Friedrichite
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About Friedrichite
Formula:
Pb5Cu5Bi7S18
Colour:
silver-grey
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
3½ - 4
Specific Gravity:
6.98
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named in honor of Professor Dr.-Ing. Othmar Michael Friedrich (18 December 1902 - 12 May 1991), Mining University, Leoben, Styria, Austria. Friedrich devoted his research almost entirely to the ore deposits of the Eastern Alps.
Classification of Friedrichite
Approved
Approval year:
1977
First published:
1978
2/E.30-20
2.HB.05a
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
H : Sulfosalts of SnS archetype
B : With Cu, Ag, Fe, Sn and Pb
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
H : Sulfosalts of SnS archetype
B : With Cu, Ag, Fe, Sn and Pb
3.4.5.5
3 : SULFOSALTS
4 : ø = 3
3 : SULFOSALTS
4 : ø = 3
5.7.8
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
7 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Pb and other metals
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
7 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Pb and other metals
Physical Properties of Friedrichite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
silver-grey
Hardness:
3½ - 4 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN50=224 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Density:
6.98 g/cm3 (Measured) 7.06 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Friedrichite
Anisotropism:
Strong in oil, distinct in air
Colour in reflected light:
Creamy yellow whitish in air, in oil more pinkish
Chemical Properties of Friedrichite
Formula:
Pb5Cu5Bi7S18
IMA Formula:
Cu5Pb5Bi7S18
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Friedrichite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mm2 - Pyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 33.84 Å, b = 11.65 Å, c = 4.01 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.905 : 1 : 0.344
Unit Cell V:
1,580.89 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Isolated columnar crystals, granular aggregates
Type Occurrence of Friedrichite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Smithsonian
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Chen, T.T., Kirchner, E., and Paar, W. (1978) Friedrichite, Cu5Pb5Bi7S18, a new member of the aikinite-bismuthinite series. Canadian Mineralogist: 16: 127-130.
Synonyms of Friedrichite
Other Language Names for Friedrichite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
7 photos of Friedrichite associated with Hammarite | Pb2Cu2Bi4S9 |
4 photos of Friedrichite associated with Lindströmite | Pb3Cu3Bi7S15 |
4 photos of Friedrichite associated with Krupkaite | PbCuBi3S6 |
3 photos of Friedrichite associated with Aikinite | PbCuBiS3 |
3 photos of Friedrichite associated with Siderite | FeCO3 |
3 photos of Friedrichite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
2 photos of Friedrichite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
1 photo of Friedrichite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
1 photo of Friedrichite associated with Bismuth | Bi |
1 photo of Friedrichite associated with Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
2.HB. | Barikaite | Ag3Pb10(Sb8As11)S40 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
2.HB. | Carducciite | (Ag2Sb2)Pb12(As,Sb)16S40 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
2.HB.05a | Aikinite | PbCuBiS3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
2.HB.05a | Gladite | PbCuBi5S9 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
2.HB.05a | Hammarite | Pb2Cu2Bi4S9 | Orth. |
2.HB.05c | Jaskólskiite | CuxPb2+x(Sb,Bi)2-xS5 (x ~ 0.15) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
2.HB.05a | Krupkaite | PbCuBi3S6 | Orth. |
2.HB.05a | Lindströmite | Pb3Cu3Bi7S15 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
2.HB.05b | Meneghinite | Pb13CuSb7S24 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
2.HB.05a | Pekoite | PbCuBi11S18 | Orth. |
2.HB.05a | Emilite | Pb2.7Cu2.7Bi5.3S12 | Orth. mm2 |
2.HB.05 | UM2000-46-S:BiCuPb | Cu0.33Pb0.33Bi7.67S12 | |
2.HB.05a | Salzburgite | Pb1.6Cu1.6Bi6.4S12 | Orth. mm2 |
2.HB.05 | UM1990-54-Se:BiCuPb | CuPb(Ni,Co)0.3Bi3Se6 | |
2.HB.05a | Paarite | Pb1.7Cu1.7Bi6.3S12 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
2.HB.10c | Eclarite | (Cu,Fe)Pb9Bi12S28 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
2.HB.10b | Giessenite | Pb27Cu2(Bi,Sb)19S57 | Mon. 2/m |
2.HB.10b | Izoklakeite | Pb27(Cu,Fe,Ag)2(Sb,Bi)19S57 | Orth. |
2.HB.10a | Kobellite | Pb22Cu4(Bi,Sb)30S69 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
2.HB.10a | Tintinaite | Pb22Cu4(Sb,Bi)30S69 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
2.HB.15 | Benavidesite | Pb4MnSb6S14 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
2.HB.15 | Jamesonite | Pb4FeSb6S14 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
2.HB.20d | Berryite | Cu3Ag2Pb3Bi7S16 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
2.HB.20b | Buckhornite | AuPb2BiTe2S3 | Orth. |
2.HB.20a | Nagyágite | [Pb3(Pb,Sb)3S6](Au,Te)3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
2.HB.20e | Watkinsonite | Cu2PbBi4(Se,S,Te)8 | Mon. |
2.HB.20c | Museumite | [Pb2(Pb,Sb)2S8][(Te,Au)2] | Mon. 2 |
2.HB.20e | Litochlebite | Ag2PbBi4Se8 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
5.7.1 | Seligmannite | PbCuAsS3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmn |
5.7.2 | Bournonite | PbCuSbS3 | Orth. mm2 : Pmn21 |
5.7.3 | Meneghinite | Pb13CuSb7S24 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
5.7.4 | Gladite | PbCuBi5S9 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
5.7.5 | Lindströmite | Pb3Cu3Bi7S15 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
5.7.6 | Krupkaite | PbCuBi3S6 | Orth. |
5.7.7 | Hammarite | Pb2Cu2Bi4S9 | Orth. |
5.7.9 | Aikinite | PbCuBiS3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
5.7.10 | Nuffieldite | Cu1.4Pb2.4Bi2.4Sb0.2S7 | Orth. |
5.7.11 | Jaskólskiite | CuxPb2+x(Sb,Bi)2-xS5 (x ~ 0.15) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
5.7.12 | Tintinaite | Pb22Cu4(Sb,Bi)30S69 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
5.7.13 | Kobellite | Pb22Cu4(Bi,Sb)30S69 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
5.7.14 | Proudite | CuPb7.5Bi9.33(S,Se)22 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
5.7.15 | Nordströmite | CuPb3Bi7(Se4S10) | Mon. |
5.7.16 | Watkinsonite | Cu2PbBi4(Se,S,Te)8 | Mon. |
5.7.17 | Pekoite | PbCuBi11S18 | Orth. |
5.7.18 | Petrovicite | Cu3HgPbBiSe5 | Orth. |
5.7.19 | Eclarite | (Cu,Fe)Pb9Bi12S28 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
5.7.20 | Marrite | AgPbAsS3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
5.7.21 | Argentobaumhauerite | Ag1.5Pb22As33.5S72 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
5.7.22 | Andorite | AgPbSb3S6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
5.7.23 | Ramdohrite | Pb5.9Fe0.1Mn0.1In0.1Cd0.2Ag2.8Sb10.8S24 | Mon. 2/m |
5.7.24 | Roshchinite | Ag19Pb10Sb51S96 | Orth. |
5.7.25 | Ourayite | Ag3Pb4Bi5S13 | Orth. |
5.7.26 | Eskimoite | Ag7Pb10Bi15S36 | Mon. |
5.7.27 | Fizélyite | Ag5Pb14Sb21S48 | Mon. 2/m |
5.7.28 | Owyheeite | Ag3+xPb10-2xSb11+xS28, -0.13 < x > +0.20 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
5.7.29 | Freieslebenite | AgPbSbS3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
5.7.30 | Diaphorite | Ag3Pb2Sb3S8 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
5.7.31 | Sterryite | Cu(Ag,Cu)3Pb19(Sb,As)22(As-As)S56 | Mon. 2/m |
5.7.32 | Vikingite | Ag5Pb8Bi13S30 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
5.7.33 | Zoubekite | AgPb4Sb4S10 | Orth. |
5.7.34 | Schirmerite | PbAgBi3S6 - Pb3Ag1.5Bi3.5S9 | Orth. |
5.7.36 | Gustavite | AgPbBi3S6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
5.7.37 | Kitaibelite | Ag10PbBi30S51 | |
5.7.38 | Treasurite | Ag7Pb6Bi15S32 | Mon. |
5.7.39 | Benjaminite | Ag3Bi7S12 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
5.7.40 | Lengenbachite | Ag4Cu2Pb18As12S39 | Tric. |
5.7.41 | Berryite | Cu3Ag2Pb3Bi7S16 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
5.7.42 | Neyite | Ag2Cu6Pb25Bi26S68 | Mon. |
5.7.43 | Larosite | (Cu,Ag)21PbBiS13 | Orth. |
5.7.44 | Cupropavonite | Cu0.9Ag0.5Pb0.6Bi2.5S5 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
5.7.45 | Padĕraite | Cu7[(Cu,Ag)0.33Pb1.33Bi11.33]S22 | Mon. |
5.7.46 | Rayite | Pb8(Ag,Tl)2Sb8S21 | Mon. |
5.7.47 | Rathite | Ag2Pb12-xTlx/2As18+x/2S40 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
5.7.48 | Hatchite | AgTlPbAs2S5 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Friedrichite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Chen, T.T., Kirchner, E., and Paar, W. (1978) Friedrichite, Cu5Pb5Bi7S18, a new member of the aikinite-bismuthinite series. Canadian Mineralogist: 16: 127-130.
Fleischer, M., Mandarino, J.A., Chao, G.Y. (1979) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 64: 652-659.
Shimizu, M., Kato, A., Cioflica, G., Lupulescu, M., Shimizu, M. (1998) Friedrichite from Băiţa Bihor, Romania. The Canadian Mineralogist: 36: 861-868.
Topa, D., Makovicky, E., Paar, W.H. (2002) Composition ranges and exsolution pairs for the members of the bismuthinite-aikinite series from Felbertal, Austria. The Canadian Mineralogist: 40: 849-869.
Izumino, Y., Nakashima, K., Nagashima, M. (2014) Cuprobismutite group minerals (cuprobismutite, hodrušhite, kupčíkite and padĕrite), other Bi-sulfosalts and Bi-tellurides from the Obari mine, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences: 109: 177-190.
Internet Links for Friedrichite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1610.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
Localities for Friedrichite
Locality List




All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Wormald, Peter John (1993) Geology of the Mt. Leyshon gold deposit, Australia: a study of breccia pipe formation, facies and brecciation mechanisms. PhD thesis, James Cook University of North Queensland. |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch, U., Brandstätter, F. & Blass, G. (2008), in: Niedermayr, G. et al. (2008): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LVII. Carinthia II, 198./118., 223-274. |
| Canadian Mineralogist(1978) 16, 127-130 |
| A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989) |
Bulgaria | |
| Kolkovski B, Bogdanov , Borodaev Y, Naidenova E, Eskenazi G. (2003): Bismuth mineralization in the Vurli Bryag deposit, Burgas ore district. Ann Sof. Univ., 95, 1-xx (in Bulgarian). |
| Todorov, T. (1990): Copper-lead-bismuth sulfosalts of the aikinite-bismuthinite series in the Rossen ore field deposits. Doklady Bolgarskoi Akademii Nauk 43(1), 87-90. |
| Bogdanov, K., Tsonev, D., & Popov, K. (2004). Mineral Assemblages And Genesis Of The Cu-Au Epithermal Deposits In The Southern Part Of The Panaguyrishte Ore District, Bulgaria. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 36:406-415 |
| http://www.bgd.bg/summanual_2003_5.htm; Mladenova, V., Kerestedjian, T., & Dimitrova, D. (2001). Ag-Cu-Pb-Bi mineralization from the Svishti Plaz gold deposit, Central Balkan Mountain, Bulgaria. Geochem. Mineral. Petrol, 38, 55-66. |
China | |
| Xiangping, G., Watanabe, M., Ohkawa, M., Hoshino, K., Shibata, Y., and Desong, C. (2001): Canadian Mineralogist 39(6), 1641-1652. |
| Zhou, H., Sun, X., Wu, Z., Yang, T., Li, D., Ren, Y., Liu, Q., Zhu, K. & Yu, H. (2018). Mineralogy of Bi-sulfosalts and tellurides from the Yaoan gold deposit, southwest China: metallogenic implications. Ore Geology Reviews 98, 126-140. |
Czech Republic | |
| Lapis 23(4), 18-34 (1998) |
France | |
| Moëlo Y. (1990), Un indice à nuffieldite en Haute-Savoie, Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, n°1, pp: 20-23 |
Hungary | |
| collector: László Tóth, WDS: Norbert Zajzon; Zajzon N, Szakáll S, Kristály F, Mádai F (2014) Aikinite-bismuthinite series sulphosalts from Pátka, Velence Hills, Hungary. 21 st meeting of the International Mineralogical Association. p 137 |
Iran | |
| Mousivand, F., Rastad, E., Peter, J. M., & Maghfouri, S. (2018). Metallogeny of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 95, 974-1007.; Maghfouri, S., Rastad, E., Mousivand, F., Lin, Y., & Zaw, K. (2016) Geology, ore facies and sulfur isotopes geochemistry of the Nudeh Besshi-type volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, southwest Sabzevar basin, Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 125, 1-21. |
Italy | |
| AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work. |
Japan | |
| Imai, A., Matsueda, H., Yamada, R., Masuta, K. (1999) Polymetallic Mineralization at the Shin‐Ohtoyo Deposit, Harukayama District, Hokkaido, Japan. Resource Geology 49, 75-88. |
| Izumino, Y., Nakashima, K., & Nagashima, M. (2014). Cuprobismutite group minerals (cuprobismutite, hodrušhite, kupčíkite and padĕraite), other Bi–sulfosalts and Bi–tellurides from the Obari mine, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, 109(4), 177-190. |
Kazakhstan | |
| Efimov A.V. Bismuthian mineralisation of tin and wolfram deposits, 1993; Evseev, A. A. (1995) Kazaknstan and Middle Asia. A brief Mineralogical Guide. World of Stone 8:24-30 |
Myanmar | |
| Aung Myo, Thu, Piestrzyński, A., & Foltyn, K. (2019) Mineralogical Characteristics of Cu-Ag from Kyaukse Sabe Taung Copper Deposit, Shan Plateau, Myanmar. CAGG-AGH 2019 |
North Macedonia | |
| Serafimovski, T., Tasev, G., & Stefanova, V. (2013). Rare mineral phases related with major sulphide minerals in the Bučim porphyry copper deposit, R. Macedonia. Geologica Macedonica, 27(1), pp-43.; Serafimovski, T., Tasev, G., Strmić Palinkaš, S., Palinkaš, L.A. and Gjorgjiev, L. (2016): Porphyry Cu mineralization related to the small Tertiary volcanic intrusions in the Bučim ore deposit, Eastern Macedonia. Geologia Croatica 69, 101-119.; Petrunov, R., Serafimovski, T., & Dragov, P. (2001). New finding of PGE-mineralisation in porphyry-copper environment-the Bučim deposit, Macedonia: preliminary microscope and microprobe data. In ABCDGEODE 2001 Workshop Vata Bai, Romania (Vol. 79, pp. 79-80). |
Serafimovski, T., Filev, K., Tasev, G., & Gjorgjiev, L. (2016). Three types of ore mineralization at the Vrshnik ore body, Buchim copper mine, Republic of Macedonia. 16th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference SGEM 2016, 2(1), 951-958. | |
Norway | |
| Husdal, T. & Škoda, R. (2020) Sulfosalts of the aikinite-bismuthinite homologous series from the Tennvatn pegmatite, Nordland, Norway. Norsk Mineralsymposium 2020: 108-114. |
| Larsen, A. O. & Topa, D. (2018) Bi-sulfosalts from Tokke, Telemark, Norway. Norsk Mineralsymposium 2018: 71-78 |
Larsen, A. O. & Topa, D. (2018) Bi-sulfosalts from Tokke, Telemark, Norway. Norsk Mineralsymposium 2018: 71-78 | |
Peru | |
| Crowley, Jack A., Currier, Rock H., & Szenics, Terry (1997) Mines and Minerals of Peru. Mineralogical Record, Vol.28, No.4. 98p. |
Poland | |
| Kozłowski, A., & Matyszczak, W. (2018). Oxygenic bismuth minerals in the NE part of the Karkonosze pluton (West Sudetes, SW Poland). Acta Geologica Polonica, 68(4).; Mochnacka, K., Oberc-Dziedzic, T., Mayer, W., & Pieczka, A. (2015). Ore mineralization related to geological evolution of the Karkonosze–Izera Massif (the Sudetes, Poland)—Towards a model. Ore Geology Reviews, 64, 215-238. |
| Gołębiowska B., Pieczka A., Parafiniuk J. 2006: Cu(Ag)-Pb-Bi(Sb) sulphosalts from Rędziny (Western Sudetes, Poland). Mineralogia Polonica - Special Papers, vol. 28, 78-80 |
Romania | |
| M. Shimizu, A. Kato, Gr. Cioflica, M.Lupulescu, M. Shimizu (1998)-Friedrichite from Baita Bihor, Romania. Canadian Mineralogist, vol. 36. p. 861-868. |
Shimizu, M., Kato, A., Cioflica, G., Lupulescu, M., Shimizu, M. (1998): Friedrichite from Băița Bihor, Romania. Canadian Mineralogist 36, 861-868. | |
Shimizu, M., Kato, A., Cioflica, G., Lupulescu, M., Shimizu, M. (1998): Friedrichite from Băița Bihor, Romania. Canadian Mineralogist 36, 861-868. | |
Shimizu, M., Kato, A., Cioflica, G., Lupulescu, M., Shimizu, M. (1998): Friedrichite from Băița Bihor, Romania. Canadian Mineralogist 36, 861-868. | |
| Nigel G. Cook : "Bismuth Sulphosalts from Hydrothermal Vein Deposits of Neogen Age, N.W. Romania, Mitt. Österr. Miner. Ges. , 143, 1998 / Lecture to the Austrian Mineralogical Society, 23rd June 1997, Salzburg. |
Russia | |
| Redin, Y. O., Dultsev, V. F., & Nevolko, P. A. (2015). Gold–bismuth mineralization of the Lugokan ore field (Eastern Transbaikalia): Age, mineral composition and relationship with magmatism. Ore Geology Reviews, 70, 228-240. |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa R.,Kotuľak P., Káňa R., 1993: Bergbau und Mineralien von Banská Štiavnica (Schemnitz), Slowakei. Emser Hefte, 14, 3, 1-70, Haltern |
| Jaroslav PRŠEK and Martin Chovan (2001) Hydrothermal Carbonate and Sulphide Mineralization in the Late Paleozoic Phyllites (Bacúch, Nízke Tatry Mts.) Geolines 13:27- |
| Jeleň, S., Pršek, J., Kovalenker, V. A., Topa, D., Sejkora, J., Števko, M., & Ozdín, D. (2012). Bismuth Sulfosalts Of The Cuprobismutite, Pavonite And Aikinite Series From The Rozália Mine, Hodruša–Hámre, Slovakia. The Canadian Mineralogist, 50(2), 325-340. |
| Beňka J., Siman P. (1994): Identifikácia nových minerálov Cu, Pb, Bi, Sb v žilách Brdárky. Geologické práce, Správy 99, 23-37 (in Slovak with English abstact). |
| Ozdin D., Chovan M., 1999: New mineralogical and paragenetic knowledge about siderite veins in the vicinity of Vyšná Boca, Nízke Tatry Mts. Slov. Geol. Magazine, Bratislava, 5, 4, 255-271. |
Majzlan J. & Ozdín D. 1995: Cu-Pb-Bi sulfosoli z Nízkych Tatier. Mineralia Slovaca 27, 4, 290-292. | |
Ozdín D. (2003): Mineralógia a genéza sideritovej mineralizácie Ďumbierskych Tatier. Dissertation thesis, Comenius University, 194 p. | |
Sweden | |
| Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990 |
Switzerland | |
| Schweizer Strahler, Vol. 9 Nr. 11 Aug. 1993 |
UK | |
| Lowry, D., Stephens, W. E., Herd, D. A., & Stanley, C. J. (1994). Bismuth sulphosalts within quartz veining hosted by the Loch Shin monzogranite, Scotland. Mineralogical Magazine, 58(390), 39-48. |
USA | |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 227. |
| Mineral News: 16(9):1; Gail E. Dunning, Yves MoÎlo, and Joseph F. Cooper, Jr. (2000) Ag-Cu-Pb-Bi Sulfosalts New to Darwin, Inyo County, California; Dunning, G.E., Moelo, Yves, Roberts, A.c., & Cooper, J. F (2000)., Ag-Cu-Pb-Bi Sulfosalts New To Darwin, Inyo County, California. Occasional Web Publication of the Bay Area Mineralogists, 2000 |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.; Foord, E. E., & Shawe, D. R. (1989). The Pb-Bi-Ag-Cu-(Hg) Chemistry Of Galena And Some Associated Sulfosalts: A Reviewand Some New Data From Colorado, California And Pennsylvania. Canadian Mineralogist, 27, 363-382. |
| Spry, P.G., Foster, F., Truckle, J.S., and Chadwick, T.H. (1997): Mineralogy and Petrology 59, 143-164.; Economic Geology,(1996) Vol. 91-3, pp.507-526 |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
| Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990 |
| Virginia T. McLemore, Nelia Dunbar, Matt T. Heizler, Kelly Donahue (2000): Geology and mineral deposits of the Victorio mining district, Luna County , New Mexico- Preliominary observations, New Mexico Geologic Society Guidebook, 51st field Conference, Southwest passage – A trip through the Phanerozoic, pp267-278 |
| Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990 |
Uzbekistan | |
| Kovalenker, V. A., Safonov, Y. G., Naumov, V. B., & Rusinov, V. L. (1997). The Epithermal Gold-Telluride Kochbulak Deposit. Geology of Ore Deposits C/C of Geologiia Rudnykh Mestorozhdenii, 39, 107-128. |
Julcani District, Angaraes Province, Huancavelica, Peru