Götzenite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Götzenite
Formula:
NaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Colour:
Very pale yellow, tan, off-white, colorless, white.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Greasy
Hardness:
5½ - 6
Specific Gravity:
3.03 - 3.14
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named for Gustav Adolf von Götzen (1866-1910), German traveler who was the first European to climb Mt. Shaheru, North Kivu, Zaire (in 1894, together with a German companion), the Type Locality for the species.
This page provides mineralogical data about Götzenite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1760
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1760:8
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
55d55efa-e874-4a82-9da1-0feb8fa05972
IMA Classification of Götzenite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ca4NaCa2Ti(Si2O7)2(OF)F2
First published:
1957
Classification of Götzenite
9.BE.22
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
E : Si2O7 groups, with additional anions; cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
E : Si2O7 groups, with additional anions; cations in octahedral [6] and greater coordination
Dana 7th ed.:
56.2.5.4
56.2.5.4
56 : SOROSILICATES Si2O7 Groups, With Additional O, OH, F and H2O
2 : Si2O7 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and/or >[4] coordination
56 : SOROSILICATES Si2O7 Groups, With Additional O, OH, F and H2O
2 : Si2O7 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and/or >[4] coordination
17.2.7
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
2 : Silicates with fluoride
17 : Silicates Containing other Anions
2 : Silicates with fluoride
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Göz | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Götzenite
Vitreous, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Very pale yellow, tan, off-white, colorless, white.
Comment:
Colorless in thin section (TL)
Streak:
White
Hardness:
5½ - 6 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {100}, good on {001}
Perfect on {100}, good on {001}
Density:
3.03 - 3.14 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.84 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Götzenite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.651 - 1.662 nβ = 1.653 - 1.665 nγ = 1.659 - 1.672
2V:
Measured: 38° to 74°, Calculated: 62° to 68°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.008 - 0.010
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r > v strong
Chemistry of Götzenite
Mindat Formula:
NaCa6Ti(Si2O7)2OF3
Crystallography of Götzenite
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.667 Å, b = 5.731 Å, c = 7.334 Å
α = 90°, β = 101.05°, γ = 101.31°
α = 90°, β = 101.05°, γ = 101.31°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.687 : 1 : 1.28
Unit Cell V:
390.74 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Morphology:
Prismatic, acicular, skeletal.
Twinning:
Lamellar twinning on {001}
ubiquitous
ubiquitous
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.100 Å | (100) |
2.986 Å | (100) |
1.911 Å | (50) |
2.648 Å | (40) |
2.511 Å | (25) |
1.696 Å | (25) |
3.994 Å | (15) |
Comments:
Mount Shaheru, DR Congo. The data are from the type description.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks |
Geological Setting:
Hornfels and marble xenoliths
Type Occurrence of Götzenite
General Appearance of Type Material:
As prismatic crystals up to 0.5 mm long.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Musée royal de l’Afrique central, Tervuren, Belgium, number RGM 8.037 (cotype).
Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom, number 1,957,702 (cotype).
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, number 142.981 (holotype).
Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom, number 1,957,702 (cotype).
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, number 142.981 (holotype).
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Nephelinite
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Götzenite
Other Language Names for Götzenite
Relationship of Götzenite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Batievaite-(Y) | Y2Ca2Ti(Si2O7)2(OH)2(H2O)4 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Fogoite-(Y) | Na3Ca2Y2Ti(Si2O7)2OF3 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Grenmarite | Na4MnZr3(Si2O7)2O2F2 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
Hainite-(Y) | Na2Ca4(Y,REE)Ti(Si2O7)2OF3 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Kochite | Na3Ca2MnZrTi(Si2O7)2OF3 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Mosandrite-(Ce) | (Ca3REE)[(H2O)2Ca0.5◻0.5]Ti(Si2O7)2(OH)2(H2O)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Nacareniobsite-(Ce) | Na3Ca3(Ce,REE)Nb(Si2O7)2OF3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Nacareniobsite-(Y) | Na3Ca3YNb(Si2O7)2OF3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Rinkite-(Ce) | (Ca3Ce)Na(NaCa)Ti(Si2O7)2(OF)F2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Rinkite-(Y) | Na2Ca4YTi(Si2O7)2OF3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Rosenbuschite | Na6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
Roumaite | (Ca,Na,REE,◻)7(Nb,Ti)[Si2O7]2OF3 | Mon. m : Bb |
Seidozerite | Na4MnZr2Ti(Si2O7)2O2F2 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
Unnamed (Ca-deficient Mosandrite) | (Ca1.2REE0.9Th0.1Zn0.1Al0.1Na0.2K0.1)((H2O)2◻)(Ti,Nb)(Si2O7)2(OH,F,Cl)2(H2O)2 |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
9 photos of Götzenite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
6 photos of Götzenite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
4 photos of Götzenite associated with Pectolite | NaCa2Si3O8(OH) |
4 photos of Götzenite associated with Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
3 photos of Götzenite associated with Cuspidine | Ca8(Si2O7)2F4 |
2 photos of Götzenite associated with Clinopyroxene Subgroup | |
2 photos of Götzenite associated with Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
2 photos of Götzenite associated with Gonnardite | (Na,Ca)2(Si,Al)5O10 · 3H2O |
2 photos of Götzenite associated with Nepheline | Na3K(Al4Si4O16) |
2 photos of Götzenite associated with Fresnoite | Ba2Ti(Si2O7)O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.BE. | Paralomonosovite | Na6◻4Ti4(Si2O7)2[PO3OH][PO2(OH)2]O2(OF) |
9.BE. | Cámaraite | Ba3Na(Fe2+,Mn)8Ti4(Si2O7)4O4(OH,F)7 |
9.BE. | Christofschäferite-(Ce) | Ce3CaMnTiFe(3+)Ti2(Si2O7)2O8 |
9.BE. | Bobshannonite | Na2KBa(Mn,Na)8(Nb,Ti)4(Si2O7)4O4(OH)4(O,F)2 |
9.BE. | Calciomurmanite | (Na,◻)2Ca(Ti,Mg,Nb)4[Si2O7]2O2(OH,O)2(H2O)4 |
9.BE. | Batievaite-(Y) | Y2Ca2Ti(Si2O7)2(OH)2(H2O)4 |
9.BE. | Delhuyarite-(Ce) | Ce4Mg(Fe3+,W)3◻(Si2O7)2O6(OH)2 |
9.BE.X | Asimowite | Fe2+4O(Si2O7) |
9.BE. | Moxuanxueite | NaCa6Zr(Si2O7)2OF3 |
9.BE. | Alexkuznetsovite-(Ce) | Ce2Mn(CO3)(Si2O7) |
9.BE. | Biraite-(La) | La2Fe2+(CO3)(Si2O7) |
9.BE. | Zinkgruvanite | Ba4Mn2+4Fe3+2(Si2O7)2(SO4)2O2(OH)2 |
9.BE. | Madeiraite | Na2Ca2Fe2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
9.BE. | Bortolanite | Ca2(Ca1.5Zr0.5)Na(NaCa)Ti(Si2O7)2(OF)F2 |
9.BE. | Nacareniobsite-(Y) | Na3Ca3YNb(Si2O7)2OF3 |
9.BE. | Pilanesbergite | Na2Ca2Fe2Ti2(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
9.BE. | Alfredcasparite | Sr2TiO(Si2O7) |
9.BE.02 | Wadsleyite | Mg4O(Si2O7) |
9.BE.05 | Hennomartinite | SrMn3+2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O |
9.BE.05 | Lawsonite | CaAl2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O |
9.BE.05 | Noelbensonite | BaMn3+2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O |
9.BE.05 | Itoigawaite | SrAl2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O |
9.BE.05 | Cortesognoite | CaV2(Si2O7)(OH)2 · H2O |
9.BE.07 | Ilvaite | CaFe3+Fe2+2(Si2O7)O(OH) |
9.BE.07 | Manganilvaite | CaFe2+Fe3+Mn2+(Si2O7)O(OH) |
9.BE.07 | Amamoorite | CaMn2+2Mn3+(Si2O7)O(OH) |
9.BE.10 | Suolunite | Ca2(H2Si2O7) · H2O |
9.BE.12 | Jaffeite | Ca6(Si2O7)(OH)6 |
9.BE.15 | Fresnoite | Ba2Ti(Si2O7)O |
9.BE.17 | Baghdadite | Ca6Zr2(Si2O7)2O4 |
9.BE.17 | Burpalite | Na2CaZr(Si2O7)F2 |
9.BE.17 | Cuspidine | Ca8(Si2O7)2F4 |
9.BE.17 | Hiortdahlite | Na2Ca4(Ca0.5Zr0.5)Zr(Si2O7)2OF3 |
9.BE.17 | Janhaugite | (Na,Ca)3(Mn2+,Fe2+)3(Ti,Zr,Nb)2(Si2O7)2O2(OH,F)2 |
9.BE.17 | Låvenite | Na2Ca2Mn2Zr2(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
9.BE.17 | Niocalite | (Ca,Nb)4(Si2O7)(O,OH,F)2 |
9.BE.17 | Normandite | NaCa(Mn,Fe)(Ti,Nb,Zr)(Si2O7)OF |
9.BE.17 | Wöhlerite | Na2Ca4ZrNb(Si2O7)2O3F |
9.BE.20 | Mosandrite-(Ce) | (Ca3REE)[(H2O)2Ca0.5◻0.5]Ti(Si2O7)2(OH)2(H2O)2 |
9.BE.20 | Nacareniobsite-(Ce) | Na3Ca3(Ce,REE)Nb(Si2O7)2OF3 |
9.BE.20 | Roumaite | (Ca,Na,REE,◻)7(Nb,Ti)[Si2O7]2OF3 |
9.BE.20 | Rinkite-(Y) | Na2Ca4YTi(Si2O7)2OF3 |
9.BE.22 | Hainite-(Y) | Na2Ca4(Y,REE)Ti(Si2O7)2OF3 |
9.BE.22 | Rosenbuschite | Na6Ca6Zr3Ti(Si2O7)4O2F6 |
9.BE.22 | Kochite | Na3Ca2MnZrTi(Si2O7)2OF3 |
9.BE.22 | Fogoite-(Y) | Na3Ca2Y2Ti(Si2O7)2OF3 |
9.BE.23 | Dovyrenite | Ca6Zr(Si2O7)2(OH)4 |
9.BE.25 | Barytolamprophyllite | (Ba,Na)2(Na,Ti,Fe3+)4Ti2(Si2O7)2O(OH,F) |
9.BE.25 | Ericssonite | BaMn2+2Fe3+(Si2O7)O(OH) |
9.BE.25 | Lamprophyllite | (Na,Mn2+)3(Sr,Na)2(Ti,Fe3+)3(Si2O7)2O2(OH,O,F)2 |
9.BE.25 | Ericssonite-2O | BaMn2+2Fe3+(Si2O7)O(OH) |
9.BE.25 | Seidozerite | Na4MnZr2Ti(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
9.BE.25 | Nabalamprophyllite | (BaNa)Ti2Na3Ti(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2 |
9.BE.25 | Grenmarite | Na4MnZr3(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
9.BE.25 | Schüllerite | Ba2Na(Mn,Ca)(Fe3+,Mg,Fe2+)2Ti2(Si2O7)2(O,F)4 |
9.BE.25 | Kazanskyite | BaNa3Ti2Nb(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)4 |
9.BE.25 | Lileyite | Ba2(Na,Fe,Ca)3MgTi2(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
9.BE.25 | Emmerichite | Ba2Na(Na,Fe2+)2(Fe3+,Mg)Ti2(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
9.BE.25 | Saamite | Ba◻Na3Ti2Nb(Si2O7)2O2(OH)F(H2O)2 |
9.BE.25 | Fluorlamprophyllite | Na3(SrNa)Ti3(Si2O7)2O2F2 |
9.BE.25 | Fluorbarytolamprophyllite | (Ba,Sr)2[(Na,Fe2+)3(Ti,Mg)F2][Ti2(Si2O7)2O2] |
9.BE.27 | Murmanite | Na2Ti2(Si2O7)O2 · 2H2O |
9.BE.27 | Vigrishinite | NaZnTi4(Si2O7)2O3(OH)(H2O)4 |
9.BE.27 | Kolskyite | CaNa2Ti4(Si2O7)2O4(H2O)7 |
9.BE.27 | Selivanovaite | NaFe3+Ti4(Si2O7)2O4(H2O)4 |
9.BE.30 | Epistolite | (Na◻)Nb2Na3Ti(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2(H2O)4 |
9.BE.32 | Lomonosovite | Na5Ti2(Si2O7)(PO4)O2 |
9.BE.35 | Vuonnemite | Na11Ti4+Nb2(Si2O7)2(PO4)2O3(F,OH) |
9.BE.37 | Sobolevite | Na13Ca2Mn2Ti3(Si2O7)2(PO4)4O3F3 |
9.BE.40 | Innelite | Ba4Ti2Na(NaMn2+)Ti(Si2O7)2[(SO4)(PO4)]O2[O(OH)] |
9.BE.40 | Phosphoinnelite | Na3Ba4Ti3(Si2O7)2(PO4,SO4)2O2F |
9.BE.42 | Yoshimuraite | Ba2Mn2Ti(Si2O7)(PO4)O(OH) |
9.BE.45 | Quadruphite | Na6Na2(CaNa)2Na2Ti2Na2Ti2(Si2O7)2(PO4)4O4F2 |
9.BE.47 | Polyphite | Na5(Na4Ca2)Ti2(Si2O7)(PO4)3O2F2 |
9.BE.50 | Bornemanite | Na6BaTi2Nb(Si2O7)2(PO4)O2(OH)F |
9.BE.50 | Shkatulkalite | Na2Nb2Na3Ti(Si2O7)2O2(FO)(H2O)4(H2O)3 |
9.BE.55 | Bafertisite | Ba2Fe2+4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F2 |
9.BE.55 | Hejtmanite | Ba2Mn2+4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F2 |
9.BE.55 | Bykovaite | (Ba,Na,K)2(Na,Ti,Mn)4(Ti,Nb)2(Si2O7)2O2(H2O,F,OH)2 · 3.5H2O |
9.BE.55 | Nechelyustovite | (Ba,Sr,K)2(Na,Ti,Mn)4(Ti,Nb)2(Si2O7)2O2(O,H2O,F)2 · 4.5H2O |
9.BE.60 | Delindeite | (Na,K)2(Ba,Ca)2(Ti,Fe,Al)3(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2 · 2H2O |
9.BE.62 | Orthochevkinite | (Ce,La,Ca,Na,Th)4(Fe2+,Mg)2(Ti,Fe3+)3Si4O22 |
9.BE.62 va | Strontium Perrierite | (Ce,Sr,La,Ca)4Fe2+(Ti,Zr,Fe)2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8 |
9.BE.62 | Chevkinite-(Nd) | (Nd,REE)4(Fe2+,Mg)(Fe2+,Ti,Fe3+)2(Ti,Fe3+)2(Si2O7)2O8 ? |
9.BE.62 | Perrierite-(Nd) | Nd4MgFe3+2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8 ? |
9.BE.65 | Bussenite | Na2Ba2Fe2+Ti(Si2O7)(CO3)(OH)3F |
9.BE.67 | Jinshajiangite | BaNaFe2+4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F |
9.BE.67 | Perraultite | BaNaMn2+4Ti2(Si2O7)2O2(OH)2F |
9.BE.70 | Karnasurtite-(Ce) | (Ce,La,Th)(Ti,Nb)(Al,Fe)(Si2O7)(OH)4 · 3H2O |
9.BE.70 | Perrierite-(Ce) | Ce4MgFe3+2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8 |
9.BE.70 | Strontiochevkinite | (Sr,La,Ce,Ca)4Fe2+(Ti,Zr)2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8 |
9.BE.70 | Chevkinite-(Ce) | Ce4(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)5O8(Si2O7)2 |
9.BE.70 | Polyakovite-(Ce) | (Ce,Ca)4(Mg,Fe2+)(Cr3+,Fe3+)2(Ti,Nb)2(Si2O7)2O8 |
9.BE.70 | Rengeite | Sr4ZrTi4(Si2O7)2O8 |
9.BE.70 | Matsubaraite | Sr4Ti5(Si2O7)2O8 |
9.BE.70 | Dingdaohengite-(Ce) | (Ce,La)4Fe2+(Ti,Fe2+,Mg,Fe2+)2Ti2(Si2O7)2O8 |
9.BE.70 | Maoniupingite-(Ce) | (Ce,Ca)4(Fe3+,Ti,Fe2+,◻)(Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+,Nb)4(Si2O7)2O8 |
9.BE.70 | Perrierite-(La) | (La,Ce,Ca)4(Fe2+,Mn)(Ti,Fe3+,Al)4[(Si2O7)O4]2 |
9.BE.70 | UM2008-53-SiO:SrTiZr | Sr4ZrTi4(Si2O7)2O8 |
9.BE.70 | Hezuolinite | (Sr,REE)4Zr(Ti,Fe3+)4(Si2O7)2O8 |
9.BE.72 | Fersmanite | Ca4(Na,Ca)4(Ti,Nb)4(Si2O7)2O8F3 |
9.BE.75 | Belkovite | Ba3(Nb,Ti)6(Si2O7)2O12 |
9.BE.77 | Nasonite | Pb6Ca4(Si2O7)3Cl2 |
9.BE.80 | Kentrolite | Pb2Mn3+2(Si2O7)O2 |
9.BE.80 | Melanotekite | Pb2Fe3+2(Si2O7)O2 |
9.BE.82 | Tilleyite | Ca5(Si2O7)(CO3)2 |
9.BE.82 | Alexkuznetsovite-(La) | La2Mn(CO3)(Si2O7) |
9.BE.85 | Killalaite | Ca6.4(H0.6Si2O7)2(OH)2 |
9.BE.87 | Stavelotite-(La) | (La,Nd,Ca)3Mn2+3Cu(Mn3+,Fe3+,Mn4+)26(Si2O7)6O30 |
9.BE.90 | Biraite-(Ce) | Ce2Fe2+(Si2O7)(CO3) |
9.BE.90 | Magnesiorowlandite-(Y) | Y4(Mg,Fe)(Si2O7)2F2 |
9.BE.92 | Cervandonite-(Ce) | (Ce,Nd,La)(Fe3+,Fe2+,Ti,Al)3O2(Si2O7)(As3+O3)(OH) |
9.BE.92 | Chirvinskyite | (Na,Ca)13(Fe,Mn,◻)2(Ti,Zr)5(Si2O7)4(OH,O)12 · 2H2O |
9.BE.95 | Batisivite | BaV3+8Ti6(Si2O7)O22 |
9.BE.95 | Rusinovite | Ca10(Si2O7)3Cl2 |
9.BE.97 | Schlüterite-(Y) | (Y,REE)2AlSi2O7(OH)2F |
Other Information
Notes:
Easily soluble in hot diluted hydrochloric acid.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Götzenite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1760.html
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References for Götzenite
Reference List:
(1962) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 33 (258) 260-263 doi:10.1180/minmag.1962.033.258.09
Christiansen, C. C., Johnsen, O., Makovicky, E. (2003) Crystal chemistry of the rosenbuschite group. The Canadian Mineralogist, 41 (5) 1203-1224 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.41.5.1203
Sokolova, E. (2006) From structure topology to chemical composition. I. Structural hierarchy and stereochemistry in titanium disilicate minerals. The Canadian Mineralogist, 44 (6) 1273-1330 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.44.6.1273
Sokolova, E., Cámara, F. (2017) The seidozerite supergroup of TS-block minerals: nomenclature and classification, with change of the following names: rinkite to rinkite-(Ce), mosandrite to mosandrite-(Ce), hainite to hainite-(Y) and innelite-1T to innelite-1A. Mineralogical Magazine, 81 (6) 1457-1484 doi:10.1180/minmag.2017.081.010
Localities for Götzenite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Brazil | |
| Azzi (2019) |
Azzi (2019) | |
Canada | |
| Wallace et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| 166-175. +2 other references |
DR Congo | |
| Woolley et al. (1995) +4 other references |
| Richard +15 other references |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1957 31 : ... +2 other references |
Germany | |
| Weisenberger et al. (2014) |
Weisenberger et al. (2014) | |
| Blass |
Blass | |
| Blass |
| Blass |
| Rastsvetaeva et al. (2014) |
| Mandarino (2001) |
| Hentschel (1989) |
| Blaß et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Chukanov et al. (2013) |
| Hohn et al. (2015) |
Greenland | |
| Christiansen et al. (2003) |
Christiansen et al. (2003) | |
Italy | |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer |
| Sabatini (1903) +5 other references |
| Stoppa et al. (2014) |
| F. Stoppa and Y. Liu +19 other references |
Kenya | |
| USGS Open-File Report 02–156–A +1 other reference |
Deines et al. (1973) +3 other references | |
Madagascar | |
| Lacroix (1923) +2 other references |
Morocco | |
| KHADEM ALLAH et al. (1998) |
Namibia | |
| KOLLER et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
Norway | |
| Eldjarn (1983) |
Romania | |
| Hirtopanu (2006) |
Russia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
PEKOV et al. (2013) | |
... | |
Tanzania | |
| Zaitsev et al. (2012) |
Ukraine | |
| Kryvdik S. G. · Sharygin V. V. · Gatsenko V. O. · Lunev E. S. (2016) |
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Ariccia, Metropolitan City of Rome Capital, Lazio, Italy