Gaylussite
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About Gaylussite
Formula:
Na2Ca(CO3)2 · 5H2O
Colour:
Colourless, yellowish, greyish, white; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
1.991
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
For French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850.
The original source of Gaylussite is Laguna de Urao near the town of Lagunillas.
The original source of Gaylussite is Laguna de Urao near the town of Lagunillas.
Type Locality:
This page provides mineralogical data about Gaylussite.
Classification of Gaylussite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
5/D.02-60
5.CB.35
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
C : Carbonates without additional anions, with H2O
B : With large cations (alkali and alkali-earth carbonates)
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
C : Carbonates without additional anions, with H2O
B : With large cations (alkali and alkali-earth carbonates)
15.2.2.1
15 : HYDRATED NORMAL CARBONATES
2 : AmBn(XO3)p·xH2O, with (m+n):p > 1:1
15 : HYDRATED NORMAL CARBONATES
2 : AmBn(XO3)p·xH2O, with (m+n):p > 1:1
11.1.14
11 : Carbonates
1 : Carbonates of the alkali metals and ammonium
11 : Carbonates
1 : Carbonates of the alkali metals and ammonium
Physical Properties of Gaylussite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colourless, yellowish, greyish, white; colourless in transmitted light.
Streak:
Uncoloured to greyish white
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Very brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {110} perfect; {001} rather difficult.
On {110} perfect; {001} rather difficult.
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
1.991 g/cm3 (Measured) 1.991 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Gaylussite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.444 nβ = 1.516 nγ = 1.523
2V:
Measured: 34° , Calculated: 34°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.079

Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
relatively strong r < v
Chemical Properties of Gaylussite
Formula:
Na2Ca(CO3)2 · 5H2O
Crystallography of Gaylussite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/b
Setting:
C2/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 11.589 Å, b = 7.780 Å, c = 11.207 Å
β = 102.5°
β = 102.5°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.49 : 1 : 1.44
Unit Cell V:
986.50 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals frequently elongated [100]; also flattened, wedge-shaped, with dominant {110}, and {011}. Surfaces commonly rough, with {011} striated {111}.
Crystallographic forms of Gaylussite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0012679 | Gaylussite | Dickens B, Brown W E (1969) The crystal structures of CaNa2(CO3)2*5(H2O), synthetic gaylussite, and CaNa2(CO3)2*2(H2O), synthetic pirssonite Inorganic Chemistry 8 2093-2103 | 1969 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Geological Environment
Geological Setting:
Soda lakes.
Type Occurrence of Gaylussite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Lacustrine clay sediments in an alkali lake.
Synonyms of Gaylussite
Other Language Names for Gaylussite
Russian:Гейлюссит
Spanish:Gaylussacita
Gaylussita
Gaylussita
Common Associates
Borax | Na2(B4O5)(OH)4 · 8H2O |
Calcite | CaCO3 |
Natron | Na2CO3 · 10H2O |
Pirssonite | Na2Ca(CO3)2 · 2H2O |
Thermonatrite | Na2CO3 · H2O |
Trona | Na3H(CO3)2 · 2H2O |
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
3 photos of Gaylussite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
2 photos of Gaylussite associated with Northupite | Na3Mg(CO3)2Cl |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
5.CB.05 | Thermonatrite | Na2CO3 · H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmm |
5.CB.10 | Natron | Na2CO3 · 10H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/m |
5.CB.15 | Trona | Na3H(CO3)2 · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m |
5.CB.20 | Monohydrocalcite | CaCO3 · H2O | Trig. 3 : P31 |
5.CB.25 | Ikaite | CaCO3 · 6H2O | Mon. |
5.CB.30 | Pirssonite | Na2Ca(CO3)2 · 2H2O | Orth. mm2 : Fdd2 |
5.CB.40 | Chalconatronite | Na2Cu(CO3)2 · 3H2O | Mon. 2/m |
5.CB.45 | Baylissite | K2Mg(CO3)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
5.CB.50 | Tuliokite | Na6BaTh(CO3)6 · 6H2O | Trig. |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
11.1.1 | Zabuyelite | Li2CO3 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
11.1.2 | Natrite | Na2CO3 | Mon. |
11.1.3 | Nahcolite | NaHCO3 | Mon. 2/m |
11.1.4 | Wegscheiderite | Na5H3(CO3)4 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
11.1.5 | Thermonatrite | Na2CO3 · H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmm |
11.1.6 | Trona | Na3H(CO3)2 · 2H2O | Mon. 2/m |
11.1.7 | Natron | Na2CO3 · 10H2O | Mon. 2/m : P2/m |
11.1.8 | Kalicinite | KHCO3 | Mon. 2/m |
11.1.9 | Shortite | Na2Ca2(CO3)3 | Orth. mm2 : Amm2 |
11.1.10 | Nyerereite | Na2Ca(CO3)2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm |
11.1.11 | Natrofairchildite | Na2Ca(CO3)2 | Orth. |
11.1.12 | Zemkorite | Na2Ca(CO3)2 | Hex. |
11.1.13 | Pirssonite | Na2Ca(CO3)2 · 2H2O | Orth. mm2 : Fdd2 |
11.1.15 | Baylissite | K2Mg(CO3)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
11.1.16 | Fairchildite | K2Ca(CO3)2 | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
11.1.17 | Bütschliite | K2Ca(CO3)2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
11.1.18 | Teschemacherite | (NH4)HCO3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pccn |
Other Information
Notes:
Effloresces slowly in dry air. Soluble in acids with effervescence. Slightly soluble in water. Dehydrated powder decomposed by water into sodium carbonate solution and calcium carbonate residue. Alters readily to calcite.
Special Storage/
Display Requirements:
Display Requirements:
Dehydrates with efforvescence in dry air.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Gaylussite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
References for Gaylussite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Boussingault (1826) Annales de chimie et de physique, Paris: 31: 270 (as Gay-Lussite).
Phillips, W. (1827) Observations on the Crystalline Form, &c. of the Gaylussite. The Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 1:4, 263-266.
Glocker, E.F. (1839) Handbuch der Mineralogie, 2nd. edition, Nürnberg: 673 (as Natrocalcit).
Hartmann (1843) Minéralogie: 2: 271.
Des Cloizeaux (1858) Annales des mines: 14: 400.
Arzruni (1881) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 6: 30.
Dana, E.S. (1892) System of Mineralogy, 6th. Edition, New York: 301.
de Schulten (1896) Comptes rendu de l’Académie des sciences de Paris: 123: 1023.
Pratt, Joseph Hyde (1896), On northupite; pirssonite, a new mineral; Gaylussite and hanksite from Borax Lake, San Bernardino County, California: Am. Jour. Sci., 4th. series: 2: 123-135; …Zeitschr. Kristallographie, Band 27: 416-429 (1896); …(abstract): Neues Jahrb., Band 2: 451-455 (1897).
Bütschli (1907) Journal für praktische Chemie, Leipzig: 75: 556.
Hintze, Carl (1916) Handbuch der Mineralogie. Berlin and Leipzig. 6 volumes: 1 [3A]: 2796.
Goldschmidt, V. (1918) Atlas der Krystallformen. 9 volumes, atlas, and text, vol. 4: 29.
Niinomy (1930) Economic Geology: 25: 758.
Murdoch, Joseph (1951), Notes on California minerals: nuevite = samarskite; trona, and hanksite; Gaylussite: Am. Min.: 36: 358-361.
Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 234-235.
Fang, J.H., P.D. Robinson, J.F. Cerven & L.A. Wolf (1967), Computer program for refining cell parameters from Wiessenberg photographs and its application to indexing the powder pattern of Gaylussite: Am. Min.: 52: 1570-1572.
Monroe, E.A. (1967), Unit cell and space group of Gaylussite, CaCO3•Na2CO3•5H2O: Zeits. Krist: 124: 459.
Internet Links for Gaylussite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1662.html
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Localities for Gaylussite
Locality List




All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Browne, P.R.L. 1973 Secondary minerals in cores from DVDP 1 and 2. Dry Valley Drilling Project bulletin 2: 83-93 Browne, P.R.L. 1974 Secondary minerals from Ross Island drillholes. Dry Valley Drilling Project bulletin 04:15 |
Argentina | |
| Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry |
Canada | |
| Shang, Y. (2000). Mineralogy, lithostratigraphy and geochemistry of North Ingebright Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada. PhD thesis University of Manitoba. |
Greengrass, K., Last, W. M., Deleqiat, J., & Suklmn, S. (1999). Waldsea lake Revisited: Another look at the Recent History of One of Western Canada's Best-studied Meromictic lakes. | |
Central Africa | |
Manfred Mader collection (see photo) | |
Chad | |
| Zdenĕk, J., Maglione, G.E. (1972) La kanemite, nouveau silicate de sodium hydraté de néoformation. Bulletin de la Société Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, 95, 372-382. |
China | |
Kezao Chen (1992): Quaternary Sciences 3(8), 193-202; Jiping Wang, Jianming Zhou, Xiulian Ma, and Qingtang Yang (1999): Acta Mineralogica Sinica 19(3), 315-319 | |
| Shaoxiu Yang (1991): Journal of Lake Sciences 3(1), 1-10 |
| Xiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981): Scientia Geographica Sinica 1(1), 66-76; Shaoxiu Yang (1991): Journal of Lake Sciences 3(1), 1-10 |
| Xiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981): Scientia Geographica Sinica 1(1), 66-76; Shaoxiu Yang (1991): Journal of Lake Sciences 3(1), 1-10 |
Shaoxiu Yang (1991): Journal of Lake Sciences 3(1), 1-10 | |
| Mianping Zheng and Wengao Liu (1987): Acta Mineralogica Sinica 7(3), 221-226; Shaoxiu Yang (1991): Journal of Lake Sciences 3(1), 1-10; Wen Qi and Mianping Zheng (1995): Journal of Lake Sciences 7(2), 133-140; Mianping Zheng, Heran Yuan, Junying Liu, Yanhe Li, Zhibang Ma, and Qing Sun (2007): Acta Geologica Sinica 81(12), 1608-1617 |
| Bingxiao Li (1992): Journal of Lake Sciences 4(1), 48-55 |
Czech Republic | |
| Plášil J., Hloušek J., Škoda R. (2013): Chalkonatronit, Na2Cu(CO3)2(H2O)3, ze žíly sv. Ducha, Jáchymov (Česká republika) [Chalconatronite, Na2Cu(CO3)2(H2O)3, from the „sv. Duch“ vein, Jáchymov (Czech Republic)]. Bull. mineral.-petrolog. Odd. Nár. Muz. (Praha) 21, 228-233. |
Egypt | |
| Marchesini, M., Barresi, A. (2009) I minerali di Wadi natrun, Deserto Occidentale, Egitto, Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 4/2009, 228-258.; Marco Marchesini & Antonello Barresi (2019) The Wadi Natrun evaporite deposits, Western Desert, Buhayra Governate, Egypt. Mineralogical Record 50:723-748 |
Marco Marchesini & Antonello Barresi (2019) The Wadi Natrun evaporite deposits, Western Desert, Buhayra Governate, Egypt. Mineralogical Record 50:723-748 | |
Marco Marchesini & Antonello Barresi (2019) The Wadi Natrun evaporite deposits, Western Desert, Buhayra Governate, Egypt. Mineralogical Record 50:723-748 | |
Marco Marchesini & Antonello Barresi (2019) The Wadi Natrun evaporite deposits, Western Desert, Buhayra Governate, Egypt. Mineralogical Record 50:723-748 | |
Italy | |
| R. Meli (1999): I minerali delle discariche e delle scorie del Fosso del Tafone (Grosseto). - Riv. Min. Ital., 23 3: 187-191. |
| Brizzi G., Ciselli I, Santucci A. (1988) - Cetineite ed altre novità dalle Cetine di Cotorniano - Riv. Miner. Ital., Milano, fasc. 3, pp.73-82; Menchetti, S., Batoni, M., Batacchi, C., Borselli, G., Brogi, A., Ceccantini, L., Fassina, B., Marchesini, M., Rossellini, A. & Ruggieri, G. (2015): Le Cetine di Cotorniano. Miniera e minerali. Associazione Micro-Mineralogica Italiana, Cremona, 354 p. |
Kenya | |
| Bill Wall specimens (collected 1970s) |
Mexico | |
| L. Zürcher and D.A. Kring, Meteoritic and Planetary Science, 1 July 2004, V 39, N° 7, pp. 1199-1221. |
Mongolia | |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 235. |
Russia | |
Nesterovskiy, V. A., & Deiak, M. A. (2015). Cучасний МІНЕРАЛОГЕНЕЗ В ЕКЗОГЕННИХ СИСТЕМАХ КРИМСЬКОГО ПІВОСТРОВА. Збірник наукових праць Інституту геологічних наук НАН України, 8, 165-172. Modern mineral formation in exogenous systems of Crimean Peninsula | |
| Deyak M.A. Modern water-chemogenic formations of mud volcanoes of Kerch Peninsula. Dissertation to Scientific Candidate Degree in Geological Sciences in speciality 04.00.21 – lithology. –Department of marine geology and sedimentary ore formation of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. – Kyiv, 2010. |
| www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/khib.htm |
| Sharygin, V. V., Kamenetsky, V. S., & Kamenetsky, M. B. (2008). Potassium sulfides in kimberlite-hosted chloride–“nyerereite” and chloride clasts of Udachnaya-East pipe, Yakutia, Russia. The Canadian Mineralogist, 46(4), 1079-1095. |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590 |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Cairncross, B., Dixon, R. (1995) Minerals of South Africa. Geological Society of South Africa, PO Box 44283, Linden 2104, South Africa. |
Spain | |
| Vizcayno, C., Garcia-Gonzalez, M. T., Gutierrez, M., & Rodriguez, R. (1995). Mineralogical, chemical and morphological features of salt accumulations in the Flumen-Monegros district, NE Spain. Geoderma, 68(3), 193-210. |
| - González del Tánago, Ch. and González del Tánago, J. (2002). Minerales y minas de Madrid |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 179. |
Tanzania | |
| Manega, Paul C. & Bieda, Sophie (1987): Modern sediments of Lake Natron, Tanzania. Sciences Geologiques, Bulletin 40, 83-95. |
Zaitsev, A. N., & Keller, J. (2006). Mineralogical and chemical transformation of Oldoinyo Lengai natrocarbonatites, Tanzania. Lithos, 91(1), 191-207. | |
Tunisia | |
| Smykatz-Kloss, W., & Roy, P. D. (2010). Mineralogía de evaporitas y geoquímica de elementos mayores como herramientas para la investigación paleoclimática en regiones áridas: una síntesis. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, 62(3), 379-390. |
USA | |
| Jones, Blair Francis (1961), Zoning of saline minerals at Deep Spring Lake, California: USGS PP 424-B, Article 83: B200; Hardie, L.A. and Eugster, H.P. (1970) The evolution of closed-basin brines. Mineralogical Society of America Special Paper 3: 232; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 207. |
| Smith, George Irving & W.P. Pratt (1957), Core logs from Owens, China, Searles and Panamint Basins, California: USGS Bulletin 1045-A: 5; Hay, Richard Le Roy & Richard J. Moiola (1963), Authigenic silicate minerals in three desert lakes of eastern California (abstract): Program New York Meeting, Geological Society of America: 76A; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 151, 197; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 207, 374. |
| Smith, George Irving & W.P. Pratt (1957), Core logs from Owens, China, Searles and Panamint Basins, California: USGS Bulletin 1045-A: 16; Hay, Richard Le Roy & Richard J. Moiola (1963), Authigenic silicate minerals in three desert lakes of eastern California (abstract): Program New York Meeting, Geological Society of America: 76A; Moiola, Richard J. & Richard L. Hay (1964), Zeolite zones in Pleistocene and recent sediments of China Lake, California (abstract): Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section Meeting, Berkeley, California: 47, April 1963; […Geological Society of America Special Paper 76: 215 (1964)]: 47; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 71, 151, 287. |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 233, 235; Vonsen, Magnus (1935), The discovery of borates in California: Mineralogist: 3(12): 22; Vonsen, Magnus & G.D. Hanna (1936), Borax Lake, California: California Division Mines Report 32: 103; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 197, 280, 289, 374; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 207, 208. |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 235; Russell, Israel Cook (1889), Quaternary history of Mono Valley, California: USGS 8th. Annual Report: 297; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 197. |
| Bailey, Gilbert E. (1902), The saline deposits of California: California Mining Bureau Bulletin 24: 102; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 198. |
Hanks, Henry Garber (1892), Gaylussite (new variety), San Bernardino County, California): Mining & Science Press: 64: 222; Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 197; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 235, 633.; Gale, Hoyt Stoddard (1915), Mineralogy of the Searles Lake deposits in Salines in the Owens, Searles, and Panamint basins, southeastern California: USGS Bulletin 580: 296-308 | |
Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 233, 279.; Farrington, O. C. (1900) New mineral occurrences. Field Columbian Mus. Pub. 44, Geol,. Ser. l, (7),221-231 | |
| U.S. Geological Survey (2005) Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada | |
| USBM Inf Circ 7093 (1939) |
USBM Inf Circ 7093 (1939) | |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
| Kampf, A.R., Mills, S.J., Nash, B.P., Jensen, M., Nikischer, T. (2015): Apexite, NaMg(PO4)·9H2O, a new struvite-type phase with a heteropolyhedral cluster. American Mineralogist, 100, 2695–2701 |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada; American Mineralogist,Vol.49:1366-1387; Cahit Helvaci, Federico Ortí, Javier García-Veigas, Laura Rosell, Ibrahim Gündoğan (2012). Neogene Borate Deposits: Mineralogy, Petrology and Sedimentology; A workshop with special emphasis on the Anatolian deposits International Earth Science Colloquium on the Aegean Region (IESCA-2012, İzmir, Turkey). 64pp. |
| NBMG Bull 99B Geology and Mineral Resources of Northern Nye County, Nevada |
NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada | |
| Am.Min.54:1034 |
| Minerals of Washington, Bart Cannon 1975 |
| Minerals of Washington, Bart Cannon 1975 |
www.dnr.wa.gov/geology/okanogan.htm. | |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 235. |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
Am Min 26:646-650 | |
Venezuela (TL) | |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 235. |
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Lake Amboseli, Kajiado County, Kenya