Alunogen
This page kindly sponsored by Paolo Colamarino
About Alunogen
Formula:
Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O
Colour:
Colorless in crystals, aggregates white, or pale yellow or red from impurities.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Silky
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Name:
From the Latin "alum" and the Greek γεννώ ("genno"), "to create".
A hydrated aluminium sulfate. The highest hydrate of natural Al sulphate, when compared to 'meta-alunogen', mangazeite, Unnamed (Al Sulphate-Hydrate) and UM1976-22-SO:AlFeH. Also the hydrated counterpart of millosevichite.
At high temperates, alunogen may dehydrate to its pentahydrate, Unnamed (Al Sulphate-Hydrate).
Compare also 'UM1987-13-SO:AlH' and 'UM1976-22-SO:AlFeH'.
At high temperates, alunogen may dehydrate to its pentahydrate, Unnamed (Al Sulphate-Hydrate).
Compare also 'UM1987-13-SO:AlH' and 'UM1976-22-SO:AlFeH'.
Classification of Alunogen
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
6/C.08-70
7.CB.45
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
Dana 7th ed.:
29.8.6.1
29.8.6.1
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
8 : A2(XO4)3·H2O
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
8 : A2(XO4)3·H2O
25.6.7
25 : Sulphates
6 : Sulphates of Al and Tl
25 : Sulphates
6 : Sulphates of Al and Tl
Physical Properties of Alunogen
Vitreous, Silky
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colorless in crystals, aggregates white, or pale yellow or red from impurities.
Comment:
colorless in transmitted light.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Optical Data of Alunogen
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.473 nβ = 1.474 nγ = 1.480
2V:
Measured: 31° to 69°, Calculated: 46°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.007

Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
none
Chemical Properties of Alunogen
Formula:
Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O
IMA Formula:
Al2(SO4)3(H2O)12 · 5H2O
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Alunogen
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Morphology:
Crystals rare, small; prismatic [001] or {010} with a hexagonal outline about [010]; very complex, with about 60 forms noted. Commonly as delicate fibrous masses or crusts; effloresences; massive, fibrous to 5mm.
Twinning:
On {010}.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0000518 | Alunogen | Fang J H, Robinson P D (1976) Alunogen, Al2(H2O)12(SO4)3.5H2O: Its atomic arrangement and water content American Mineralogist 61 311-317 | ![]() | 1976 | 0 | 293 | |
0015647 | Alunogen | Menchetti S, Sabelli C (1974) Alunogen. Its structure and twinning Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 21 164-178 | 1974 | grotta dell'allume, Vulcano Island, Italy | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Geological Environment
Geological Setting:
Forms by reaction of sulfates from decomposing sulfides with aluminous minerals in shales and slates; in gossan or altered wall rock of pyritic deposits in arid regions; in coal seams;
in relatively low-temperature fumaroles.
in relatively low-temperature fumaroles.
Synonyms of Alunogen
Other Language Names for Alunogen
German:Alunogenit
Davit
Katharit
Katherit
Keramostypterit
Schwefelsaure Thonerde
Stipterit
Stypterit
Haarsalz(in part)
Davit
Katharit
Katherit
Keramostypterit
Schwefelsaure Thonerde
Stipterit
Stypterit
Haarsalz(in part)
Italian:Alunogeno
Russian:Алуноген
Simplified Chinese:毛矾石
Varieties of Alunogen
Phosphoralunogen | A variety of Alunogen containing some P2O5 |
Common Associates
Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
Marcasite | FeS2 |
Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O |
Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
Pyrite | FeS2 |
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
23 photos of Alunogen associated with Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
14 photos of Alunogen associated with Copiapite | Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
12 photos of Alunogen associated with Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
7 photos of Alunogen associated with Metavoltine | Na6K2FeFe6(SO4)12O2 · 18H2O |
7 photos of Alunogen associated with Voltaite | K2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
7 photos of Alunogen associated with Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
4 photos of Alunogen associated with Jarosite | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
4 photos of Alunogen associated with Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
3 photos of Alunogen associated with Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O |
3 photos of Alunogen associated with Copper-bearing Melanterite | (Fe,Cu)SO4 · 7H2O |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
7.CB.05 | Dwornikite | (Ni,Fe)SO4 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
7.CB.05 | Gunningite | ZnSO4 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
7.CB.05 | Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O | Mon. 2/m |
7.CB.05 | Poitevinite | (Cu,Fe)SO4 · H2O | Tric. |
7.CB.05 | Szmikite | MnSO4 · H2O | Mon. |
7.CB.05 | Szomolnokite | FeSO4 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
7.CB.05 | Cobaltkieserite | CoSO4 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
7.CB.07 | Sanderite | MgSO4 · 2H2O | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
7.CB.10 | Bonattite | CuSO4 · 3H2O | Mon. |
7.CB.15 | Aplowite | (Co,Mn,Ni)SO4 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m |
7.CB.15 | Boyleite | (Zn,Mg)SO4 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
7.CB.15 | Ilesite | (Mn,Zn,Fe)SO4 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m |
7.CB.15 | Rozenite | FeSO4 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
7.CB.15 | Starkeyite | MgSO4 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
7.CB.15 | Drobecite | CdSO4 · 4H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
7.CB.15 | Cranswickite | MgSO4 · 4H2O | Mon. m : Bb |
7.CB.20 | Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
7.CB.20 | Jôkokuite | MnSO4 · 5H2O | Tric. |
7.CB.20 | Pentahydrite | MgSO4 · 5H2O | Tric. |
7.CB.20 | Siderotil | FeSO4 · 5H2O | Tric. |
7.CB.25 | Bianchite | (Zn,Fe)SO4 · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/m |
7.CB.25 | Chvaleticeite | (Mn,Mg)SO4 · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
7.CB.25 | Ferrohexahydrite | FeSO4 · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
7.CB.25 | Hexahydrite | MgSO4 · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/m |
7.CB.25 | Moorhouseite | (Co,Ni,Mn)SO4 · 6H2O | Mon. |
7.CB.25 | Nickelhexahydrite | (Ni,Mg,Fe)SO4 · 6H2O | Mon. |
7.CB.30 | Retgersite | NiSO4 · 6H2O | Tet. 4 2 2 : P41 21 2 |
7.CB.35 | Bieberite | CoSO4 · 7H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/m |
7.CB.35 | Boothite | CuSO4 · 7H2O | Mon. |
7.CB.35 | Mallardite | MnSO4 · 7H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/m |
7.CB.35 | Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
7.CB.35 | Zincmelanterite | (Zn,Cu,Fe)SO4 · 7H2O | Mon. |
7.CB.35 | Alpersite | (Mg,Cu)(SO4) · 7H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
7.CB.40 | Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
7.CB.40 | Goslarite | ZnSO4 · 7H2O | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
7.CB.40 | Morenosite | NiSO4 · 7H2O | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
7.CB.45 | Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O | |
7.CB.50 | Aluminocoquimbite | Al2Fe2(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3 1c |
7.CB.55 | Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3 1c |
7.CB.55 | Paracoquimbite | Fe4(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O | Trig. 3 : R3 |
7.CB.55 | Rhomboclase | (H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 2H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
7.CB.60 | Kornelite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 7H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
7.CB.65 | Quenstedtite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 11H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
7.CB.70 | Lausenite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 5H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
7.CB.75 | Lishizhenite | ZnFe2(SO4)4 · 14H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
7.CB.75 | Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
7.CB.80 | Ransomite | CuFe2(SO4)4 · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
7.CB.85 | Apjohnite | Mn2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. |
7.CB.85 | Bílinite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
7.CB.85 | Dietrichite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
7.CB.85 | Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2 : P2 |
7.CB.85 | Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
7.CB.85 | Redingtonite | (Fe2+,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. |
7.CB.85 | Wupatkiite | (Co,Mg,Ni)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. |
7.CB.90 | Meridianiite | MgSO4 · 11H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
25.6.1 | Rostite | Al(SO4)(OH) · 5H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
25.6.2 | Jurbanite | Al(SO4)(OH) · 5H2O | Mon. |
25.6.3 | Khademite | Al(SO4)F · 5H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
25.6.4 | Meta-aluminite | Al2(SO4)(OH)4 · 5H2O | Mon. 2/m |
25.6.5 | Aluminite | Al2(SO4)(OH)4 · 7H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
25.6.6 | Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O | |
25.6.8 | Felsőbányaite | Al4(SO4)(OH)10 · 4H2O | Mon. 2 : P21 |
25.6.9 | Basaluminite | Al4(SO4)(OH)10 · 4H2O | Hex. |
25.6.10 | Hydrobasaluminite | Al4(SO4)(OH)10 · 12-36H2O | Mon. |
25.6.11 | Zaherite | Al12(SO4)5(OH)26 · 20H2O | Tric. |
25.6.12 | Tamarugite | NaAl(SO4)2 · 6H2O | Mon. 2/m |
25.6.13 | Mendozite | NaAl(SO4)2 · 11H2O | Mon. 2/m |
25.6.14 | Alum-(Na) | NaAl(SO4)2 · 12H2O | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
25.6.15 | Natroalunite | NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
25.6.16 | Kalinite | KAl(SO4)2 · 11H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
25.6.17 | Alum-(K) | KAl(SO4)2 · 12H2O | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
25.6.18 | Alunite | KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
25.6.19 | Natroalunite-2c | (Na,Ca0.5,K)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
25.6.20 | Tschermigite | (NH4)Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in water. Taste alumlike, acid and sharp.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Alunogen
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Beudant, F.S. (1824) Trailé élémentaire de Minéralogie, 8vo, Paris: 449. [as Hydrotrisulfate d'alumine]
Mill (1828) Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and Art, London: 25: 382. [as Davite]
Beudant, F.S. (1832) Alunogène, sulfate d’alumine. Trailé élémentaire de Minéralogie, second edition, 2 volumes: 2: 488-492. [as Alunogène]
Shepard C.U. (1835) Treatise on Mineralogy. First edition: vols. 2, 3: 188. [as Solfatarite]
Glocker, E.F. (1839) Handbuch der Mineralogie, 2nd. edition, Nürnberg: 689. [as Keramohalite]
Huot, J.J. (1841) Manuel de Minéralogie. 2 volumes, Paris: 2: 451. [as Saldanite]
Glocker, E.F. (1847) Generum et specierum mineralien secundum ordines naturals digestorum synopsis. Halle: 297. [as Stypterit]
Hausmann, J.F.L. (1847) Handbuch der Mineralogie 3 volumes, Göttingen. Second edition: vol. 2, in two parts: 2: 1174. [as Halotrichit]
Rammelsberg, C.F. (1875) Handbuch der Mineralchemie. second edition: 269. [as Haarsalz]
Jirkovsky (1928) cited in Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paleontologie, Heidelberg, Stuttgart: I: 106.
Larsen, E.S., Steiger, G. (1928) Dehydration and optical studies of alunogen, nontronite, and griffithite: American Journal of Science, 5th. series: 15: 1-19.
Lausen, C. (1928) Hydrous sulphates formed under fumerolic conditions at the United Verde Mine. American Mineralogist: 13: 208.
Hintze, C. (1929) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1 [3B]: 4404.
Petrov (1933) Trav. Inst. Pétrog. Ac. Sc. U.R.S.S., no. 3: 89.
Zavaritsky (1935) Trans. Centr. Geol. & Prosp. Inst., Leningrad, no. 35.
Gordon, S.G. (1942) Results of the Chilean mineralogical expedition of 1938. Part VII.—The crystallography of alunogen, meta-alunogen and pickeringite. Notulae Naturae of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: 101: 1-9.
Palache, C., Berman, H., Frondel, C. (1951) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 537-540.
Menchetti, S., Sabelli, C. (1974) Alunogen. Its structure and twinning. Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen: 21: 164-178.
Fang, J.H., Robinson, P.D. (1976) Alunogen, Al2(H2O)12(SO4)3·5H2O: Its atomic arrangement and water content. American Mineralogist: 61: 311-317.
Bariand, P., Cesbron, F., Berthelon, J.-P. (1977) Les sulfates de fer de Saghand près de Yazd (Iran). Mémoire Hors-Série de la Société Géologique de France: 8: 77-85.
Internet Links for Alunogen
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-162.html
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Localities for Alunogen
Locality List




All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Kammerer, M. M. (2011). Nature and origin of salt deposits around the crater of Erebus volcano, Antarctica (Master dissertation, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology). |
| Vennum, W.R.; Nishi, J.M. (1981) New Antarctic mineral occurrences. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 16(5), 14-15. |
Argentina | |
| Marquez-Zavalia, Maria Florencia, Lomniczi de Upton, Irene & Galliski, Miguel Angel (2001): Krausite in fumaroles from Santa Barbara mine, northwestern Argentina. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte 2001, 378-384. ; Zavalia, Maria Florencia Marquez & Galliski, Miguel Angel (1995): Goldichite of fumarolic origin from the Santa Barbara mine, Jujuy, northwestern Argentina. Canadian Mineralogist 33, 1059-1062. |
Australia | |
| Thienenkamp, M. (2004). Post-closure mine hydrology and its impact on underground tailings disposal at the Thalanga mine, Queensland, Australia. Mine water, 85-90. |
| Harris, D.L., Lottermoser, B.G., Duchesne, J. (2003) Ephemeral acid mine drainage at the Montalbion silver mine, north Queensland. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 50(5), 797-809. |
| Rob Fitzpatrick, Paul Shand, Mark Raven and Stuart McClure, 2010, Occurrence and environmental significance of sideronatrite and other mineral precipitates in Acid Sulfate Soils. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World |
| Raven, M., Fitzpatrick, R., Shand, P., & McClure, S. (2010, August). Minerals diagnostic of acid sulfate soils. In Extended Abstracts, 21st Australian Clay Minerals Conference, Brisbane. |
| Segnit, E.R. (1976) Tamarugite from Anglesea, Victoria, Australia. Mineralogical Magazine: 40(314): 642-644. |
Austria | |
| G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995 |
| Taucher, J. (1993): Halotrichit, Aluminocopiapit, Magnesiocopiapit, Szomolnokit, Alunogen, Gips und Calcit aus dem aufgelassenen Graphitbergbau bei Zettlitz, nahe Wollmersdorf bei Eibenstein, Niederösterreich, Österreich. Matrixx - Mineralogische Nachrichten aus Österreich, 2, 47-51; Götzinger, M. A., Beran, A. & Libowitzky, E. (1994): Exkursion A: Mineralvorkommen und Lagerstätten im östlichen Waldviertel. Mitt. Österr. Mineral. Ges. 139, 389-405. |
| Natural History Museum Vienna collection |
| Niedermayr, G. (1987): 679. Alunogen und Halotrichit von Hausheim, W Statzendorf, Niederösterreich. Pp. 313-314 in Niedermayr, G., Brandstätter, F., Moser, B. & Postl, W. (1987): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich XXXVI. Carinthia II, 177./97., 283-329.; R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten österreichs (1993) |
| A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs, 1989 |
| MEIXNER, H. (1968): Neue Mineralfunde in den österreichischen Ostalpen. XXIII. Carinthia, II, 158./78., 96-115 (p. 108-109). |
| Postl, W. & Bernhard, F. (2014): 1996) Alunogen und Pickeringit von einem Forstwegaufschluss im Tal der Schwarzen, Sulm, Gressenberg, Koralpe, Steiermark. P. 140 in Niedermayr, G. et al. (2014): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LXIII. Carinthia II, 204./124., 65-146. |
| peter neschen collection |
| R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993) |
| Walter, F. and Postl, W. (1983) Ammoniojarosit und Voltait vom Muttlkogel, Zangtaler Kohlenrevier bei Voitsberg, Steiermark. Mitteilungen der Abteilung für Mineralogie am Landesmuseum Joanneum, 51, 29-32. |
Belgium | |
| www.strahlen.org/vp/be/eisden/eisden.htm |
Bolivia | |
| Alfredo Petrov specimens |
Brazil | |
| Atencio, D., Luchesi, I., Schorscher, H.D. (1994) Hohmannite and other supergene sulfates from Quebra-Osso mine, district of Santa Bárbara, MG, Brazil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências: 66: 501-501. |
| Queiroz, H. D. A. (2016) Sistema granítico: pegmatítico Mata Azul: caracterização e gênese. PhD Thesis. do Instituto de Geociências (IG) da Universidade de Brasília (UnB) |
Bulgaria | |
| Elena Shcherbakova, Larisa Nesheva (2010) Ammonium sulfates from coal mine Pirin REVIEW OF THE BULGARIAN GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, vol. 71, part 1–3, , p. 17–23 |
Canada | |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 539. |
Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 539. | |
Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 539. | |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 539. |
| Battler, M. M., Osinski, G. R., Lim, D. S., Davila, A. F., Michel, F. A., Craig, M. A., ... & Preston, L. J. (2013). Characterization of the acidic cold seep emplaced jarositic Golden Deposit, NWT, Canada, as an analogue for jarosite deposition on Mars. Icarus, 224(2), 382-398. |
| Hoffmann, C. (1880) Chemical Contributions to the Geology of Canada from the Laboratory of the Survey. Geological Survey of Canada, Report of progress for 1878-79, pg 8H. Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 539. |
| Zodrow, E.L., McCandlish, K. (1978) Hydrated sulfates in the Sydney coalfield, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. The Canadian Mineralogist: 16: 17-22. |
Chile | |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor, Wet Chemical by Gerhard Möhn |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and Joy Desor |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Moehn and Joy Desor |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 620. |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 620. |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 539. |
| Sulphides analysed by geology dep. of company; sulphates, phosphates, analysed by Bob Jenkins (Usa) 2007 |
China | |
| American Mineralogist: 90: 1729-1739. |
Am Min 90:1729-1739 | |
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Colombia | |
| Dana (1890) A system of mineralogy: descriptive mineralogy 11tht ed. |
Costa Rica | |
| Rodríguez, A., & van Bergen, M. J. (2017). Superficial alteration mineralogy in active volcanic systems: An example of Poás volcano, Costa Rica. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 346, 54-80. |
| Ulloa, A., Gázquez, F., Sanz-Arranz, A., Medina, J., Rull, F., Calaforra, J.M., Alvarado, G.E., Martinez, M., Avard, G., de Moor, J., De Waele, J. (2018) Extremely high diversity of sulfate minerals in caves of the Irazú Volcano (Costa Rica) related to crater lake and fumarolic activity. International Journal of Speleology, 47(2), 229-246. |
Cuba | |
| Zwahr, H. & Gonzales, R. (1999): Secondary sulfate mineralization of the kaolin deposit of Rio del Callejon, Cuba. Zeitschrift für Geologische Wissenschaften 27, 219-233. |
Czech Republic | |
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| Vinš V. (1957) Nové nálezy recentních síranů v ostravsko-karvinském revíru. Přírodovědecký sborník Ostravského kraje, 18, 3, 436–437. |
| Prachař, I.: Současný stav výskytu nerostů ve Chvaleticích. Acta musei Reginaehradecensis, série A: vědy přírodní, 1981, roč. XVI., s. 99-102. |
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| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 539. |
France | |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 539. |
| Audra, P. and Hobléa, F. (2007): The first cave occurence of jurbanite [Al(OHSO4)·5H2O, associated with alunogen [Al2(SO4)3·17H2O] and tschermigite [NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O]: thermal-sulfidic serpents cave, France. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 69, 243–249. |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 539. |
| Naze-Nancy Masalehdani, M., Mees, F., Dubois, M., Coquinot, Y., Potdevin, J.-L., Fialin, M. & Blanc-Valleron, M.-M. (2009): Condensate minerals from a burning coal-waste heap in Avion, Northern France. Can. Mineral. 47, 573-591. |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 539. |
| Lacroix, A. (1910): Minéralogie de la France et de ses colonies, Librairie Polytechnique, Ch. Béranger Editeur, Tome IV, 236. |
| Patrice Queneau Collection |
| R. Pierrot, R. Pulou, P. Picot : "Inventaire Minéralogique de la France N° 7 : Aveyron", BRGM, 1977 |
| R. Pierrot, R. Pulou, P. Picot : "Inventaire Minéralogique de la France N° 7 : Aveyron", BRGM, 1977 |
http://www.pangeaminerals.com/aveyron/houiller/houiller.htm | |
| Le Règne Minéral 47: 5-21 |
| Ref: Inventoire mineralogique de la France no.10 - Bureau de Recherches Geologiques en Minieres, 1982, ISBN 2-7159-0012-0 |
| Chauris, L. (2014): Minéraux de Bretagne, Les Editions du Piat, 159. |
| Baret, Ch. (1905): Catalogue de la Collection de Minéralogie de la Loire-Inférieure, Muséum de Nantes, 103. |
Germany | |
| Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990 |
| Schnorrer, G. (2000): Mineralogische Notizen VII. Der Aufschluss, 51, 281-293.; Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001 |
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| Weiss, S. (1990) Mineralfundstellen Atlas, Deutschland West. Weise Verlag, München, 320 pages. |
| Weiss, S. (1990) Mineralfundstellen Atlas, Deutschland West. Weise Verlag, München, 320 pages. |
| http://www.wagnerul.de/Haldenbrand.html (visual ID) |
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| Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001 |
| Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001 |
| Thalheim, K.; Reichel, W. & Witzke, T. (1991): Die Minerale des Döhlener Beckens.- Schriften des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie zu Dresden, Nr. 3 |
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| Thalheim, K.; Reichel, W. & Witzke, T. (1991): Die Minerale des Döhlener Beckens.- Schriften des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie zu Dresden, Nr. 3 |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998(7/8), 26-64 |
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Greece | |
| Hanke, H. (1994): Neues aus Lavrion: Eisen-, kupfer- und kobalthaltige Hydro-Sulfate aus dem Revier Plaka. Emser Hefte, 1994 (2); Schnorrer, G. & Breitenbach, H. (1996): Lavrion: Neufunde aus dem antiken Bergbau und in historischen Schlacken. Lapis, 21 (1), 45-48; 62. |
Branko Rieck Collection | |
| Branko Rieck Collection |
| http://www.brgm.fr/mineo/SiteReport/European_ores_geologF.pdf |
| Hall, A. J., Fallick, A. E., Perdikatsis, V., & Photos-Jones, E. (2003). A model for the origin of Al-rich efflorescences near fumaroles, Melos, Greece: enhanced weathering in a geothermal setting. Mineralogical Magazine, 67(2), 363-379. |
Balić-Žunić, T., Garavelli, A., Jakobsson, S. P., Jonasson, K., Katerinopoulos, A., Kyriakopoulos, K., & Acquafredda, P. (2016). Fumarolic minerals: An overview of active European volcanoes. In Updates in Volcanology-From Volcano Modelling To Volcano Geology. InTechOpen. | |
| Balić-Žunić, T., Garavelli, A., Jakobsson, S. P., Jonasson, K., Katerinopoulos, A., Kyriakopoulos, K., & Acquafredda, P. (2016). Fumarolic minerals: An overview of active European volcanoes. In Updates in Volcanology-From Volcano Modelling To Volcano Geology. InTechOpen. |
Guatemala | |
| www.excaliburmineral.com/ |
Hungary | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII., 1997 |
| Szakáll, S. & Kristály, F. (2008): Ammonium sulphates from burning coal dumps at Komló and Pécs-Vasas, Mecsek Mts., South Hungary. Mineralogia, Special Papers, Vol. 32 (2nd Central-European Mineralogical Conference 2008 (CEMC)), 154. |
| Szakáll & Weiszburg: Telkibánya |
| Szakáll & Jánosi: Minerals of Hungary, 1995 |
Mineral Species of Hungary, 2005 | |
ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII., 1997 | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII., 1997 |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary, 1995 |
| Farkas, I. M. & Weiszburg, T. G. (2009): Mitt. Österr. Mineral. Ges. 155, 57. (Abs.) |
http://www.geomania.hu/lelohely.php?lelohely=409 | |
| XRD: Ferenc Kristály, EDS: Sándor Szakáll |
| Szakáll & Jánosi: Minerals of Hungary, 1995 |
| Geoda - Journal of the Hungarian Friends of Minerals, 2007 august. |
| Szakáll & Jánosi: Minerals of Hungary, 1995 |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII., 1997 |
Iceland | |
| Carson, G. L. (2015). Hydrothermal Acid-sulfate Alteration at Krafla and Námafjall, Ne Iceland: Implications for Gusev Crater and Meridiani Planum, Mars. Masters thesis, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. |
Indonesia | |
| Imants Kavalieros (1994) Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 50, 479-491. |
Iran | |
| Khorasanipour, M. (2015). Environmental mineralogy of Cu-porphyry mine tailings, a case study of semi-arid climate conditions, Sarcheshmeh mine, SE Iran. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 153, 40-52. |
| Bariand, P., Cesbron, F. & Berthelon, J. P. (1977): Iron sulfates of Saghand near Yazd (Iran). Memoire Hors-Série de la Société Géologique de France 8, 77-85.; Bariand, P., Berthelon, J. P., Cesbron, F. & Sadrzadeh, M. (1973): New aluminum sulfate hydrate, khademite of Saghand (Iran). Comptes Rendus des Seances de l'Académie des Sciences, Série C, 277, 1585-1588 (in French). |
Italy | |
| Scacchi A. (1849): Memorie geologiche sulla Campania. Memoria 3a. Esame delle sostanze che si formano presso i fumaroli della Regione Flegrea. Rendiconto Accad. Sci. Napoli, 8, 317-335; Zambonini F. (1907): Su alcuni minerali della Grotta dello Zolfo a Miseno. Rendiconto Accad. Sci. fis. mat. di Napoli, serie 3, 46, 324-331; Palache C., Berman H., Frondel C. (1951): The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: page 396, 539. |
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| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 539. |
Russo, M., Punzo, I. (2004): I minerali del Somma-Vesuvio, AMI | |
Pelloux, A. (1927) The minerals of Vesuvius. American Mineralogist, 12, 14–21; Palache, C., Berman, H., Frondel, C. (1951) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892. Seventh edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York, Volume II, page 539; Russo, M., and Punzo, I. (2004) I Minerali del Somma-Vesuvio. AMI Associazione Micro-mineralogica Italiana, Tipografia Fantigrafica s.r.l., Cremona, 320 pp. | |
| Antofilli M., Borgo E., Palenzona A. (1983): I Nostri Minerali. Geologia e Mineralogia in Liguria. Sagep, Ed., Genova, 295 pp. |
| Scaini G. (1971): L'alunogeno della miniera del Nibbio a Mergozzo (Ossola). Natura, 42, (2), 230-231.; Mattioli V. (1979): Minerali Ossolani. Ed. Arti Grafiche Medesi, Milano, 268 pp. |
| Da Pelo, S. & Frau, F (2000): Magnesian aubertite, (Cu,Mg)Al(SO4)2Cl·14H4O, from the gold mine of Furtei in Sardinia, Italy. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte, 2000(6), 279-288. |
| Cossa, A. (1881): Allume potassico dell'isola di Vulcano. In: Ricerche chimiche e microscopiche su roccie e minerali d'Italia (1875-1880). Regia Stazione Agraria Sperimentale di Torino, Tip. V. Bona, Torino, pages 208-221; Panichi, U. (1914): Contributo allo studio dei minerali dell’isola di Vulcano. Memorie di Matematica e Scienze Fisiche e Naturali della Società Italiana delle Scienze (detta dei XL), ser. 3, 19, 3-55; Garavelli, A., Grasso, M.F., Vurro, F. (1996): Mineral occurrence and depositional processes at Baia di Levante area (Vulcano Island, Italy). - Mineralogica et Petrographica Acta, 39, 251-261; Campostrini, I., Demartin, F., Gramaccioli, C. M., Russo, M. (2011): Vulcano - Tre secoli di mineralogia. Associazione Micro-mineralogica Italiana, Cremona, 344 pp. |
| Spallanzani, L. (1792): Viaggi alle Due Sicilie e in alcune parti dell'Appennino. Vol. 2. Stamperia Baldassarre Comini, Pavia, 351 pp.; Cossa, A. (1881): Allume potassico dell'isola di Vulcano. In: Ricerche chimiche e microscopiche su roccie e minerali d'Italia (1875-1880). Regia Stazione Agraria Sperimentale di Torino, Tip. V. Bona, Torino, pages 208-221; Jervis, G. (1881): I tesori sotterranei dell'Italia. Vol. 3: Regioni delle Isole. Sardegna e Sicilia. Addenda ai precedenti volumi. Loescher, Torino, XXII+539 pp.; Panichi, U. (1914): Contributo allo studio dei minerali dell’isola di Vulcano. Memorie di Matematica e Scienze Fisiche e Naturali della Società Italiana delle Scienze (detta dei XL), ser. 3, 19, 3-55. |
GARAVELLI A., GRASSO M.F., VURRO F. (1996): Mineral occurrence and depositional processes at Baia di Levante area (Vulcano Island, Italy). - Mineralogica et Petrographica Acta - 39, 251- 261. | |
Panichi, U. (1914): Contributo allo studio dei minerali dell’isola di Vulcano. Memorie di Matematica e Scienze Fisiche e Naturali della Società Italiana delle Scienze (detta dei XL), ser. 3, 19, 3-55; Forti, P., Panzica La Manna, M., Rossi, A. (1994): The peculiar mineralogic site of the Alum cave (Vulcano, Sicily). Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology (Canary Islands, November 1994), 35-44. | |
GARAVELLI A., GRASSO M.F., VURRO F. (1996): Mineral occurrence and depositional processes at Baia di Levante area (Vulcano Island, Italy). - Mineralogica et Petrographica Acta - 39, 251-261. | |
| P. Rögner, M. Hanauer, F. Senesi (2000) - Elba orientale: nuovi ritrovamenti - Riv. Min. It., 24, 2: 102-109. |
| E. Manasse, 1911 – Sopra alcuni minerali della Toscana – Atti Soc. Tosc. Sc. Nat., Mem. serie A, 27: 1-19. |
| Biagioni C, Bindi L, Mauro D, Hålenius U. (2019) Crystal Chemistry of Sulfates from the Apuan Alps (Tuscany, Italy). V. Scordariite, K8(Fe3+0.67□0.33)[Fe3+3O(SO4)6(H2O)3]2(H2O)11: A New Metavoltine-Related Mineral. Minerals. 9(11):702; Mauro, D. (2020). Crystal-chemistry of secondary minerals of thallium-rich pyrite from the Apuan Alps (Tuscany, Italy). Plinius, 46, 64-68 |
| Mauro, D. (2020). Crystal-chemistry of secondary minerals of thallium-rich pyrite from the Apuan Alps (Tuscany, Italy). Plinius, 46, 64-68. |
Mauro D. (2016): Studio cristallochimico di alcuni solfati di ferro della mineralizzazione a pirite tallifera di Fornovolasco (Alpi Apuane). Tesi magistrale, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Unviersità di Pisa, 137 pp. | |
| Mineralogical Record, 15 (1), 27-36.; Menchetti, S., Batoni, M., Batacchi, C., Borselli, G., Brogi, A., Ceccantini, L., Fassina, B., Marchesini, M., Rossellini, A. & Ruggieri, G. (2015): Le Cetine di Cotorniano. Miniera e minerali. Associazione Micro-Mineralogica Italiana, Cremona, 354 p. |
Japan | |
| Yamada, S. (2004) Nihonsan-koubutsu Gojuon-hairetsu Sanchi-ichiranhyou (111 pp.) |
| Seki, Y., Hirano, T., & Watanabe, K. (1987). Salt crystallization decay and water-rock interaction of rock-cliff Budda sculptures at Yakushido Temple of Odaka Town, Fukushima, Japan. The Journal of the Japanese Association of Mineralogists, Petrologists and Economic Geologists, 82(7), 269-279. |
| Van King |
| Shimobayashi, N., Ohnishi, M., & Miura, H. (2011). Ammonium sulfate minerals from Mikasa, Hokkaido, Japan: boussingaultite, godovikovite, efremovite and tschermigite. Journal of mineralogical and petrological sciences, 106(3), 158-163. |
Lebanon | |
| Kruszewski, Ł., 2018/2019. Secondary sulfate minerals from Bhanine valley coals (South Lebanon) – a crystallochemical and geochemical study. Geological Quarterly (in press) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987): 77-395. |
New Zealand | |
| Martin, R., Rodgers, K.A., Browne, P.R.L. (1999) The nature and significance of sulphate-rich, aluminous efflorescences from the Te Kopia geothermal field, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Mineralogical Magazine, June 1999, Vol. 63(3), 413-419. |
Railton, G.T., Watters, W.A. (1990) Minerals of New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Bulletin 104, 89 pages. | |
| Railton, G.L¹., Watters, W.A. (1990) Minerals of New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Bulletin 104, 89 pages. (¹published as G.L. Railton but his initials should be G.T. not G.L. - Errata sheet inserted in publication). |
Johnstone, R.D. (1979) Fumarole Incrustations and Some Aspects of the Thermal Alteration at Ketetahi, Mount Tongariro, New Zealand. Geothermal Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand. | |
| Rod Martin, Minerals of Ruatapu Cave, Orakei Korako, Taupo Volcanic Zone. Essence of Microscope (NZ) |
| Railton, G.T., Watters, W.A. (1990) Minerals of New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Bulletin 104, 89 pages. Krupp, R.E., Seward, T.M. (1987) The Rotokawa Geothermal System, New Zealand; An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing Environment. Economic Geology 82:5, 1109-1129. |
Brotheridge, J.M.A., Browne, P.R.L., Hochstein, M.P. (1995) The Ngatamariki geothermal field New Zealand: surface manifestations - past and present in Proceedings of the 17th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop 1995. Presented by the Geothermal Institute, The university of Auckland in conjunction with The Centre for Continuing Education. p61. | |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
Nicaragua | |
| Hynek, B. M., McCollom, T. M., Marcucci, E. C., Brugman, K., & Rogers, K. L. (2013). Assessment of environmental controls on acid‐sulfate alteration at active volcanoes in Nicaragua: Applications to relic hydrothermal systems on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 118(10), 2083-2104. |
| Hynek, B. M., McCollom, T. M., Marcucci, E. C., Brugman, K. K., & Rogers, K. L. (2013, March). Assessing environmental controls on acid-sulfate alteration at active volcanoes in Nicaragua: applications to relic hydrothermal systems on mars. In 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, March (pp. 18-22).; Hynek, B. M., McCollom, T. M., Marcucci, E. C., Brugman, K., & Rogers, K. L. (2013). Assessment of environmental controls on acid‐sulfate alteration at active volcanoes in Nicaragua: Applications to relic hydrothermal systems on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 118(10), 2083-2104. |
Norway | |
| Rekstad, J. (1912): Bidrag til Nordre Helgelands geologi. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse 62: 1-84 |
| Rekstad, J. (1912) Bidrag til Nordre Helgelands geologi. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse. 62: 1-84 (pp. 65-66); Neumann, H. (1985): Norges Mineraler. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse Skrifter 68, p. 110. |
Rekstad, J. (1912) Bidrag til Nordre Helgelands geologi. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse. 62: 1-84 (pp. 65-66); Neumann, H. (1985): Norges Mineraler. Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse Skrifter 68, p. 110. | |
| Ellingsen, R. (1989): Funn av sjeldne sulfatmineraler i Kvinnherad. NAGS-nytt 16 (1), 25-26 |
Peru | |
| Ciesielczuk, J., Żaba, J., Bzowska, G., Gaidzik, K., & Głogowska, M. (2013). Sulphate efflorescences at the geyser near Pinchollo, southern Peru. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 42, 186-193. |
| Hyršl, J. (2010): Ein Neufund fantastischer Sulfate in der Mina Javier. Mineralien-Welt 21 (3), 68-71 (in German). ; Frost, R. L., Gobac, Ž. Ž., López, A., Xi, Y., Scholz, R., Lana, C., & Lima, R. M. F. (2014). Characterization of the sulphate mineral coquimbite, a secondary iron sulphate from Javier Ortega mine, Lucanas Province, Peru–Using infrared, Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1063, 251-258. |
Poland | |
| Marszałek, M.; Gaweł, A.; Włodek, A. (2020) Pickeringite from the Stone Town Nature Reserve in Ciężkowice (the Outer Carpathians, Poland). Minerals 2020, 10, 187. |
| Siuda, R. (2004) Wieściszowice. Otoczak, No.31, 58-65. Mochnacka, K., Oberc-Dziedzic, T., Mayer, W., Pieczka, A. (2012) Ore mineralization in the Miedzianka area (Karkonosze-Izera Massif, the Sudetes, Poland): new information. Mineralogia Polonica, 43:(3-4), 155-178. Balcerzak , E., Dobrzyński , D., Parafiniuk, J. (1992) Wpływ Przeobrażeni Mineralnych na Skład chemiczny wód w Strefie Wietrzenia Łupków Pirytonośnych w Wieściszo Wicach, Rudawy Janowickie, Sudety Zachodnie, Polska. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, vol. 62, 75 - 93. Uzarowic, L., Skiba, S., Skiba, M., Segvic, B. (2011) Clay-mineral Formation in Soils Developed in the Weathering Zone of Pyrite-Bearing Schists: A Case Study from the Abandoned Pyrite Mine in Wieściszowice, Lower Silesia, SW Poland. Clays and Clay Minerals 59:6, 581-594. Pociecha, A., Bielańska-Grajner, I., Szarek-Gwiazda, E., Wilk-Woźniak, E., Kuciel, H., Walusiak, E. (2018) Rotifer Diversity in the Acidic Pyrite Mine Pit Lakes in the Sudety Mountains (Poland). Mine Water and the Environment, 37:3, 518-527. |
| Mochnacka, K., Oberc-Dziedzic, T., Mayer, W., & Pieczka, A. (2015). Ore mineralization related to geological evolution of the Karkonosze–Izera Massif (the Sudetes, Poland)—Towards a model. Ore Geology Reviews, 64, 215-238. |
| Lukasz Kruszewski 2005: Minerals arising in cause of underground fires of "Skalny" coal mine dump in Laziska (Upper Silesia, Poland). Mag. Thesis (unpublished) |
| Parafiniuk, J. and Kruszewski, Ł. (2009): Ammonium minerals from burning coal-dumps of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland). Geol. Quart., 53, 341-356. http://www.pgi.gov.pl/images/stories/G_Q/53_3/parafiniuk.pdf (esp. p. 347)] |
Kruszewski, Ł. (2013). Supergene sulphate minerals from the burning coal mining dumps in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, South Poland. International Journal of Coal Geology, 105, 91-109. | |
| Łukasz Kruszewski (2012) Unique chloride assemblage of exhalative origin from burning coal-mining dump in Radlin (Rybnik Coal Area, S Poland). Mineralogical Society of Poland Special Papers 40 |
Portugal | |
| Van King |
| |
Romania | |
| Onac, B. P. et al. (2003): STUDIA UNIVERSITATIS BABEŞ-BOLYAI, GEOLOGIA, XLVIII, 1, 29-44. [http://bioge.ubbcluj.ro/studia/pdf/2003/Onac.pdf] |
| No reference listed |
| Edited by Szakáll-Kristály(2010):Mineralogy of Székelyland,Eastern Transsylvania,Romania |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians,2009 |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov, B., Kotrly, M. and Nisanbajev, T. (1998): Brennende Abraumhalden und Aufschlüsse im Tscheljabinsker Kohlenbecken - eine reiche Mineralienküche. Mineralien-Welt, 9 (3), 54-63 (in German). |
| Dobrovolskaya T.I., Polkanov Y.A. The Paleovolcano Fiolent. Giude (2004) - Simferopol, 2004, 19 p. (in Russ.) Oleg V. Zinchenko at al. (2008).The mineralogy of seasonal sulfates in the cape Fiolent - Zapiski Ukrainskogo Mineralogichnogo Tovaristva (Proceeding Ukrainian Mineralogical Society), 2008, #5, p. 75-83 (in Ukr.) |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 539. |
| Zhitova, E. S., Siidra, O. I., Belakovsky, D. I., Shilovskikh, V. V., Nuzhdaev, A. A., & Ismagilova, R. M. (2018). Ammoniovoltaite,(NH 4) 2 Fe 2+ 5 Fe 3+ 3 Al (SO 4) 12 (H 2 O) 18, a new mineral from the Severo-Kambalny geothermal field, Kamchatka, Russia. Mineralogical Magazine, 1-40. |
Okrugin, V. M. (2004). Miocene to Quaternary center volcanic, hydrothermal and ore-forming activity in the Southern Kamchatka. In Metallogeny of the Pacific Northwest (Russian Far East)-Tectonics, Magmatism and Metallogeny of Active Continental Margin, Interim IAGOD Conference, Excursion Guidebook, Dalnauka, Vladivostok, 2004 (pp. 147-176). | |
Bortnikova, S. B., Bessonova, E. P., Gavrilenko, G. M., Vernikovskaya, I. V., Bortnikova, S. P., & Palchik, N. A. (2008). HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY OF THERMAL SOURCES, MUTNOVSKY VOLCANO, SOUTH KAMCHATKA (RUSSIA). In Proceedings of the 33rd workshop on geothermal reservoir engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, SGP-TR-185.; http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/conferences/kasp/JKASP04_circular2.pdf | |
Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka, vol 2, p 140, S.A. Fedotov | |
Senegal | |
| Montoroi, J. P. (1995) Mise eli évidence d'une séquence de précipitation des sels dails les sols sulfatés acides d'une vallée aménagée de Basse-Casamance (Sénégal). C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, t. 320, série II a, p. 395-402 |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra, M., a kol.: Topografická mineralogie Slovenska. Sv. 3 Sed-Ž, Bratislava, Veda 1990, s. 1247-1256. |
| Smithsonian Institution USNM NUMBER:131288 |
| Martin Števko-unpublished, PXRD confirmed |
| Koděra, M., a kol.: Topografická mineralogie Slovenska. Sv. 1 A-Kl, Bratislava, Veda 1986, s. 448-472. |
| Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590 |
| Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k |
| Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590 |
| Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590 |
| Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590 |
David Parfitt collection | |
Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590 | |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa. |
Spain | |
| Rewitzer, C., Hochleitner, R. y Fehr, T. Mina Casualidad, Baños de Alhamilla, Almería, Spain (part 2). Mineral Up, 5, (5), 8-36 |
| Calvo, M. et al.(1999). Bocamina (4), 50-86 |
| http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/alunogen.pdf |
| Tomas,Ll. (1919-20): Els minerals de Catalunya. Treballs de la Inst. Catalana d'Hist. Nat. Institut d´Estudis Catalans, Barcelona. |
| Crespo, Á., Pimentel, C., Pedraz, P., & Pina, C. M. (2017). First occurrence of the rare mineral slavikite in Spain. Journal of Iberian Geology, 43(3), 487-495. |
Switzerland | |
| Ansermet, S. with contributions of Meisser, N. (2012): Mines et minéraux du Valais. II. Anniviers et Tourtemagne. Musée de la Nature (Sion), Musée Cantonal de Géologie (Lausanne), and Editions Porte-Plumes (Ayer), 374 pp. |
Tajikistan | |
| D.I.Belakovskiy data |
Belakovski D.I.. Die Mineralien der brennenden Kohlefloze von Ravat in Tadshikistan, Lapis, 1990, N 12 p.21-26. (in German); Nasdala, L., & Pekov, I. V. (1993). Ravatite, C14HIO, a new organic mineral species from Ravat, Tadzhikistan. Eur. J. Mineral, 5, 699-705. | |
UK | |
| [British Museum (NH) specimen BM1915,186]; Goley, P. and Williams R. (1995) Cornish Mineral Reference Manual. Endsleigh Publications |
| Goley, P. and Williams R. (1995) Cornish Mineral Reference Manual. Endsleigh Publications; Sir Arthur Russell (1949) The Wherry Mine, Penzance, Its History and its Mineral Productions. Mineralogical Magazine 28:517-533. |
Tindle, A.G. (2008) Minerals of Britian and Ireland | |
| Livingstone, A. and Macpherson, H.G. (1983) Fifth supplementary list of British minerals (Scottish). Mineralogical Magazine, vol. 47, n° 342, p. 99-105. |
USA | |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225. |
| Hanson, S. L., A. U. Fastner, W. B. Simmons (2008) Mineralogy of the Fumerole deposits at Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument, Northern Arizona. Rocks & Mnerals 83:6 pp 534-544. |
| http://rruff.info/alterite/display=default/ |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 107; Lindgren, W. (1926), USGS Bull. 782: 26, 27, 28-29, 31, 32, 61-78; Reber, L.E., Jr. (1938), AZ Bur. of Mines Bull. 145: 49; Univ. of AZ Bull. 41 (1916-17), Mineralogy of Useful Minerals in AZ: 25, 27, 56; Galbraith, F.W. (1947), AZ Bur. of Mines Bull. 153, Minerals of AZ: 9, 12, 15, 16, 20, 24; Galbraith, F.W. & Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 63; Lausen, C. (1928), Hydrous sulphates formed under fumerolic conditions at the United Verde mine, AmMin: 13: 203-229. |
| Schaller, Waldemar Theodore (1903a), Minerals from Leona Heights, Alameda County, California: University of California, Department of Geological Sciences Bulletin: 3: 212; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 263.; Anthony R. Kampf & FM Locality Index Committee (1989) California Locality Index. Mineralogical Record, 20:129-142. |
[MinRec 20:129-142] | |
| Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 263, 273. |
| Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 263. |
| Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 62. |
| Bradley, W.W. (1939), Thirty-fifth report of the State Mineralogist: California Division Mines Report 35: 343; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 62; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 263. |
| Min.Rec.: 20:427-434. |
| Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 263. |
| Lindgren, Waldemar (1896a), The gold-quartz veins of Nevada City and Grass Valley districts, California: USGS 17th. Annual Report, part 2: 120; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 62. |
| Bradley, W.W. (1940), Thirty-sixth report of the State Mineralogist: California Division Mines Report 36: 107; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 62. |
| Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California: 263. |
| Hewett, Donnel Foster, et al (1936), Mineral resources of the region around Boulder Dam: USGS Bulletin 871, 323 pp.: 96; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 62, 178; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 263. |
| Schrader, Frank Charles, R.W. Stone & Samuel Sanford (1917), Useful minerals of the United States (a revision of Bulletin 585): USGS Bulletin 624: 42; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 62. |
| Day, Arthur L. & E.T. Allen (1925), The volcanic activity and hot springs of Lassen Peak, California: Carnegie Instit. Washington Pub. 360, 190 pp.: 118; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California: 263; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 539. |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 539; Allen, Eugene T. & Arthur L. Day (1927), Steam wells and other thermal activity at “The Geysers,” California: Carnegie Institute Washington Publication 378: 45; Vonsen, Magnus (1941) Preliminary report on minerals of The Geysers of Sonoma County, California. Mineralogist: 9: 246; Vonsen, Magnus (1946), Minerals at “The Geysers,” Sonoma County, California: California Division Mines Report 42: 290; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 263; Mineralogica Record (1993): 24(5): 349. |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. |
"Minerals of Colorado, updated & revised", p. 13, by Eckel, Edwin B., 1997 | |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. |
| Min Rec 36:2 pp143-185 |
| King, V. and Foord, E. 1994, Mineralogy of Maine |
| Cerato, A.. 2003: Mineralogical Study of Davis Mine, Rowe, MA, Using X-Ray Diffraction Techniques |
| Sherwood, M. D., & Williams, G. A. (1998). Missouri mineral locality index. Rocks & Minerals, 73(2), 98-117. |
| Sherwood, M. D., & Williams, G. A. (1998). Missouri mineral locality index. Rocks & Minerals, 73(2), 98-117. |
| Sherwood, M. D., & Williams, G. A. (1998). Missouri mineral locality index. Rocks & Minerals, 73(2), 98-117. |
| Chemical Geology Volume 215, Issues 1-4, 15 February 2005, Pages 433-452 |
| Robert Matthew Joeckel, K. D. Wally, S.A. Fischbein, P.R. Hanson (2007) Sulfate Mineral Paragenesis in Pennsylvanian Rocks and The Occurrence of Slavikite in Nebraska. REAT PLAINS RESEARCH 17:1 pages 17-33 (Spring 2007). |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada | |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada | |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
| R. C. Peterson et al.: Am. Min.: 90 (2005), in press |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada | |
MinRec 16(1):25-31 | |
| Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. |
| USGS Bull 1451 |
| Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. |
| Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd. rev. ed. (1996); Ratté, J. C. (2008). The Early Oligocene Copperas Creek Volcano and geology along New Mexico Higway 15 between Sapillo Creek and the Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, Grant and Catron Counties, New Mexico. |
| USGS Bull 1451 |
USGS Bull 1451 | |
USGS Bull 1451 | |
Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. | |
Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. | |
| Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd Rev. Ed., 1996 |
Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 539. | |
| Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. |
Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. | |
| Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. |
Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. | |
| Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. |
| Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. |
Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd rev. ed, 1996 | |
| Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 539. |
Jensen, David (1978) The Minerals of New York State, p.52; Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483 | |
| Genth,Frederick Augustus (1891) The Minerals Of North Carolina; USGS Bulletion No.74 |
| Dana 6:1075. |
Genth,Frederick Augustus (1891) The Minerals Of North Carolina; USGS Bulletion No.74 | |
rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/alunogen.pdf | |
Genth,Frederick Augustus (1891) The Minerals Of North Carolina;USGS Bulletion No.74 | |
| Mineralogical Record March - April 2000 |
| Van King |
Ernest H. Carlson. Jerret Whitford. "Occurrence And Mineralogy Of Efflorescence In Late Devonian Black Shales, North-Central Ohio." 2002 GSA Meeting: Web: http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_44706.htm | |
| Dr Pete Richards |
| http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_44706.htm |
| Carlson, E.H. (2015) Minerals of Ohio, 2nd ed. ODNR Division of Geological Survey, Bulletin 69, 290 pages. |
| Gordon, 1922. Mineralogy of Pennsylvania |
| U.S. Geological Survey/ U.s. Department of the Interior; Gold, D. P. (2006, October). Skytop: a Case History of Highway Construction Through a Sulfide Vein Deposit in Centre Country, Pennsylvania. In 2006 Philadelphia Annual Meeting. |
| STRACHER, Glenn B., (2007) GAS VENT MINERALOGY OF COAL FIRES BURNING AROUND THE WORLD Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 39, No. 2, p. 81 |
| Gordon, 1922. Mineralogy of Pennsylvania |
| Gordon, Mineralogy of Pennsyvania, 1922 - p. 224 |
Ref.: Gordon, S.G. (1922) "The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania," Special Publication No. 1, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: p. 125. | |
Gordon, 1922. The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania | |
| R&M 75:3 pp 156-169 |
| |
| Paris, T.A. (2011) Tennessee mineral locality index. Rocks & Minerals, 86, #4, 300-328. |
| Coskren, T. D. & Lauf, R. J. (2000): The Minerals of Alum Cave Bluff, Great Smoky Mountains, Tennessee. Mineralogical Record, 31, 163-175. |
| Young, R. G., Million, I., Hausen, D. M. (1960) Geology of the Green River Mining District, Emery and Grand Counties, Utah, AEC RME-98. |
| UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah |
Am.Min.40:469 | |
| Patrick Haynes, FOUR CORNERS MINERAL NEWS in New Mexico Mineral Symposium 2004 |
| UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah |
| Finnell, T. L., Franks, P. C., & Hubbard, H. A. (1963). Geology, ore deposits, and exploratory drilling in the Deer Flat area, White Canyon district, San Juan County, Utah USGS Bulletin 1132 |
USGS Bull 1132 | |
| Hammarstrom, J. M., Meier, A. L., Jackson, J. C., Barden, R., Wormington, P. J., Wormington, J. D., & Seal II, R. R. (2000). Characterization of mine waste at the Elizabeth copper mine, Orange County, Vermont. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-564, 74 p. |
| Piatak, Nadine M., et. al. (2004). Geochemical Characterization of Mine Waste at the Ely Copper Mine Superfund Site, Orange County, Vermont (USGS Open-File Report 2004-1248) |
| Minerals of Virginia 1990 by R. V. Dietrich |
| Minerals of Virginia 1990 by R. V. Dietrich |
| Minerals of Virginia 1990 by R. V. Dietrich |
| Rye, R. O., Breit, G. N., & Zimbelman, D. R. (2003). Preliminary mineralogic and stable isotope studies of altered summit and flank rocks and Osceola Mudflow deposits on Mount Rainier, Washington. US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey. |
| Cannon, B. (1975): Minerals of Washington, p.40, 60 |
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