Illite
A variety of Muscovite
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About Illite
Formula:
K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2
Variable: K0.6-0.85(Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 ; in the octahedral layer Al > (Mg+Fe).
Colour:
Gray-white to silvery-white, greenish-gray, sometimes stained other hues.
Lustre:
Waxy, Greasy, Dull, Earthy
Hardness:
1 - 2
Specific Gravity:
2.79 - 2.8
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named in 1937 by Ralph E. Grim, R. H. Bray, and W. F. Bradley for one of the co-type localities, in Illinois, USA. In the time period the mineral was named, the probable supposition was that the leaching of interlayer K was a consistent feature throughout the mineral's structure and that the alteration was systematic. Grim et al. (1937) noted unusual optical properties of illite as well as a cation exchange capacity of 20-40 meq/100 grams.
First Recorded Locality:
A variety of Muscovite
Illite is a very common mica and clay mineral, typically found as extremely fine-grained masses of grayish-white to silvery-gray, sometimes greenish-gray, material. The literature on "illite" is very large as it is a widespread component of many sediments, especially marine; despite this it is poorly defined and variably considered a mineral, series or variety.
The "Nomenclature of the micas" paper (Rieder et al., 1998) says: "Illite. This name has been used relatively vaguely, and the Subcommittee found it suitable as a series name for a relatively large volume in compositional space, as a counterpart to glauconite." They defined it as "Dioctahedral interlayer-deficient micas." with K dominant over Na. They also suggest it may be an interlayer structure with random smectite layers between mica sheets. If not a mixture, considering that there is no defined end member to the "series", and K>0.6 in most cases, it could best be considered a K-deficient variety of muscovite.
This clay-like mineral is essentially a K-deficient muscovite but may contain randomly sequenced montmorillonite/beidellite layers (Schultz, 1978). Illite is dioctahedral, although some references are known which incorrectly refer to "illite" as including a similar alteration sequence of trioctahedral micas, although some concomitant Mg and Fe substitution occurs in octahedral sites.
The formula K0.65Al2.0Al0.65Si3.35O10(OH)2 is only an arbitrary point in this large compositional space, which is just regarded as "representative" by the Mica Subcommittee of IMA CNMMN. However, the K content probably does not get much lower, and it may be always K-dominant. The composition range of illite is described more appropriately by the following formula: K0.6-0.85(Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2. In the octahedral layer (Mg+Fe)is less than Al, and it may grade into glauconite with increasing Fe and Mg. Hydronium may occur in the interlayer region and tetrahedral Al-Si ratios also vary; both may contribute to charge balance.
Illite is sometimes considered an alteration product of muscovite, wherein it may be eventually altered to montmorillonite. During the alteration from muscovite to illite, the structure of illite may become "turbostratified" and the resulting layers of K-filled and K-deficient are randomly mixed, in addition to varying Al-Si substitutions in tetrahedral layers for charge balance. (Paragonite, the Na analog of muscovite, alters in a more or less similar manner as muscovite, and leads to a Na-deficient variety called brammallite.)
Schultz (1978) studied the the development of samples that were 20-60% illite that was randomly interstratified with varying smectite layers (i.e. beidellite or montmorillonite). Stixrude and Peacor (2002) further considered the model of illite relating to its transformation into montmorillonite via two mixed-layer models of crystallization and concluded that charge defect layers influenced the composition of adjacent layers, but which, thermodynamically, should not result in the formation of K-rectorite.
The KΓΌbler index (KI), also called the "illite crystallinity", is a well established method for the characterization of the metamorphic grade of pelites in very low-grade metamorphic environments, using the degree of crystallinity of fine grained micas, mostly illite-muscovite (Frey, 1987; Guggenheim et al., 2012).
Illite is a very common mica and clay mineral, typically found as extremely fine-grained masses of grayish-white to silvery-gray, sometimes greenish-gray, material. The literature on "illite" is very large as it is a widespread component of many sediments, especially marine; despite this it is poorly defined and variably considered a mineral, series or variety.
The "Nomenclature of the micas" paper (Rieder et al., 1998) says: "Illite. This name has been used relatively vaguely, and the Subcommittee found it suitable as a series name for a relatively large volume in compositional space, as a counterpart to glauconite." They defined it as "Dioctahedral interlayer-deficient micas." with K dominant over Na. They also suggest it may be an interlayer structure with random smectite layers between mica sheets. If not a mixture, considering that there is no defined end member to the "series", and K>0.6 in most cases, it could best be considered a K-deficient variety of muscovite.
This clay-like mineral is essentially a K-deficient muscovite but may contain randomly sequenced montmorillonite/beidellite layers (Schultz, 1978). Illite is dioctahedral, although some references are known which incorrectly refer to "illite" as including a similar alteration sequence of trioctahedral micas, although some concomitant Mg and Fe substitution occurs in octahedral sites.
The formula K0.65Al2.0Al0.65Si3.35O10(OH)2 is only an arbitrary point in this large compositional space, which is just regarded as "representative" by the Mica Subcommittee of IMA CNMMN. However, the K content probably does not get much lower, and it may be always K-dominant. The composition range of illite is described more appropriately by the following formula: K0.6-0.85(Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2. In the octahedral layer (Mg+Fe)is less than Al, and it may grade into glauconite with increasing Fe and Mg. Hydronium may occur in the interlayer region and tetrahedral Al-Si ratios also vary; both may contribute to charge balance.
Illite is sometimes considered an alteration product of muscovite, wherein it may be eventually altered to montmorillonite. During the alteration from muscovite to illite, the structure of illite may become "turbostratified" and the resulting layers of K-filled and K-deficient are randomly mixed, in addition to varying Al-Si substitutions in tetrahedral layers for charge balance. (Paragonite, the Na analog of muscovite, alters in a more or less similar manner as muscovite, and leads to a Na-deficient variety called brammallite.)
Schultz (1978) studied the the development of samples that were 20-60% illite that was randomly interstratified with varying smectite layers (i.e. beidellite or montmorillonite). Stixrude and Peacor (2002) further considered the model of illite relating to its transformation into montmorillonite via two mixed-layer models of crystallization and concluded that charge defect layers influenced the composition of adjacent layers, but which, thermodynamically, should not result in the formation of K-rectorite.
The KΓΌbler index (KI), also called the "illite crystallinity", is a well established method for the characterization of the metamorphic grade of pelites in very low-grade metamorphic environments, using the degree of crystallinity of fine grained micas, mostly illite-muscovite (Frey, 1987; Guggenheim et al., 2012).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2011 (as Illite)
2815 (as Muscovite)
2815 (as Muscovite)
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2011:0 (as Illite)
mindat:1:1:2815:4 (as Muscovite)
mindat:1:1:2815:4 (as Muscovite)
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
a42aacae-cd6c-430d-9512-9be49c727d92 (as Illite)
6555d00d-e8c3-4485-9209-15e6b685a47f (as Muscovite)
6555d00d-e8c3-4485-9209-15e6b685a47f (as Muscovite)
Classification of Illite
Dana 7th ed.:
71.2.2.2
71.2.2d.2
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
2 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 layers
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
2 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 layers
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Ilt | IMAβCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Ill | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277β279. |
Ill | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
Ilt | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185β187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Ill | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Ilt | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261β264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Illite
Waxy, Greasy, Dull, Earthy
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Gray-white to silvery-white, greenish-gray, sometimes stained other hues.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
1 - 2 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Elastic
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {001}.
Perfect on {001}.
Fracture:
Micaceous
Density:
2.79 - 2.8 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.61 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Illite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.535 - 1.570 nβ = 1.555 - 1.600 nγ = 1.565 - 1.605
2V:
Measured: 5° to 25°, Calculated: 42° to 68°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.030 - 0.035
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
none
Chemistry of Illite
Mindat Formula:
K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2
Variable: K0.6-0.85(Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 ; in the octahedral layer Al > (Mg+Fe).
Variable: K0.6-0.85(Al,Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 ; in the octahedral layer Al > (Mg+Fe).
Age distribution
Recorded ages:
Phanerozoic : 402 Ma to 1.22 Β± 0.06 Ma - based on 85 recorded ages.
Crystallography of Illite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.19 Å, b = 8.95 Å, c = 9.95 Å
β = 94.87°
β = 94.87°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.58 : 1 : 1.112
Unit Cell V:
460.51 Γ
Β³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Geological Environment
Geological Setting:
Found in a wide variety of environments, the materials of this series form by either weathering or hydrothermal alteration of muscovite-phengite; but some is authigenic or could be derived from alteration of K-feldspars or recrystallization of smectites. Common in sediments, clays, marls, shales and some slates. Interstratified illite-smectite converts to illite at depths and mixed-layer ratios have been used to interpret the depth of burial of sediments.
First Recorded Occurrence of Illite
Geological Setting of First Recorded Material:
The Maquoketa shale, Gilead, Calhoun Co., Illinois, USA; and at Takova, Yugoslavia.
Associated Minerals at First Recorded Locality:
Synonyms of Illite
Other Language Names for Illite
Dutch:Illiet
Esperanto:Ilito
Estonian:Illiit
French:Illite
German:Illit
Hebrew:ΧΧΧΧΧ
Italian:Illite
Japanese:γ€γ©γ€γ
Polish:Illit
Russian:ΠΠ»Π»ΠΈΡ
Simplified Chinese:δΌε©η³
Spanish:Illita
Ukrainian:ΠΠ»ΡΡ
Varieties of Illite
Al-illite-hydromica | Variety of Illite very low in K and high in water. |
Ammersooite | A variety of Illite capable of fixing Potassium, from Dutch fields. |
Avalite | A chromian variety of Illite. Originally described from Mt Avala, Belgrade, Serbia. |
Illite Jade | A dense variety of illite with reddish banding (caused by microscopic inclusions of hematite), which is used for carving and as an ornamental stone. In addition to hematite, the material usually also contains small quantities of impurities such as quartz,... |
Leverrierite | A kaolinite-group clay. Originally reported from Saint-Etienne, Loire, Rhône-Alpes, France. |
Nickel and Chromium-rich Illite | The illite and a Ni-dominant trioctahedral mica are said to contain up to 22.8 wt.% NiO and up to 11.0 wt.% Cr2O3, which would be the largest as for world's micas at all. |
Vanadium-bearing Illite | A V-enriched "illite". |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
11 photos of Illite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
10 photos of Illite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
6 photos of Illite associated with Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 |
6 photos of Illite associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
6 photos of Illite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
5 photos of Illite associated with Chalcedony | SiO2 |
5 photos of Illite associated with Chrysoprase | |
4 photos of Illite associated with Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 Β· nH2O |
4 photos of Illite associated with Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
4 photos of Illite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
Fluorescence of Illite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Illite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Illite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2011.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Illite
Reference List:
Localities for Illite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
β - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
Jessica D. DeWitt et al. (2020) | |
Algeria | |
| Marignac (1988) |
Antarctica | |
| Li et al. (2003) |
Ballance et al. (2002) | |
| Ballance et al. (2002) |
Ballance et al. (2002) | |
| Browne |
Kammerer (2011) | |
| ... |
Soto et al. (2014) | |
Arctic Ocean | |
Murdmaa et al. (2000) | |
Krupskaya et al. (2002) | |
| Koo et al. (2022) |
| Kravchishina et al. (2023) |
Kravchishina et al. (2023) | |
Kravchishina et al. (2023) | |
Olsen (2016) | |
Argentina | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Colombo et al. (2011) |
| PadrΓ³n de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) |
PadrΓ³n de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
PadrΓ³n de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
PadrΓ³n de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
| Soechting (2008) |
PadrΓ³n de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
PadrΓ³n de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
PadrΓ³n de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
PadrΓ³n de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
| PadrΓ³n de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) |
| Colombo et al. (2011) |
| Colombo et al. (2006) |
| A Summary and Geological Comparison. ... +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Bardelli et al. (2018) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Musso et al. (2022) |
| PONS |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Vattuone et al. (2001) |
| Juan Carlos Lodovichi |
| ROBL +1 other reference |
Paz et al. (2016) | |
Salado-Paz et al. (2022) | |
| Laura MaydagΓ‘n et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| ZubΓa et al. (2008) |
| Peterson (2011) |
| Sillitoe et al. (2019) |
| William R. Gilmour et al. (2017) |
Gilmour et al. (2017) | |
| BENGOCHEA |
| Gallard-Esquivel et al. (2018) |
| Nilda E. Urbina & P. Sruoga (2008) |
Gallard-Esquivel et al. (2018) | |
| Moreira et al. (2015) |
| Permuy Vidal et al. (2016) |
| P&E Mining Consultants Inc. (2007) |
| Smith (2009) |
| FERNANDEZ |
PΓ‘ez et al. (2016) | |
Hugo A. PeΓ±a (1970) | |
Atlantic Ocean | |
Hein et al. (2016) | |
Martos-Villa +5 other references | |
| Gablina et al. (2006) |
Milinovic +6 other references | |
| Melchert et al. (2008) |
| Post et al. (2016) |
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
| Duerden (2010) |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Hertzberger et al. (1978) |
| Gilligan et al. (1993) |
| Ashley et al. (1997) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Quan et al. (2021) |
Madayag et al. (2021) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Graham et al. (2021) |
Fitzherbert et al. (2017) | |
| Allibone (1998) |
Singer et al. (2005) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Pwa et al. (1999) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
| Frenda (1966) |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Gilligan et al. (1992) |
Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
Gilligan et al. (1992) | |
| Australian Journal of Earth Sciences (2006) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Davidson et al. (2005) |
| Schmid +2 other references |
| Ireland et al. (2004) |
| Wilde et al. (1987) |
| Rajesh (2008) |
| Mauric et al. (2011) |
| Lindner (1983) |
| Wormald (1993) |
| Jun Lei (2001) |
Paul (2010) | |
| Rieger et al. (2021) |
| Sielecki (1988) |
Lottermoser et al. (2008) | |
Sielecki (1988) | |
| S. Mills XRD data |
| Lottermoser et al. (2008) |
| www.smedg.org.au (2011) |
Williams et al. (1998) | |
| Taylor et al. (2004) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Douglas (2014) |
Harris et al. (2003) | |
| Lewis (2010) |
| SahlstrΓΆm et al. (2016) |
| Davidson (2007) |
| notesmi.altarum.org (n.d.) |
Schlegel et al. (2015) | |
| Muller (1972) |
| Ross |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill & Taheri |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| Bottrill (2000) |
Bottrill R. and Olubas P | |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Hajitaheri (1985) |
| Noble (2012) |
| Ostwald (1985) |
| Mock (1987) |
| Singer et al. (2009) |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... +4 other references |
Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... +7 other references | |
| |
| Downes et al. (2006) |
Downes et al. (2006) | |
| Downes et al. (2017) |
| a new category within the class of ... +1 other reference |
| Cameron (1990) |
| Recent Investigations of the Mitchell ... +3 other references |
Austria | |
| G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 173./93.:348 (1983) |
| H. Meixner: Der Karinthin 11:255-257 (1950) |
| |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Puttner (1996) |
| Carinthia II (2013) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| www.univie.ac.at (2020) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| RHI Leoben Laboratories |
| Bernhard (2006) |
| Postl et al. (1988) |
| Leikauf et al. (2013) |
| Grachev (Ed) +1 other reference |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Taucher (1989) |
Azerbaijan | |
| Novgorodova M.I. (caspian Sea) |
Bailiwick of Guernsey | |
| Ixer et al. (1983) |
Baltic Sea | |
| Burke et al. (2002) |
Belgium | |
| Thorez (1973) |
| Henrion (1996) |
| Richard De Nul |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Scheere et al. (1968) +2 other references |
| Chen et al. (1988) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Van Ranst (1977) |
| Blondieau et al. (2012) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Bolivia | |
| Moricz et al. (2009) |
| JimΓ©nez-Franco et al. (2018) |
JimΓ©nez-Franco et al. (2018) | |
| Torres et al. (2019) |
| USGS Bulletin #1975 (1992) |
| Ludington et al. (1992) |
Geology and Mineral Resources of the Altiplano and Cordillera Occidental (USGS Bulletin no. 1975) | |
Botswana | |
| Forrester +1 other reference |
Brazil | |
| A. C. Bastos Neto et al. (2009) |
| Mineralogical Record (1977) |
| Econ Geol. (1995) |
| Santana et al. (2022) |
| Poggi et al. (2022) |
| Ruy Ribeiro Franco - Minerais de ... |
Waber et al. (1992) | |
| Cassedanne et al. (1982) |
| Chaves et al. (MesoproterozΓ³ico) |
| Oliver |
Revista Brasileira de GeociΓͺncias 23 (4) | |
| e Souza et al. (2020) |
| Dressel et al. (2022) |
| Toniolo et al. (2010) |
Pereira et al. (2021) | |
Bulgaria | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Dimowa et al. (2022) |
Moritz et al. (2014) | |
| Bogdanov et al. (2004) +2 other references |
Kouzmanov et al. (2009) | |
| Bogdanov et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Bogdanov et al. (2004) |
| Sabeva et al. (2017) |
| Damyanov (1998) +1 other reference |
| Georgieva |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Burkina Faso | |
| KΕΓbek et al. (2016) |
Cambodia | |
| Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1993) |
Canada | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
| Pollock et al. (2000) |
| E. Morichon et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Millonig et al. (2017) |
| British Columbia Ministry of Energy |
| Canadian Museum of Nature collection ... |
| Mumford (2007) |
| Geological Survey of Canada |
| Jennifer Pell (1994) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Garagan (2014) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Zhu et al. (2018) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Duuring et al. (2009) |
Duuring et al. (2009) | |
| Brueckner |
| BC Minfile |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Econ Geol (1995) |
Bannatyne (1985) | |
153-155. +3 other references | |
| Parrish (1977) |
| dnre-mrne.gnb.ca (2006) |
| Chi et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Sparkes et al. (2016) |
| Battler et al. (2013) |
| Hewton (2012) |
| Groat et al. (2003) |
| MΓΆller et al. (2017) |
| Tanner (1994) |
| Richardson et al. (1988) |
www.gov.ns.ca (n.d.) | |
| Geological Association of Canada (2014) +1 other reference |
Riegler et al. (2014) +1 other reference | |
Quirt +1 other reference | |
| Turner et al. (2001) |
| Breaks et al. (2008) |
| Ontario Geological Survey +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Robichaud et al. (2011) |
| Williams (1990) |
| cgc.rncan.gc.ca (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Rich et al. (1977) | |
... | |
Maurice et al. (1983) +1 other reference | |
Adlakha et al. (2013) +3 other references | |
Canadian Mineralogist Vol.26 (1988) | |
| Mark Hatton (2021) |
Boulanger (2012) | |
gac.esd.mun.ca (n.d.) | |
| SRK Consulting (Canada) |
SRK Consulting (Canada) | |
Egan (1986) | |
| Mine Development Associates (2018) |
| Econ Geol (1985) |
Econ Geol (1989) | |
Mato et al. (1983) | |
| Lee et al. (2022) |
Cape Verde | |
| M.M.S. Cabral Pinto et al. (2011) |
Chile | |
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Georgia | |
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Grenada | |
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Guatemala | |
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Guinea | |
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Honduras | |
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SzakΓ‘ll et al. (1996) | |
| MΓ‘fi Γvi Jel. 1986 |
Koch: Minerals of Hungary | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
GEODA 2013/2 | |
FΓΆldessy et al. (2008) | |
| SzakΓ‘ll: 100 Hungarian Mineral Locality |
| |
| SzakΓ‘ll & JΓ‘nosi. Minerals of Hungary |
| SzakΓ‘ll et al. (1996) |
| SzakΓ‘ll et al. (1996) |
| SzakΓ‘ll et al. (1996) |
| SzakΓ‘ll & JΓ‘nosi (1996) |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary |
Iceland | |
| Viereck et al. (1982) |
| Escobedo et al. (2021) |
India | |
| S. G. Tenainkai et al. (1991) |
| Banerjee |
Banerjee | |
| A.G. Dessai et al. |
Indian Ocean | |
Bibhuranjan Nayak et al. (2011) | |
| D. Besse et al. |
Herzig et al. (1988) | |
| Linsy et al. (2023) |
Indonesia | |
| Mulja et al. (2022) |
Ian A Taylor (2011) | |
| Yuningsih et al. (2014) |
| Leroy et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Idrus et al. (2015) |
Suhendra et al. (2024) | |
Suhendra et al. (2024) | |
| www.pdac.ca (2003) |
| Simmons et al. (1990) |
| van Leeuwen et al. (2012) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Syafrizal et al. (2017) | |
Rivai et al. (2019) | |
| INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 20 |
Tumpangpitu porphyry-high sulphidation epithermal deposit et al. (Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. B) +1 other reference | |
| Davies (2002) +1 other reference |
| van Leeuwen et al. (2012) |
PerellΓ³ (1994) +1 other reference | |
| ... |
Kingrose Mining Ltd. (2009) | |
| Mineralium Deposita (2005) |
Mineralium Deposita (2005) | |
| WARREN (2005) +2 other references |
| King et al. (2014) |
King et al. (2014) | |
| Turner et al. (1994) |
| Sweetapple et al. (2014) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Pollard et al. (2002) |
Prendergast (2003) | |
| Zglinicki +3 other references |
| Nur et al. (2012) |
| Al Hakim et al. (2017) |
| Pramumijoyo et al. (2017) |
| Yuningsih et al. (2014) |
| MilΓ©si et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Tun et al. (2015) |
Etzel et al. (2015) | |
| Yuningsih et al. (2014) |
| ANSHAR (2022) |
| Yuningsih et al. (2014) |
| Verdiansyah et al. (2022) |
| Burrows et al. (2020) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Abidin et al. (2014) |
Iran | |
| Abedini |
| Sadati et al. (2016) |
| Tahmasebi et al. (2010) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Altenberger et al. (Ag-Au) |
Taghipour et al. (2008) | |
| Derakhshani et al. (2009) |
Khorasanipour (2015) | |
| Fazli et al. (2022) |
| Ali Sholeh et al. (2016) |
| Kouhestani et al. (2020) |
| Abedini et al. (2024) |
| Daliran (2008) |
| Ali Abedini (2016) |
Mehrabi et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Mehrabi et al. (2016) |
| USGS database |
| Ghasemi Siani et al. (2022) |
Ireland | |
| de Haller +1 other reference |
| Nawaz (1980) +1 other reference |
| Balassone et al. (2008) |
| Balassone et al. (2008) |
Moreton (1999) | |
Israel | |
| Weiner et al. (1993) |
| Shlomovitch et al. (1999) |
Bartura et al. (1974) | |
| Segev et al. (1992) |
Italy | |
| Putzolu et al. (2018) |
| Putzolu et al. (2018) |
Putzolu et al. (2018) | |
Putzolu et al. (2018) | |
Balenzano F. (1981) | |
| Balenzano F. (1981) |
Balenzano F. (1981) | |
Balenzano F. (1981) | |
| Balenzano F. (1981) |
Balenzano F. (1981) | |
Balenzano F. (1981) | |
Balenzano F. (1981) | |
| Ferrrari et al. (1985) |
| Bertacchini et al. (1999) |
| Ferrrari et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| E. Passaglia et al. |
| Conte +4 other references |
| Conte et al. (2022) |
| Mattias et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| SanitΓ et al. (2024) |
| Antofilli |
| Boni et al. (1976) |
| Boni et al. (1976) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| [Illite-1M] M.E. Ciriotti collection +1 other reference |
| Mattioli V. (1979) |
Mattioli (1979) | |
| Frau et al. (2001) |
| Uras (1974) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| MacLean et al. (1997) |
| Simeone et al. (1999) |
| Ara D. et al. (2013) |
| Baldoni et al. (2013) |
| Martinelli et al. (2004) |
| Martinelli et al. (2004) |
Martinelli et al. (2004) | |
| Mair (1996) |
| Canal et al. (2012) |
| Paolo Gasparetto et al. (2014) |
| Dr. GIOVANNI MONTINI (GR) |
| De Waele et al. (2013) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (1) |
| Ventriglia U. (1948) +1 other reference |
| Garofalo et al. (2023) |
| Orlandi et al. (2005) |
Cipriani et al. (1977) | |
| Eckhardt et al. (1997) |
Eckhardt et al. (1997) | |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Dondi et al. (1995) |
Japan | |
| INOUE et al. (1991) |
| Yuichi Morishita and Naoto Takeno (2010) |
| Scott et al. (1998) |
| Myint (1996) |
| Hamada et al. (2022) |
| WARREN (2005) |
| Morishita et al. (2008) |
| Yeats et al. (2017) |
| Ishibashi (1974) |
| [Illite-1Md] Kuwahara et al. (2008) |
| Maki et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
Dr. Kameki Kinoshita collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) | |
| [Illite-2M] Dr. Yohachiro Okamoto collection (curated at Geological Survey museum, Japan) |
Jordan | |
| Techer et al. (2006) |
| Fleurance et al. (2013) |
Khoury (2014) | |
| Dill et al. (2009) |
| Qatar Univ. Sci. J. 21:101-117. |
Kazakhstan | |
| |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Kenya | |
| Hay et al. (1995) |
Kosovo | |
| PalinkaΕ‘ +6 other references |
| FΓ©raud J. (1979) |
| Mederski et al. (2022) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Terra Nostra 2001/2: 3 |
| Dublyansky et al. (1989) |
Latvia | |
Dmitry Vorobjov's collection | |
Dmitry Vorobjov's collection | |
Dmitry Vorobjov's collection | |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Specimens were diagnosed at the Latvian University (LU) +1 other reference |
Lebanon | |
| Kruszewski et al. (South Lebanon) |
Luxembourg | |
| Philippo et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1960) |
| Hatzl (2010) |
Malawi | |
| M.E. Ciriotti +2 other references |
Malaysia | |
| Baioumy et al. (2012) |
| Li et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Syed Hasan et al. (2018) |
| Percival et al. (1990) |
Breward et al. (1994) | |
Breward et al. (1994) | |
Wolfram Dieter Schuh (1993) | |
Baioumy et al. (2012) | |
Mali | |
| Randabel et al. (2018) |
Mauritania | |
| Marsh et al. (2015) |
Mexico | |
| Hinojosa et al. (2005) |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Megaw |
| Sotelo (2016) |
Sotelo (2016) | |
Sotelo (2016) | |
| Anisimov et al. (2001) |
| Forti (2006) |
| GonzΓ‘lez-SΓ‘nchez et al. (2017) |
| Part I et al. (8) +1 other reference |
| Simmons et al. (2005) |
| Ref.: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias GeolΓ³gicas et al. (2000) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Tom Gibson (2011) |
| Garcia y Barragan (1975) |
| Garrett (1998) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Megaw (2023) |
Stone +3 other references | |
Middle East | |
Gross (1977) | |
Mongolia | |
| RPMGlobal (2018) |
| Fukushi +6 other references |
H. Gantumur et al. (2005) | |
| Economic Geology September 2001 v. 96 ... |
Khashgerel et al. (2008) | |
Davaasuren et al. (2016) | |
Morocco | |
| Flavien Choulet et al. (2014) |
| Barral et al. (2008) |
| MINERALOGICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL ... +5 other references |
| F. Choulet et al. (2016) |
| Verhaert et al. (2018) |
| Poot +6 other references |
Mozambique | |
| Gomes et al. (2022) |
Namibia | |
| Wilde (2023) |
| Zimmermann et al. (2016) |
Netherlands | |
| [var: Ammersooite] H. W. van der Marel (1954) |
| |
New Zealand | |
| Christie |
| www.mightyriver.co.nz (n.d.) |
| Carlson et al. (1974) |
| Skinner et al. (1999) |
Skinner et al. (1999) | |
| Mac Beggs (1978) |
| A. G. Reyes et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Jones (1972) |
| Soong et al. (1975) |
| Simpson et al. (2011) |
Simpson et al. (2011) | |
Simpson et al. (2016) | |
Simpson et al. (2016) | |
| Christie et al. (1996) |
members.segweb.org (n.d.) +3 other references | |
Christie et al. (2007) | |
Christie et al. (2007) | |
| Singh (2015) |
Simpson et al. (2007) | |
Brathwaite et al. (2002) | |
R.L. Brathwaite and K. Faure +1 other reference | |
| Simmons et al. (2000) |
Simpson et al. (2011) | |
Simpson et al. (2011) | |
Simpson et al. (2011) | |
Simpson et al. (2011) | |
Simpson et al. (2011) | |
Rabone et al. (1989) | |
Rabone | |
Mark P. Simpson (2004) | |
| Courtney et al. (1990) |
| a coincidental trapping of fluids being ... +1 other reference |
Mauriohooho | |
| Rae (2007) |
Chambefort et al. (2017) | |
| Simpson et al. (2011) |
| Moore (1979) |
Agricola Mining Consultants Pty Ltd (2017) | |
| 7 +1 other reference |
Brathwaite et al. (2001) | |
Corbett et al. (1996) | |
7 +1 other reference | |
| Masalehdani et al. (2007) |
| crownminerals.med.govt.nz (2004) |
Nicaragua | |
| www.royalroadminerals.com (n.d.) |
| Darce (1990) |
| Hynek et al. (2013, March) +1 other reference |
Niger | |
| Saidou et al. (2015) |
Randabel et al. (2018) | |
Saidou et al. (2015) | |
Saidou et al. (2015) | |
Nigeria | |
| Ademila et al. (2017) |
North Macedonia | |
| Percival et al. (1994) |
| abstract in Geophysical Research ... +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Radusinovic (1974) |
| PalinkaΕ‘ et al. (2022) |
| Spasovski et al. (2009) |
Spasovski et al. (2009) | |
Norway | |
| |
| Ineson +1 other reference |
Bancroft et al. (2001) | |
| Hurum (1999) |
Furnes et al. (1982) +1 other reference | |
| Hege Kilhavn et al. (2017) |
| Larsen (1982) |
| Nordrum (2000) |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Salter et al. (1974) |
| Larsen (1994) |
| P. Andresen |
| Berge (n.d.) |
| Larsen et al. (2004) |
| [Illite-2M] Berg (1989) |
| Kvamsdal et al. (2006) |
| Berg (1994) |
Oman | |
| Kickmaier W. and Peters (1990) |
Pacific Ocean | |
Hein et al. (2016) | |
| Mei Zhang et al. (2011) |
| Magnetite Olivine Pyroxene Plagioclase ... |
| Fengyou Chu et al. (2006) |
| Hu et al. (2023) |
Astakhova et al. (2014) | |
| Hein et al. (2010) |
Hein et al. (2010) | |
Hein et al. (2010) | |
Hein et al. (2010) | |
Hein et al. (2010) | |
| Schwarz-Schampera et al. (2001) |
Pacific Plate | |
Zhou +7 other references | |
Panama | |
| Yang et al. (1997) |
I. Corral et al. (2010) +2 other references | |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Vanko et al. (2004) |
Vanko et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Gonzalez-Alvarez et al. (2013) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
aufa.tripod.com (n.d.) | |
| Lindley (1998) |
| ESPI et al. (22β25 October 2006) +2 other references |
| Cameron (2013) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Dane Burkett et al. (2014) |
| Denwer (1993) |
Rinne et al. (2018) | |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
Econ Geol (1984) | |
| MΓΌller et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
Sykora et al. (2018) | |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
Singer et al. (2005) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Peru | |
| Balassone et al. (2020) |
| Rainbow et al. (2005) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Yang et al. (2015) | |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| www.portergeo.com.au (2007) |
| Bin Wu et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Gibson (1992) |
| Ciesielczuk et al. (2013) |
| Miofuvhoedki (2001) |
| portergeo.com.au (2022) |
| Gamarra-Urrunaga et al. (2013) |
| Dill et al. (1997) |
| Dill et al. (1997) |
| Davies et al. (2005) |
Dill et al. (1997) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Mendoza (2010) | |
| Davies et al. (2005) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Simmons et al. (2005) +1 other reference | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| J.R. de Wet and J.D. Singleton (2008) +1 other reference |
Mondillo et al. (2014) | |
| PΓ©rez-Puig Obieta et al. (2013) |
| Hanneman (2014) |
| Dill et al. (1997) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| BendezΓΊ et al. (2009) |
Economic Geology November 2009 vol. 104 ... +1 other reference | |
| O'Connor et al. (2018) |
| Mlynarczyk (2005) |
Philippines | |
| Hermo et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Cooke et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Kolb et al. (2009) |
| David Braxton and Ryan Mathur (2011) |
| Villaplaza et al. (2017) |
| Jillian Aira Gabo-Ratio et al. (2020) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| de SΓ‘ et al. (2024) |
Poland | |
| JirΓ‘sek +7 other references |
| Biernacka (2023) |
| PuΕawska +2 other references |
| Wieser T. 1974: Basaluminite in the ... |
| J. Cabala et al. (2008) |
| MarszaΕek +2 other references |
| Oszczepalski (1999) |
Krzysztof Andrzejewski Collection | |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski Collection |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski |
| Balcerzak et al. (1992) |
| Mochnacka K. 1975: Mineralizacja skaΕ ... |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Ciesielczukk |
| Pendias H. (1961) |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
Oszczepalski (1999) | |
| Trippke P. (1878 a) |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski |
| Collected by Krzysztof Andrzejewski |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Kowalski W. (1973) +1 other reference |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| [var: Vanadium-bearing Illite] Ε. Kruszewski EPMA data |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Collected by Krzysztof Andrzejewski |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski Collection |
| Bzowski et al. (2013) |
| Dudek 2012 (Middle Jurassic) +1 other reference |
| W. Szeliga |
| W. Szeliga |
| CabaΕa +4 other references |
CabaΕa +4 other references | |
| PierwoΕa |
| WiewiΓ³ra (1977) |
| Naglik et al. (2021) |
| Szopa +4 other references |
Szopa +4 other references | |
| Ciesielczuk et al. (2014) |
| Parafiniuk et al. (2009) |
| Kruszewski et al. (1 November 2018) +1 other reference |
| Kruszewski et al. (2018) |
| Krzysztof Andrzejewski |
| Ciurej et al. (2023) |
| Krzykawski et al. (2015) |
Portugal | |
| Rocha et al. (2017) |
Qatar | |
| DILL et al. (2005) |
| SJ Nasir (2003) |
Romania | |
| Mineralium Deposita (2004) +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Zajzon et al. (2006) |
| Onac et al. (1995) |
| Tamas et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
al RomΓ’niei (2003) | |
| Slavoaca |
Slavoaca | |
| Dumitras D et al. (2004) |
| Marincea et al. (1997) |
| Marincea et al. (2006) |
| Ed.:SzakΓ‘ll S.-KristΓ‘ly ... |
| Popa T. (2004) |
| D. Dumitras (2000) +1 other reference |
| Comptes Rendus Geosciences Volume 335 +1 other reference |
| Onac (2009) |
| Grancea et al. (2002) |
| DumitraΕ et al. (2006) |
| Marincea et al. (2004) |
| Har +3 other references |
| Onac et al. (2003) |
Russia | |
| Ovdina +2 other references |
| Pekov et al. (2011) |
| Gordeev et al. (2022) |
| Contributions to Mineralogy and ... |
| Belogub et al. (2007) |
| Bulnaev (2001) |
| Mason et al. (2005) |
| Spiridonov et al. (the South Urals) +1 other reference |
| Safina +7 other references |
| Yakich et al. (2021) |
| Tolstykh et al. (2021) |
| Anastasiya SERGEEVA (2023) |
| Takahashi +3 other references |
Okrugin et al. (an Example of Mutnovsky Geothermal Area, Southern Kamchatka) | |
| Frolova et al. (2010, April) |
Takahashi et al. (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Rudmin et al. (Western Siberia) |
| Kokh et al. (2023) |
Strakhovenko +4 other references | |
| Sidorov et al. (1994) |
| Savva et al. (2019) |
Zhuravkova et al. (2017) | |
Pekin et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| ... |
| Kaulina et al. (2018) |
| Π ΡΠ±Π°Π½ et al. (Authigenic Minerals in Peat Deposit of South-Eastern Corner of Vasyugan Swamp, Western Siberia) |
| Grabezhev et al. (2000) |
| Talovina et al. (2003) |
| Khetchikov +3 other references |
| Kailachakov et al. (2020) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2022) |
| So et al. (1995) |
| Sokol et al. (2021) |
Sokol et al. (2021) | |
Volokhin et al. (2016) | |
| Lehmann et al. (1999) |
tv-cv1m illites from galkinskoe massive sulfide deposit (russia) +3 other references | |
| webcenter.ru (2002) |
| Kuzhuget et al. (2023) |
| Zueva et al. (2023) |
| Aleshin et al. (2007) |
Petrov (2005) | |
Rwanda | |
| Chen et al. (2023) |
Saint Lucia | |
| A Mars Analogue Site. Masters Thesis +1 other reference |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Forti et al. (2004) |
Surour (2015) | |
| Atencio et al. (2015) |
Serbia | |
| [var: Avalite] Clark (1993) |
| Albrecht von Quadt et al. (2007) |
| Zivanovic (2019) |
| Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002) +1 other reference |
| Ministry of Mining and Energy (2002) |
Slovakia | |
| ΔuΔa R. |
| KodΔra (1986) |
KodΔra (1986) | |
| PauliΕ‘ |
| ΔuΔa R. |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
PauliΕ‘ | |
| Ε ucha et al. (2007) |
Lexa et al. (1999) | |
JeleΕ et al. (2006) | |
| KozΓ‘k J. et al. (2017) |
| Lexa et al. (1999) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra P. et al. (2008) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| Ferenc Ε . et al. (SlovenskΓ© Rudohorie, veporikum) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
KodΔra (1986) | |
MaΕ₯o et al. (strednΓ© Slovensko) | |
KodΔra (1986) | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
KodΔra (1986) | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| PauliΕ‘ |
KodΔra (1986) | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| Lexa et al. (1999) |
| KodΔra (1986) +1 other reference |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| ΔuΔa (1993) |
KodΔra (1986) | |
| KodΔra P. et al. (2016) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| PauliΕ‘ |
KodΔra (1986) | |
| PauliΕ‘ P. |
KodΔra (1986) | |
| KodΔra (1986) +1 other reference |
KodΔra (1986) | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
KodΔra (1986) | |
KodΔra (1986) | |
KodΔra (1986) | |
KodΔra (1986) | |
KodΔra (1986) | |
| PauliΕ‘ P. |
PauliΕ‘ P. | |
KodΔra (1986) | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
KodΔra (1986) | |
[var: Nickel and Chromium-rich Illite] Ferenc et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
KodΔra (1986) | |
| CΓlek V. |
| CΓlek (1999) |
KodΔra (1986) | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| BacsΓ³ |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KaliΔiak |
KodΔra | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
ΔuΔa R. | |
ΔuΔa R. | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
KodΔra (1986) | |
KodΔra (1986) | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
KodΔra (1986) | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
KodΔra (1986) | |
| ΔuΔa |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| Duda et. all. |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| ΔuΔa |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
KodΔra (1986) | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| Uher et al. (PovaΕΎskΓ½ Inovec) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) |
Solomon Islands | |
| Gedikile et al. (2010) |
Singer et al. (2008) | |
South Africa | |
| International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) |
| PMPB Meulenbeld collection Photo ID: ... |
| Heron |
| Ware (2001) |
| Bangert et al. (2001) |
| McCall (2016) |
| McCall (2016) |
| International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) |
| upetd.up.ac.za (2006) |
| Gutzmer (1996) |
| Gutzmer (1996) |
Gutzmer (1996) | |
Gutzmer (1996) | |
| Gutzmer (1996) |
Gutzmer (1996) | |
Gutzmer (1996) | |
| Geyer (2008) |
| Gutzmer (1996) |
Nedachi et al. (1998) | |
South China Sea | |
| Xu et al. (2019) |
South Korea | |
| Kinosaki (1943) |
| Chil-Sup So et al. (1995) |
Econ Geol 92 (1997) | |
Bong Chul Yoo (2010) | |
| "Exploration and utilization of the ... |
Spain | |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
SantamarΓa-LΓ³pez et al. (2023) | |
| J. Cuevas et al. (1989) |
| Mendoza et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Ariza-RodrΓguez et al. (2022) |
| JimΓ©nez-MillΓ‘n et al. (2022) |
| Romero Silva JC (2003) |
| Cepedal et al. (2008) |
| B. Onac et al (2009) |
| Entrena et al. (2022) |
| Onac et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
Onac et al. (2005) | |
| Perona et al. (2018) |
| Velasco et al. (2003) |
| Higueras et al. (1999) |
| M. Hardy and J.P. Ildefonse : Dolomitisation (Bonar, Espagne) |
| Stvdia Geologica Salmanticensia |
| Rosell-Riba et al. (2022) |
Bosch +6 other references | |
| Joan Rosell (2023) |
| MartΓnez et al. (2023) |
| Castillo-Oliver et al. (2019) |
| Econ Geol (1992) |
| Garcia-Valles +2 other references |
Garcia-Valles +2 other references | |
| Ruishi Yang and Wenguang Li (2001) |
RodrΓguez et al. (1994) | |
| Alonso-Zarza et al. (2011) |
| Kilias et al. (2006) |
| Ignasi et al. (1997) |
| Joan Vinals & Miguel Calvo (2007) |
Sweden | |
| Jan Olov NystrΓΆm (1991) |
| Silin et al. (2022) |
| SandstrΓΆm (2008) |
| SandstrΓΆm et al. (2010) |
| Petersson et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
Switzerland | |
| Voegelin et al. (2015) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Christian Bracke Collection |
| Dill (2008) |
Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Jahn (2004) |
| |
| Cuchet (1993) |
| Meisser (2012) |
Tanzania | |
| Schwaighofer et al. (1987) |
Thailand | |
| Van Kauwenbergh et al. (1988) |
| Grace Cumming et al +3 other references |
Tangwattananukul (2014) | |
Togo | |
| AMBASE EXPLORATION (TOGO) |
Tunisia | |
| Chakroun et al. (2013) |
| Dill |
| Boujlel et al. (2019) |
Turkey | |
| Helvaci (1998) |
Temel et al. (2010) | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Helvaci +2 other references |
| A Summary and Geological Comparison. ... +1 other reference |
Gultekin et al. (2016) | |
| Yigit (2012) |
| A Summary and Geological Comparison. ... +1 other reference |
| TEKER et al. (2006) |
Z. Cacsu and H. Emre (2011) | |
| A Summary and Geological Comparison. ... +2 other references |
| Ercan et al. (2022) |
Ercan et al. (2022) | |
| Yigit (2012) |
Huseyin Yilmaz et al. (2010) +1 other reference | |
| Tetiker et al. (2015) |
Dogan (2003) | |
| ΓztΓΌrk (1997) |
| Echle (1967) |
| A Summary and Geological Comparison. ... +1 other reference |
| Yahya ΓiftΓ§i et al. (2013) |
| Orhan et al. (2023) |
| ΓztΓΌrk et al. (1995) |
| Yilmaz et al. (2007) |
Yilmaz et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
Yilmaz et al. (2007) | |
| Akçay et al. (2006) |
| Econ Geol (1993) |
Econ Geol (1993) | |
| Aluc et al. (2020) |
| A Summary and Geological Comparison. ... +2 other references |
| Mutlu et al. (2005) |
| Masurenko et al. (2007) |
| Altay et al. (2010) |
| Yaylali-Abanuz et al. (2011) |
| Econ Geol (1993) |
| Econ Geol (1993) +1 other reference |
| Tetiker et al. (2015) |
| Econ Geol (1993) |
Econ Geol (1993) | |
Uganda | |
| |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| |
| Day (1999) |
Day (1999) | |
Day (1999) | |
Day (1999) | |
| Day (1999) |
| Ineson et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
Ineson et al. (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Ineson et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
Ineson et al. (1974) +1 other reference | |
Ineson et al. (1974) +2 other references | |
| Ineson et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
| |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| Quirk (1986) |
Quirk (1986) | |
| Kemp et al. (1994) |
Canadian Mineralogist Vol.24 (1986) | |
| De Putter et al. (2000) |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| [Specimen in the Natural History Museum |
| Wilson et al. (1984) |
| Am Min 61:3-4 pp 299-302 |
MinMag 63:37-52 | |
Ukraine | |
| Cuney et al. (2012) |
| Biruk et al. (2012) |
USA | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
Cook et al. (1982) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| - (2005) |
Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| ... |
| Lang et al. (2013) |
| Econ Geol (1986) |
| The non sulphide zinc mineralisation of Reef Ridge et al. (Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. B) |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Schwartz (1947) +1 other reference | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Robert Bowell |
| www.caves.org |
| Pipkin (1967) +1 other reference |
| Scarborough (1981) |
Barrington (1962) +1 other reference | |
| Gornitz (2004) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10062184 |
| Keith (1972) |
| Schwartz (1947) +1 other reference |
| Besse (1981) |
| Schwartz (1947) +2 other references |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10060262 |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
Schwartz (1947) +2 other references | |
| Lowell (1968) +1 other reference |
Schwartz (1947) +3 other references | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10039657 +1 other reference |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2005) |
| Howard (2007) |
| Howard +1 other reference |
Howard (2007) | |
| Dummett (1987) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 427. +2 other references |
| Breit et al. (2009) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 427. +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 427. +2 other references |
| Blaske |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 427. +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Barrel Sidney Cowan (1978) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 427. +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| D.E. Keale (Oct. 27-30, 2002) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Caine et al. (2010) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Kucera (2021) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 298-310 +1 other reference |
| Harvard Museum of Natural History ... |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS Prof. Paper 750C +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol. (1995) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Shawe et al. (2011) |
Keller (1962) +1 other reference | |
| Moritz (n.d.) |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol.24 (1986) |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol.24 (1986) |
| - (2005) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Patterson et al. (1984) |
| Lindeman +3 other references |
| Gulbrandsen (1974) |
| - (2005) |
| GSA Bulletin +4 other references |
| Andrew R. Thomas and Haydn H.Murray (1989) |
| - (2005) |
Evernden et al. (1961) | |
| ... |
... | |
| www.indiana.edu +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
... | |
| Peacor (2000) |
| J.C. Bridges (2000) |
| Kopp et al. (1974) |
| Olive et al. (1969) |
Olive et al. (1969) | |
| Hower et al. (2013) |
Olive et al. (1969) | |
Olive et al. (1969) | |
| Hower et al. (2015) |
Olive et al. (1969) | |
| www.rkci.org (2008) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Paul P.Hearn et al. (1988) |
| Wood et al (1990) |
| Cerato (2003) |
| "Western Massachusetts Mineral ... |
| Am.Jour.Science 300:630-655 (October, 2000) |
| Weed (1988) |
| ... |
| Williams et al. (2023) |
Copperwoood Mine Orvana Resources US ... +1 other reference | |
... | |
... | |
... | |
| Heinrich (1976) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Schubert (2017) |
| - (2005) |
| Econ Geol (1986) |
| Chakhmouradian et al. (2002) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| |
Joekel +1 other reference | |
| DSW collection |
| Gibson (1987) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Anthony A. Longo et al. (2002) | |
mrdata.usgs.gov (2015) +1 other reference | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Leavitt et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Cain et al. (2007) |
| Smith et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1985) +1 other reference |
Econ Geol (1989) | |
| Cole et al. (1984) |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
J.B. Harlan et al. (2002) | |
- (2005) | |
| Hastings (2008) |
| U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report ... +1 other reference |
- (2005) | |
| Econ Geol (1992) |
- (2005) | |
Economic Geology (1996) +1 other reference | |
- (2005) | |
Jerry W. Mohling (2002) +2 other references | |
Economic Geology (1996) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
J.B. Harlan et al. (2002) | |
| WARREN (2005) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Castor +1 other reference |
| Bowell et al. (2005) |
Osterberg (1990) | |
- (2005) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
| Moore-Roth (2012) |
| Blamey (2000) +1 other reference |
| Clark (2012) |
| U. S. Geological Survey Open-File ... |
| Aird et al. (2021) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Baldwin (2014) |
| Castor et al. (1993) |
Castor et al. (1993) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| John et al. (1989) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| [var: Leverrierite] NBMG files No. 29600035 |
[var: Leverrierite] Ferguson (1924) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
- (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Ilchik (1990) +2 other references |
| Whitmore et al. (2004) |
| Nora K. Foley et al. (2006) |
| Tedrow (2002) |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Philip (2013) |
| Polyak +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| NMBGMR Open-file Report OF-459 |
| NMBMMR Memoir 38 Geology and Technology ... |
| NMBGMR Open-file Report - 535 |
Cox II Eugene W. (1986) | |
| Jahns et al. (1977) |
| - (2005) |
| Southeastern Geology Vol 1 - ... |
Southeastern Geology Vol. 1 | |
S.Duncan Heron ( ) | |
S.Duncan Heron Jr. ( ) | |
S. Duncan Heron ( ) | |
| Southeastern Geology Vol 1- 1959- ... |
| - (2005) |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
| - (2005) |
Bachman et al. (2018) | |
| Bargar et al. (1986) |
| Altaner et al. (1990) |
| Bauer et al. (2022) |
| |
| Miller |
| Eric R. Force et al. (1982) |
S. Duncan Heron Jr. ( ) | |
S. Duncan Heron ( ) | |
S.Duncan Heron ( ) | |
| Econ Geol (1988) |
| PEDRAZA ROJAS et al. (2016) |
| Ronald W. Tank (1990) |
Rock & Minerals Vol. 84 No. 4 Jul/Aug ... | |
| - (2005) |
Nandi et al. (2009) | |
| - (2005) |
Olive et al. (1969) | |
Nandi et al. (2009) | |
| USGS Bulletion 1558-C +1 other reference |
| Flis et al. (2015) |
| - (2005) |
| BEG Min Res Circ 73 |
| Li et al. (2022) |
Barton et al. (2018) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
gsa.confex.com (n.d.) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
DANA R. KELLEY AND PAUL F. KERR (1958) +1 other reference | |
| makalu.jpl.nasa.gov (n.d.) |
| gsa.confex.com (n.d.) |
| Econ Geol (1996) |
James R. Wilson (1995) +2 other references | |
[var: Leverrierite] Bullock (1981) | |
[var: Leverrierite] Bullock (1981) | |
| Bull. MinΓ©ral. |
| Page et al. (1956) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Clays and Clay Minerals |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
Bullock (1981) +2 other references | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| [var: Leverrierite] Pegau (1932) +1 other reference |
| Kearns et al. (2016) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Minerals 63:6 pp446-453 |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| - (2005) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Dietrich et al. (1969) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Derkey et al. (1990, November) |
| Barrington et al. (1961) +1 other reference |
| Bauer et al. (2022) |
| Mudrey et al. (1979) |
| Dott |
| Mahoney et al. (1997) |
| Mahoney et al. (1997) |
| Lau (2011) |
| Gaudette (1965) |
| Meyer (1994) |
| Cordua |
| DeMatties (2018) |
| Sumaila (2017) |
| Van Rythoven et al. (2020) |
| 2009 Portland GSA Annual Meeting (18-21 October 2009) +1 other reference |
Bargar +1 other reference | |
Tschernich (1992) | |
Uzbekistan | |
| Mirzaev et al. (2004) |
Vietnam | |
Collection of NHM | |
| Nguyen et al. (2022) |
Yemen | |
| N. Mondillo et al. (2011) +2 other references |
Mars | |
| Gornitz (2008) |
| Ehlmann et al. (2009) |
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