, E.H. (1982) Secondary minerals from the oxidized zone of the Teutonic Bore sulphide deposit. The Australian Mineralogist, No. 40, December 1982, pg. 219-223. |
| Frost, R. L. (2004). Raman microscopy of selected chromate minerals. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 35(2), 153-158.; Nickel, E. H., & Hitchen, G. J. (1994). The phosphate analog of molybdofornacite from Whim Creek, Western Australia. Mineralogical Record, 25(3), 203. |
Chile | |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and Joy Desor |
| Maurizio Dini & Robert Jenkins collections; material analysed by Mr. Jenkins |
France | |
| T. Brunsperger collection |
Germany | |
| Lapis, 12 (10), 23-32+58. |
| |
| Lapis, 16 (9), 13-26. |
Greece | |
| Fritz Schrieber |
| Branko Rieck, Uwe Kolitsch and other collections |
| Branko Rieck collection |
Schnorrer, G. & Breitenbach, H. (1996): Lavrion: Neufunde aus dem antiken Bergbau und in historischen Schlacken. Lapis, 21 (1), 45-48; 62.; Lapis, 24, 7/8, (1999) | |
| Branko Rieck collection |
Wendel, W. & Markl, G. (1996): Eine Antimonit-Paragenese und weitere Neufunde aus Lavrion. Lapis, 21 (11), 40-42; 62.; Branko Rieck Collection | |
Hanke, H. (1998): Laurion - ein Rückblick auf die Funde der letzten drei Jahre. Mineralien-Welt, 9 (2), 37-45. | |
Lapis, 24, 7/8 (1999) | |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Szár Hill, 2004; Szakáll, Á., Fölvári, M., Papp, G., Kovács-Pálffy, P., Kovács, A. (1996) Secondary sulphate minerals from Hungary. ACTA Mineralogica-Petrographica, Tomus XXXVIII, Supplementum, Szeged, Hungary, 7-63. |
Iran | |
| Bariand, P. 1963. Contribution à la minéralogie de l’lran. Bulletin de la Société Française de minéralogie et de cristallographie, 86: 17-64. [Locality description in brief and mineralogical list with photographs] Bariand, P. 2003. Un apercu général sur la Minéralogie de I'Iran. Le Règne Minéral, 54: 41-51. |
P. Bariand and P. Herpin, Bull. Soc. Franç. Minér. Crist. , 1963, LXXXVI, pp. 133-135. | |
| Bariand, P. & Poullen, J.F. (1980): Rare Chromates from Seh-Changi, Iran. Mineralogical Record 11, 293-297 |
Italy | |
| SEM/EDS 18/09/2001 MNHN-Paris |
| Dini, A., and Senesi, F. (2013) I giacimenti di Sn-W-As. Monte Valerio, Pozzatello, Santa Caterina, Botro ai Marmi e Campo alle Buche. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 37, 1 (1-2013), 84-92. |
Mexico | |
| Braith, H., Gröbner, J., Langer, G., and Seitz, M. (2001) Moctezumas geheime Schätze: Bambolla, Bambollita und San Miguel. Lapis: 26(1): 11-23.; Rewitzer, C. (2001) Bambollita, Bambolla, San Miguel und Candelaria: Untertagefunde und Typmineralien. Lapis: 26(1): 24-40. |
Morocco | |
| Favreau, G. and Dietrich, J. E. (2006). Die Mineralien von Bou Azzer. Lapis 31(7/8), 27-68 |
Namibia | |
| Bezing, L. von, Bode, R. & Jahn, S. (2008): Namibia Minerals and Localities. Edition Schloss Freudenstein, Bode Verlag GmbH, Haltern, 338 pp. (in English) |
| Min. Record (in press) |
Republic of the Congo | Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 652. |
| Lacroix, A. (1915) Note préliminaire sur une novelle espèce minérale (furnacite), provenant du Moyen Congo (Afrique equatoriale française). Bulletin de la Société Française de Minéralogie: 38: 198-200.; Lacroix, A. (1916) Erratum concernant une nouvelle espèce minérale du Congo. Bulletin de la Société Française de Minéralogie: 39: 84-84. |
EDXS analyses by P. Roth, October 2019 | |
Russia | |
| Клейменов Д.А., Ерохин Ю. В., Прибавкин С.В. Форнасит из зоны окисления Березовского золоторудного месторождения. // Уральская летняя минералогическая школа-97, 1997, с.96-98.; Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2011) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2012) |
| Dmitry A. Khanin, PhD |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa. |
| Reeks, G. (2007) Olifantspoort Mine, Olifantspoort, Northern Province. South African Micromount Society newsletter: 33(3) |
Switzerland | |
| Ansermet, S., Cuchet, S., Roth, P., Meisser, N. (2021) Topographie minéralogique de la Suisse et des régions limitrophes, 3ème partie − Vals d’Anniviers et de Tourtemagne (VS). Le Cristallier Suisse 55(1), 2-15 (in French and German). |
UK | |
| Turner, R.W. and Rumsey, M.S. (2010): Mineral Relationships in the Mendip Hills. Journal of the Russell Society, vol 13, pp 3-46; Turner, R. (2006): A mechanism for the formation of the mineralized Mn deposits at Merehead Quarry, Cranmore, Somerset, England. Mineralogical Magazine 70, 629-653; Turner R.W. and Rumsey, M.S. (2007) Merehead Mineralogy - an Update. Russell Soc Newsletter, No 50, pp 17-18 (March 2007); UK Journal of Mines and Minerals (2006), no. 27, pp 6-7. |
USA | |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995) Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 225.; Graeme, R. (1981) Famous mineral localities: Bisbee, Arizona. The Mineralogical Record: 12: 258-319. |
Rob Bowell, lab tested | |
| Robert Jenkins Raman Spectroscopy |
| Rolf Luetcke |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 225. |
| Williams, S. A. (1981): Duhamelite, Cu4Pb2Bi(VO4)4(OH)3.8H2O, a new Arizona mineral. Mineralogical Magazine 44, 151-152. |
| Mineral collected by Jerry A. Baird |
| Hunt, W. (1983) Calciovolborthite from the New Water Mountains Yuma County, Arizona. Mineralogical Record 14:119 |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 225. |
| XRD analysis by Dr. Anthony Kampf. |
| Rolf Luetcke |
| Bob Meyer (2012) Micro Mineral Collector. Friends of Mineralogy National Newsletter 42:10-13; Mineral News (2002) 18-1 pp1,5-7 |
| EDS analysis Association Jean WYART, Paris - specimen Georges FAVREAU |
Yang, H., Downs, R.T., Evans, S.H., Jenkins, R.A., Bloch, E.M. (2013): Rongibbsite, Pb2(Si4Al)O11(OH), a new zeolitic aluminosilicate mineral with an interrupted framework from Maricopa County, Arizona, U.S.A. American Mineralogist, 98, 236-241 | |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 225. |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 225. |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 225. |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 225; Bideaux, R.A., et al (1960), Some new occurrences of minerals of AZ, AZ Geol. Soc. Digest: 3: 53-56; Jones, D. (1983), The Old Yuma mine, Min.Rec.: 14: 95-107. |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 225, 370. |
| Rolf Luetcke |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 225; Bideaux, R.A., et al (1960), Some new occurrences of minerals of Arizona, AZ Geol. Soc. Digest: 3: 53-56; Bideaux, R.A. (1980), Tiger, AZ, Min.Rec.: 11: 155-181; |
| Collected by and in the collection of Brent Thorne |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 225. |
R. D. Green | |
| Rolf Luetcke |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 225. |
| Handbook of Mineralogy |
| Steve Stuart.; Paul M. Adams (2017) The Santa Rosa mine, Inyo County, California. Minerlogical Record 48:755-777 |
| Raman ID 12-13-2007 on material personally collected by Tom Trebisky.; Adams, Paul (2010) The Brown Monster and Reward Mines Inyo County, California. Mineralogical Record 41:175-193.; Adams, Paul (2010) The Brown Monster and Reward Mines Inyo County, California. Mineralogical Record 41:175-193. |
| [MinRec 32:393] |
| Kampf, A. R., Mills, S. J., & Housley, R. M. (2010). The crystal structure of munakataite, Pb2Cu2 (Se4+ O3)(SO4)(OH) 4, from Otto Mountain, San Bernardino County, California, USA. Mineralogical Magazine, 74(6), 991-998. |
Joe Marty specimens | |
Collected by and in the collection of Brent Thorne. | |
Housley R., pers.comm., May 2017 | |
Collected by and in the collection of Brent Thorne. | |
| The Blue Bell Claims San Bernardino County, California, Maynard, M., et al., pg. 44 |
Collected by and in the collection of Brent Thorne. | |
Collected by and in the collection of Alex Earl | |
| Ream, Lanny R. 2004. Idaho Minerals, 2nd edition, Revised and Updated |
| Collected by and in the collection of Brent Thorne. |
| http://www.mineralnews.com/MinNews/MN18-2.html |
| Richard W. Thomssen; Robert M. Housley (2005) Recent rare mineral finds in southern California and Nevada desert mines. Abstracts from the 2005 Desert Symposium. California State University, Desert Studies Consortium and LSA Associates, Inc. |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
Rolf Luetcke | |
Collected by Joe Marty. | |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
Haynes, P. E. (2007):"Minerals of the Fredrickson Mine, Goodsprings District, Clark County, Nevada". New Mexico Geology 29(4),138. | |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
Collected by and in the collection of Brent Thorne. | |
John Hagstrom collection, 2015 | |
NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada; Rocks & Minerals 83:1 pp 65-69 | |
Self collected by Brent Thorne | |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada; Robert E.Walstrom Collection | |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to Northwest Micro Mineral Study Group on 1 May 2004, Update on Mineralogy of the Silver Coin Mine, Iron Point District, Edna Mountains, Humboldt Co., Nevada |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
| R&M 77:5 p298-305; Robert E. Walstrom Collection |
Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd Rev. Ed., 1996 | |
| Walstrom 2006 New Mexico Mineral Symposium abstracts |
| Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. |
| Robert E. Walstrom Collection |
Robert E. Walstrom Collection | |
| Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. |
| Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. |
| Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd Rev. Ed., 1996 |
| Ron Layton |
Uzbekistan | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov data |
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Mammoth-Saint Anthony Mine, St. Anthony deposit, Tiger, Mammoth Mining District, Pinal Co., Arizona, USA