Amphibole Supergroup
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Formula:
AX2Z5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
A = ☐, Na, K, Ca, Pb2+
X = Li, Na, Mg, Fe2+, Mn2+, Ca
Z = Li, Na, Mg, Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn, Co, Ni, Al, Fe3+, Cr3+, Mn3+, V3+, Ti, Zr
The IMA nomenclature report (Hawthorne et al., 2012) uses the general formula AB2C5T8W2. On mindat.org we avoid using variables with the same symbol as elements and we use X rather than B, Z rather than C and (OH,F,Cl,O) rather than W.
X = Li, Na, Mg, Fe2+, Mn2+, Ca
Z = Li, Na, Mg, Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn, Co, Ni, Al, Fe3+, Cr3+, Mn3+, V3+, Ti, Zr
The IMA nomenclature report (Hawthorne et al., 2012) uses the general formula AB2C5T8W2. On mindat.org we avoid using variables with the same symbol as elements and we use X rather than B, Z rather than C and (OH,F,Cl,O) rather than W.
Name:
The name amphibole (Greek αμφιβολος - amphibolos meaning 'ambiguous') was used by René Just Haüy to include tremolite, actinolite, tourmaline and hornblende. The group was so named by Haüy in allusion to the protean variety, in composition and appearance, assumed by its minerals. This term has since been applied to the whole group. (Wikipedia).
An extensive and complex group of minerals presently divided into a group/subgroup/root-name hierarchy (see group/subgroup/root-name files for the individual species). The amphibole group remains under study with the most recent, IMA-approved nomenclature being published in 2012 (Hawthorne et al., 2012, superseding Hawthorne & Oberti, 2006).
Individual members can often only be correctly identified by a combination of chemical-analytical, X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic methods.
The crystal symmetry is either monoclinic (more common) or orthorhombic.
Individual members can often only be correctly identified by a combination of chemical-analytical, X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic methods.
The crystal symmetry is either monoclinic (more common) or orthorhombic.
Classification of Amphibole Supergroup
Approved
Notes:
Group Name
Chemical Properties of Amphibole Supergroup
Formula:
AX2Z5((Si,Al,Ti)8O22)(OH,F,Cl,O)2
A = ☐, Na, K, Ca, Pb2+
X = Li, Na, Mg, Fe2+, Mn2+, Ca
Z = Li, Na, Mg, Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn, Co, Ni, Al, Fe3+, Cr3+, Mn3+, V3+, Ti, Zr
The IMA nomenclature report (Hawthorne et al., 2012) uses the general formula AB2C5T8W2. On mindat.org we avoid using variables with the same symbol as elements and we use X rather than B, Z rather than C and (OH,F,Cl,O) rather than W.
A = ☐, Na, K, Ca, Pb2+
X = Li, Na, Mg, Fe2+, Mn2+, Ca
Z = Li, Na, Mg, Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn, Co, Ni, Al, Fe3+, Cr3+, Mn3+, V3+, Ti, Zr
The IMA nomenclature report (Hawthorne et al., 2012) uses the general formula AB2C5T8W2. On mindat.org we avoid using variables with the same symbol as elements and we use X rather than B, Z rather than C and (OH,F,Cl,O) rather than W.
Age information
Age range:
Paleoproterozoic to Neogene : 1908 ± 15 Ma to 15 Ma - based on data given below.
Sample ages:
| Sample ID | Recorded age | Geologic Time | Dating method |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 18 to 15 Ma | Miocene | K-Ar |
| 2 | 150 to 140 Ma | Mesozoic | 40Ar/39Ar |
| 3 | 274.3 ± 2.2 Ma | Cisuralian | Re-Os |
| 4 | 297 ± 13 Ma | Cisuralian | K-Ar |
| 5 | 297 ± 13 Ma | Cisuralian | K-Ar |
| 6 | 305.9 ± 3.5 Ma | Pennsylvanian | Re-Os |
| 7 | 308 Ma | Pennsylvanian | K-Ar |
| 8 | 365.6 ± 8 Ma | Late Devonian | Ar-Ar |
| 9 | 376 ± 1.6 Ma | Late Devonian | Rb-Sr |
| 10 | 385.4 ± 9.2 Ma | Middle Devonian | Ar-Ar |
| 11 | 1301 to 1241 Ma | Ectasian | K-Ar |
| 12 | 1740 Ma | Statherian | K-Ar |
| 13 | 1903 ± 16 Ma | Orosirian | Ar-Ar |
| 14 | 1908 ± 15 Ma | Orosirian | Ar-Ar |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Apigania Bay, Tinos Island, Cyclade Islands, Kykládes Prefecture, Aegean Islands Department, Greece | Tombros, S. F., Seymour, K. S., Williams-Jones, A. E., & Spry, P. G. (2008) Later stages of evolution of an epithermal system: Au–Ag mineralizations at Apigania Bay, Tinos Island, Cyclades, Hellas, Greece. Mineralogy and Petrology, 94(3-4), 175-194. |
| 2 | Magurka, Partizánska Lupča, Liptovský Mikuláš Co., Žilina Region, Slovakia | Kohút M, Stein H (2005) Re–Os molybdenite dating of granite-related Sn–W–Mo mineralisation at Hnilec, Gemeric Superunit, Slovakia, Mineralogy and Petrology, 85, 117-139 |
| 3 | Huangshandong Cu-Ni-PGE deposit, Huangshan-Jing'erquan ore belt, Hami Co., Hami Prefecture, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China | Jingwen, M., Jianmin, Y., Wenjun, Q., Andao, D., Zhiliang, W., & Chunming, H. (2003). Re?Os Age of Cu?Ni Ores from the Huangshandong Cu?Ni Sulfide Deposit in the East Tianshan Mountains and Its Implication for Geodynamic Processes. Acta Geologica Sinica?English Edition, 77(2), 220-226. |
| 4 | Erzgebirge, Saxony, Germany | Romer R L, Förster H-J, Štemprok M (2010) Age constraints for the late-Variscan magmatism in the Altenberg-Teplice Caldera (Eastern Erzgebirge/Krušné hory). N. Jb. Miner. Abh. 187 (3), 289-305. |
| 5 | Altenberg, Erzgebirge, Saxony, Germany | Romer, R. L., & Thomas, R. (2005, January) U-Pb dating of micro-inclusions: The age of the Ehrenfriedersdorf tin deposit (Erzgebirge, Germany). In Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge (pp. 817-820). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. |
| 6 | Huangshandong Cu-Ni-PGE deposit, Huangshan-Jing'erquan ore belt, Hami Co., Hami Prefecture, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China | Jingwen, M., Jianmin, Y., Wenjun, Q., Andao, D., Zhiliang, W., & Chunming, H. (2003). Re?Os Age of Cu?Ni Ores from the Huangshandong Cu?Ni Sulfide Deposit in the East Tianshan Mountains and Its Implication for Geodynamic Processes. Acta Geologica Sinica?English Edition, 77(2), 220-226. |
| 7 | Krušné Hory Mts, Karlovy Vary Region, Bohemia, Czech Republic | Breiter K (2012) Nearly contemporanous evolution of the A- and S-type fractionated granites in the Krusne hory/Erzgebirge Mts., Central Europe. Lithos 151, 105-121. |
| 8 | Kempirsai Cr deposit, Urals, Aktobe Province, Kazakhstan | Melcher, F., Grum, W., Thalhammer, T. V., & Thalhammer, O. A. R. (1999). The giant chromite deposits at Kempirsai, Urals: constraints from trace element (PGE, REE) and isotope data. Mineralium Deposita, 34(3), 250-272. |
| 9 | " " | " " |
| 10 | " " | " " |
| 11 | Strange Lake complex, Québec & Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada | Orris, G. J., Grauch, R. I. (2002) Rare Earth element mines, deposits, and occurenes. USGS Open-File Report 02-189, 1-174. |
| 12 | Malotersyanskii, Zaporozhskaya Oblast', Ukraine | " " |
| 13 | P. Pinigin deposit, Aldan Shield, Sakha Republic, Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia | Kravchenko A.A., Smelov A.P., Berezkin V.I., Dobretsov V.N. (2008) Mineralogy and geochemistry of bipyroxene schisthosted gold mineralization (P. Pinigin deposit, the Aldan Craton). Domestic geology, 5, 14-24 |
| 14 | " " | " " |
Crystallographic forms of Amphibole Supergroup
Crystal Atlas:
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Amphibole no.7 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Amphibole no.39 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
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Synonyms of Amphibole Supergroup
Other Language Names for Amphibole Supergroup
Croatian:Amfiboli
Dutch:Amfibool
Esperanto:Amfibolo
Estonian:Amfiboolid
Finnish:Amfiboli
French:Amphibole
German:Amphibolgruppe
Amphibol
Amphibol
Hebrew:אמפיבול
Italian:Anfibolo
Japanese:角閃石
Korean:각섬석
Norwegian (Bokmål):Amfibol
Polish:Amfibole
Portuguese:Anfíbola
Romanian:Amfiboli
Russian:Амфиболы
Simplified Chinese:角闪石
Slovak:Skupina amfibolu
Spanish:Anfíbol
Swedish:Amfibol
Ukrainian:Амфіболи
Varieties of Amphibole Supergroup
| Byssolite | A fibrous to hair-like crystal or mass of fibers frequently in the actinolite-ferroactinolite-tremolite series, but may be any amphibole species. |
| Uralite | Pseudomorphs of hornblende group minerals, mainly actinolite, after a pyroxene group mineral, mainly augite. Originally described from the Urals Region, Russia. |
Relationship of Amphibole Supergroup to other Species
Group Members:
| Unnamed (F-dominant analogue of Ferri-kaersutite) | (Na,K)Ca2[Mg3(Fe3+,Fe2+)Ti](Si6Al2O22)(F,O)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| w(O)-dominant Amphibole Group | {A0-1}{X2}{Z5}(T8O22)O2 | |
| Kaersutite Root Name | {A}{Ca2}{Z2+3Z3+Ti}(Al2Si6O22)O2 | Mon. |
| Ferri-kaersutite | NaCa2(Mg3Fe3+Ti)(Al2Si6O22)O2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Ferro-kaersutite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe2+3AlTi}(Al2Si6O22)O2 | Mon. |
| Kaersutite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg3AlTi}(Al2Si6O22)O2 | Mon. |
| Mangani-dellaventuraite | {Na}{Na2}{MgMn3+2LiTi4+}Si8O22O2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Mangano-mangani-ungarettiite | NaNa2(Mn2+2Mn3+3)(Si8O22)O2 | Mon. |
| Obertiite Root Name | {A}{Na2}{Z2+3Z3+Ti}{Si8O22}O2 | |
| Ferri-obertiite | Na(Na2)(Mg3Fe3+Ti)(Si8O22)O2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Ferro-ferri-obertiite | NaNa2(Fe2+3Fe3+Ti)Si8O22O2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Mangani-obertiite | Na(Na2)(Mg3Mn3+Ti)(Si8O22)O2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Unnamed (possible K-analogue of Ferri-obertiite) | KNa2[(Mg,Fe,Na)3Fe3+(Ti,Fe)]Si8O22(O,F)2 | |
| Oxo-magnesio-hastingsite | NaCa2(Mg2Fe3+3)(Al2Si6)O22O2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Oxo-pargasite | NaCa2(Mg2Al3)(Al2Si6)O22O2 | |
| w(OH, F, Cl)-dominant Amphibole Group | {A0-1}{X2}{Z5}(T8O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 | |
| Calcium Amphibole Subgroup | An(Ca2)(Z2+5-mZ3+m)(Si8-(n+m)Al(n+m))(OH,F,Cl)2 | |
| Cannilloite Root Name | Ca(Ca2)(Z2+4Z3+))(Al3Si5O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 | |
| Cannilloite | Ca(Ca2)(Mg4Al)(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Ferri-cannilloite | Ca(Ca2)(Mg4Fe3+)(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 | |
| Ferri-fluoro-cannilloite | (Ca)(Ca2){Mg4Fe3+}(Al3Si5O22)F2 | |
| Ferro-cannilloite | Ca(Ca2)(Fe2+4Al)(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 | |
| Ferro-ferri-cannilloite | Ca(Ca2)(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 | |
| Ferro-ferri-fluoro-cannilloite | {Ca}{Ca2}{Fe2+4Fe3+}(Al3Si5O22)F2 | |
| Ferro-fluoro-cannilloite | {Ca}{Ca2}{Fe2+4Al}(Al3Si5O22)F2 | |
| Fluoro-cannilloite | {Ca}{Ca2}{Mg4Al}(Al3Si5O22)(F,OH)2 | Mon. |
| Edenite Root Name | A(Ca2)Z5(AlSi7O22)((OH,F,Cl)2 | Mon. |
| Edenite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg5}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Ferro-edenite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe2+5}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Ferro-fluoro-edenite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe2+5}(AlSi7O22)F2 | |
| Fluoro-edenite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg5}(AlSi7O22)(F,OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : P2/m |
| Potassic-ferro-chloro-edenite | {K}{Ca2}{Fe2+5}(AlSi7O22)(Cl,OH)2 | |
| Hastingsite Root Name | (A)(Ca2){Z2+4 Fe3+)(Al2Si6O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 | |
| Fluoro-hastingsite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe2+4Fe3+}(Al2Si6O22)F2 | |
| Hastingsite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe2+4Fe3+}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Magnesio-fluoro-hastingsite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Al2Si6O22)F2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Magnesio-hastingsite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Potassic-chloro-hastingsite | {K}{Ca2}{Fe2+4Fe3+}(Al2Si6O22)(Cl,OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Potassic-fluoro-hastingsite | {K}{Ca2}{Fe2+4Fe3+}(Al2Si6O22)(F,OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Potassic-hastingsite | {K}{Ca2}{Fe2+4Fe3+}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Potassic-magnesio-hastingsite | {K}{Ca2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Hornblende Root Name | ☐(Ca2)(Z2+4Z3+}(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 | Mon. |
| Ferro-ferri-fluoro-hornblende | ☐{Ca2}{Fe2+4Fe3+}(AlSi7O22)F2 | |
| Ferro-ferri-hornblende | ☐Ca2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Ferro-fluoro-hornblende | ☐Ca2(Fe2+4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 | |
| Ferro-hornblende | ☐{Ca2}{Fe2+4Al}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Magnesio-ferri-fluoro-hornblende | ☐{Ca2}{Mg4Fe3+}(AlSi7O22)F2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Magnesio-ferri-hornblende | ☐{Ca2}{Mg4Fe3+}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Magnesio-fluoro-hornblende | (Na,K)1-xCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22F2 | |
| Magnesio-hornblende | ☐{Ca2}{Mg4Al}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Joesmithite | {Pb}{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Be2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Pargasite Root Name | (A)(Ca2){Z2+4 Al)(Al2Si6O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 | |
| Chromio-pargasite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg4Cr3+}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Ferro-chloro-pargasite | NaCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Al2Si6O22)Cl2 | |
| Ferro-fluoro-pargasite | (Na)(Ca2)(Fe2+4Al)(Al2Si6O22)F2 | |
| Ferro-pargasite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe2+4Al}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Fluoro-pargasite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg4Al}(Al2Si6O22)(F,OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Pargasite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg4Al}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Potassic-chloro-pargasite | {K}{Ca2}{Mg4Al}(Al2Si6O22)(Cl,OH)2 | |
| Potassic-ferro-pargasite | {K}{Ca2}{Fe2+4Al}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Potassic-fluoro-pargasite | {K}{Ca2}{Mg4Al}(Al2Si6O22)F2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Potassic-pargasite | {K}{Ca2}{Mg4Al}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Vanadiopargasite | NaCa2(Mg4V)[Si6Al2]O22(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Sadanagaite Root Name | A (Ca2)(Z2+3Z3+2)(Si5Al3O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 | Mon. |
| Ferri-fluoro-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)F2 | |
| Ferri-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 | |
| Ferro-ferri-fluoro-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)F2 | |
| Ferro-ferri-sadanagaite | NaCa2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Ferro-fluoro-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)F2 | |
| Ferro-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 | |
| Fluoro-sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)F2 | |
| Potassic-chloro-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)Cl2 | |
| Potassic-ferri-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 | |
| Potassic-ferro-chloro-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)Cl2 | |
| Potassic-ferro-ferri-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Potassic-ferro-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Potassic-sadanagaite | {K}{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Sadanagaite | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Si5Al3O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Tremolite-Actinolite Series | ☐{Ca2}{Z5}(Si8O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 | |
| Actinolite | ☐{Ca2}{Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Ferro-actinolite | ☐{Ca2}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Ferro-fluoro-actinolite | ☐{Ca2}{Fe5}(Si8O22)F2 | |
| Fluoro-tremolite | ☐{Ca2}{Mg5}(Si8O22)F2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Tremolite | ☐{Ca2}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Tschermakite Root Name | ☐(Ca2)(Z2+3Z3+2}(Al2Si6O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 | |
| Ferri-fluoro-tschermakite | ☐{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 | |
| Ferri-tschermakite | ☐{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Ferro-ferri-fluoro-tschermakite | ☐{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 | |
| Ferro-Ferri-tschermakite | ☐{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Ferro-fluoro-tschermakite | ☐{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 | |
| Ferro-tschermakite | ☐{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Fluoro-tschermakite | ☐{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 | |
| Tschermakite | ☐(Ca2)(Mg3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Fluor-hornblende | (◻/Na,K)Ca2({Fe2+/Mg}4{Fe3+/Mg}}(AlSi7O22)F2 | |
| Lithium Amphibole Subgroup | An(Li2)(Z2+3+n-2mZ3+2-n+mLim)(Si8O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 | |
| Clino-holmquistite Root Name | ☐{Li2}{Z2+3Z3+2}(Si8O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 | Mon. |
| Clino-ferri-fluoro-holmquistite | ☐{Li2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)F2 | |
| Clino-ferri-holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Clino-ferro-ferri-fluoro-holmquistite | ☐{Li2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)F2 | |
| Clino-ferro-ferri-holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Clino-ferro-fluoro-holmquistite | ☐{Li2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Si8O22)F2 | |
| Clino-fluoro-holmquistite | ◻{Li2}{Mg3Al2}(Si8O22)F2 | |
| Clino-sodic-fluoro-holmquistite | {Na}{Li2}{Mg4Al}(Si8O22)F2 | |
| Holmquistite Root Name | ☐{Li2}{Z2+3Z3+2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Orth. |
| Ferri-holmquistite | ☐{Li2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | |
| Ferro-ferri-holmquistite | ☐{Li2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | |
| Ferro-holmquistite | ☐{Li2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Orth. |
| Holmquistite | ☐{Li2}{Mg3Al2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Orth. |
| Pedrizite Root Name | ALi2(LiZ2+2Z3+2)(Si8O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 | |
| Ferri-fluoro-pedrizite | NaLi2(LiMg2Fe3+2)(Si8O22)F2 | |
| Ferri-pedrizite | [Na][Li2][Mg2Fe3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Ferro-ferri-fluoro-pedrizite | NaLi2(LiFe2+2Fe3+2)(Si8O22)F2 | |
| Ferro-ferri-pedrizite | [Na][Li2][Fe2+2Fe3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Ferro-fluoro-pedrizite | {Na}{Li2}{Fe2Al2Li}(Al2Si6O22)F2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Ferro-pedrizite | NaLi2(Fe2+2Al2Li)Si8O22(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Fluoro-pedrizite | NaLi2(Mg2Al2Li)(Si8O22)F2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Pedrizite | NaLi2(LiMg2Al2)(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Sodic-ferri-clinoferroholmquistite | Na0.5{Li2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Lithium-(Magnesium-Iron-Manganese) Amphibole Subgroup | {A}{Li(Mg,Fe,Mn)}{Z5}{T8O22}(OH,F,Cl)2 | |
| Lithium-Calcium Amphibole Subgroup | {A}{LiCa}{Z5}{T8O22}(OH,F,Cl)2 | |
| Magnesium-iron-manganese Amphibole Subgroup | An(X2)(Z2+5-mZ3+m)(Si8-(n+m)Al(n+m)O22(OH)2 | |
| Anthophyllite Root Name | ☐{X2}{Z5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | |
| Anthophyllite | ☐{Mg2}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| Ferro-anthophyllite | ☐{Fe2+2}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Orth. |
| Proto-anthophyllite | ☐{Mg2}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| Proto-ferro-anthophyllite | ☐{Fe2+2}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Orth. |
| Clino-suenoite | □Mn2+2 Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Cummingtonite | ☐{Mg2}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Gedrite Root Name | ☐{X2+2}{Z2+3Z3+2}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Orth. |
| Ferro-gedrite | ☐{Fe2+2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Orth. |
| Gedrite | ☐{Mg2}{Mg3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Orth. |
| Grunerite | ☐{Fe2+2}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Manganocummingtonite | ☐{Mn2+2}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Manganogrunerite | ☐{Mn2+2}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Proto-ferro-suenoite | ☐{Mn2+2}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Orth. |
| Sodic-ferro-anthophyllite | {Na}{Fe2+2}{Fe2+5}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 | Orth. |
| Sodic-ferrogedrite | {Na}{Fe2+2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 | Orth. |
| Sodicanthophyllite | {Na}{Mg2}{Mg5}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 | Orth. |
| Sodicgedrite | {Na}{Mg2}{Mg3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 | Orth. |
| Sodium Amphibole Subgroup | An(Na2)(Z5)(Si8-mAlmO22)(OH,F,Cl)2 | |
| Arfvedsonite Root Name | ANa2(Z2+4Fe3+}Si8O22(OH,F,Cl)2 | Mon. |
| Arfvedsonite | [Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Fluoro-arfvedsonite | [Na][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22F2 | |
| Magnesio-arfvedsonite | {Na}{Na2}{Mg4Fe3+}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite | [Na][Na2][Mg4Fe3+][Si8O22](F,OH)2 | Mon. |
| Potassic-arfvedsonite | [(K,Na)][Na2][Fe2+4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Potassic-magnesio-arfvedsonite | [K][Na2][Mg4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Potassic-magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite | [(K,Na)][Na2][Mg4Fe3+][Si8O22][(F,OH)2] | |
| Eckermannite Root Name | ANa2(Z2+4Al}Si8O22(OH,F,Cl)2 | Mon. |
| Eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Ferro-eckermannite | NaNa2(Fe2+4Al)Si8O22(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Ferro-fluoro-eckermannite | NaNa2(Fe2+4Al}Si8O22F2 | |
| Fluoro-eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22F2 | |
| Mangano-ferri-eckermannite | [Na][Na2][Mn2+4(Fe3+)]Si8O22(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Potassic-eckermannite | {K}{Na2}{Mg4Al}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | |
| Glaucophane Root Name | ◻[Na2][Z2+3Al2]Si8O22(OH,F,Cl)2 | Mon. |
| Ferro-fluoro-glaucophane | ◻[Na2][Fe2+3Al2]Si8O22F2 | |
| Ferro-glaucophane | ◻[Na2][Fe2+3Al2]Si8O22(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Fluoro-glaucophane | ◻[Na2][Mg3Al2]Si8O22F2 | |
| Glaucophane | ◻[Na2][Mg3Al2]Si8O22(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Leakeite Root Name | ANa2(Z2+2Z3+2Li)(Si8O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 | |
| Ferri-fluoro-leakeite | {Na}{Na2}{Mg2Fe3+2Li}(Si8O22)F2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Ferri-leakeite | [Na][Na2][Mg2Fe3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Ferro-ferri-fluoro-leakeite | Na(Na2)(Fe2+2Fe3+2Li)(Si8O22)(F)2 | Mon. |
| Ferro-ferri-leakeite | [Na][Na2][Fe2+2Fe3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Ferro-fluoro-leakeite | NaNa2(Fe2+2Al2Li)(Si8O22)F2 | |
| Ferro-leakeite | NaNa2(Fe2+2Al2Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 | |
| Fluoro-leakeite | NaNa2(Mg2Al2Li)(Si8O22)F2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Leakeite | NaNa2(Mg2Al2Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 | |
| Oxo-mangani-leakeite | NaNa2(Mn3+4Li)Si8O22O2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Potassic-ferri-leakeite | [K][Na2][Mg2Fe3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Potassic-leakeite | KNa2(Mg2Al2Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 | |
| Potassic-mangani-leakeite | [(Na,K)][Na2][Mg2Mn3+2Li]Si8O22(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Nybøite Root Name | ANa2(Z2+3Z3+2)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 | |
| Ferri-fluoro-nybøite | NaNa2(Mg3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)F2 | |
| Ferri-nybøite | NaNa2(Mg3Fe3+2](AlSi7O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Ferro-ferri-fluoro-nybøite | NaNa2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)F2 | |
| Ferro-ferri-nybøite | NaNa2[(Fe2+3,Mg)Fe3+2](AlSi7O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Ferro-fluoro-nybøite | NaNa2(Fe2+3Al2)(AlSi7O22)F2 | |
| Ferro-nybøite | NaNa2(Fe2+3Al2)(AlSi7)O22(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Fluoro-nybøite | NaNa2(Mg3Al2)(AlSi7O22)(F,OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Nybøite | NaNa2(Mg3Al2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Riebeckite Root Name | ◻[Na2][Z2+3Fe3+2]Si8O22(OH,F,Cl)2 | Mon. |
| Fluoro-riebeckite | ◻{Na2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)F2 | |
| Magnesio-fluoro-riebeckite | ◻{Na2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)F2 | |
| Magnesio-riebeckite | ◻{Na2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Riebeckite | ◻[Na2][Fe2+3Fe3+2]Si8O22(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Sodium-(Magnesium-Iron-Manganese) Amphibole Subgroup | {A}{Na(Mg,Fe,Mn)}{Z5}{T8O22}(OH,F,Cl)2 | |
| Ghoseite Root Name | ☐[Mn2+Na][C2+4C3+]Si8O22W2 | |
| Ferri-ghoseite | ☐[Mn2+Na][Mg4Fe3+]Si8O22(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m |
| Ghoseite | ☐[Mn2+Na][Mg4Al]Si8O22(OH)2 | |
| Sodium-Calcium Amphibole Subgroup | An(NaCa)(Z2+5-mZ3+m)(Si8-(n+m+1)Al(n+m-1)O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 | |
| Barroisite Root Name | ☐{CaNa}{Z2+3Z3+2}(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 | |
| Barroisite | ☐{CaNa}{Mg3Al2}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Ferri-barroisite | ☐(CaNa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 | |
| Ferri-fluoro-barroisite | ☐{CaNa}{Mg3Fe3+2}(AlSi7O22)F2 | |
| Ferro-barroisite | ☐{CaNa}{Fe2+3Al2}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Ferro-ferri-barroisite | ☐(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 | |
| Ferro-ferri-fluoro-barroisite | ☐{CaNa}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(AlSi7O22)F2 | |
| Ferro-fluoro-barroisite | ☐{CaNa}{Fe2+3Al2}(AlSi7O22)F2 | |
| Fluoro-barroisite | ☐{CaNa}{Mg3Al2}(AlSi7O22)F2 | |
| Katophorite Root Name | A(CaNa)(Z2+4Z3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 | |
| Ferri-fluoro-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Mg4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)F2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Ferri-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Mg4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Ferro-ferri-fluoro-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)F2 | Mon. |
| Ferro-ferri-katophorite | Na(NaCa)(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Ferro-fluoro-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 | |
| Ferro-katophorite | {Na}{CaNa}{Fe2+4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 | |
| Fluoro-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Mg4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 | Mon. |
| Katophorite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg4Al}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Potassic-ferri-katophorite | K(CaNa)(Mg4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 | |
| Potassic-ferro-ferri-katophorite | {K}{CaNa}{Fe2+4Fe3+}[(AlSi7)O22](OH)2 | |
| Potassic-fluoro-katophorite | K(CaNa)(Mg4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 | |
| Richterite Root Name | {A}{CaNa}{Z5}(Si8O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 | Mon. |
| Ferro-fluoro-richterite | {Na}{CaNa}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)F2 | |
| Ferro-richterite | {Na}{CaNa}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Fluoro-richterite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(F,OH)2 | Mon. 2/m |
| Potassic-ferro-richterite | [K][CaNa][Fe2+5]Si8O22(OH)2 | |
| Potassic-fluoro-richterite | {K}{CaNa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(F,OH)2 | Mon. |
| Potassic-richterite | K[CaNa][Mg5]Si8O22(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Richterite | {Na}{NaCa}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Taramite Root Name | A(CaNa)(Z2+3Z3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 | |
| Ferri-fluoro-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)F2 | |
| Ferri-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Ferro-ferri-fluoro-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)F2 | |
| Ferro-ferri-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | |
| Ferro-fluoro-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)F2 | |
| Ferro-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Fluoro-taramite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Potassic-ferri-taramite | K(CaNa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH) | |
| Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite | K(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m |
| Potassic-ferro-taramite | K{CaNa}{Fe2+3Al2}{Si6Al2}O22(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Taramite | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Winchite Root Name | ☐{CaNa}{Z2+4Z3+}(Si8O22)(OH,F,Cl)2 | Mon. |
| Ferri-winchite | ☐[CaNa][Mg4(Fe3+,Al)]Si8O22(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Ferro-ferri-winchite | ☐[CaNa][Fe2+4(Fe3+,Al)]Si8O22(OH)2 | |
| Ferro-fluoro-winchite | ☐{CaNa}{Fe2+4Al}(Si8O22)F2 | |
| Ferro-winchite | ☐{CaNa}{Fe2+4Al}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Fluoro-winchite | ☐{CaNa}{Mg4Al}(Si8O22)F2 | |
| Winchite | ☐{CaNa}{Mg4Al}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Mon. |
Other Information
Health Risks:
Amphiboles with an asbestiform morphology present a health risk if finely divided fibrous particles are inhaled.
Amphibole Supergroup in petrology
An essential component of (items highlighted in red)
- Igneous rock
- Normal crystalline igneous rock
- Coarse-grained ("plutonic") crystalline igneous rock
- Fine-grained ("volcanic") normal crystalline igneous rock
- ⓘ Amneite
- ⓘ Anam-aegisodite
- Porphyry
- Exotic crystalline igneous rock
- Pegmatite
- Normal crystalline igneous rock
- Metamorphic rock
- Unclassifed rock
Common component of (items highlighted in red)
- Igneous rock
- Normal crystalline igneous rock
- Exotic crystalline igneous rock
- Sedimentary rock and sediment
- Metamorphic rock
Accessory component of (items highlighted in red)
References for Amphibole Supergroup
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Burns, R.G., Strens, R.G.J. (1966) Infrared study of the hydroxyl band in clinoamphiboles. Science: 153: 890-892.
Strens, R.G.J. (1966) Infrared study of clustering and ordering in some (Fe,Mg) amphibole solid solutions. Chemical Communications: 519-520.
Leake, B.E. (1968) A catalog of analyzed calciferous and sub-calciferous amphiboles together with their nomenclature and associated minerals. Geological Society of America Special Paper 98.
Himmelberg, G.R., Papike, J.J. (1969) Coexisting amphiboles from blueschist facies metamorphic rock: Journal of Petrology: 10: 102-114.
Papike, J.J., Ross, M., Clark, J.R. (1969) Crystal chemical characterization of clinoamphiboles based on five new structure refinements. Mineralogical Society of America Special Paper 2: 117-136.
Saxena, S.K., Ekstrom, T.K. (1970) Statistical chemistry of calcic amphiboles. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 26: 276-284.
Strens, R.G.J. (1974) The common chain, ribbon, and ring silicates. In V.C. Farmer, Ed., The infrared spectra of minerals: 305-330. Mineralogical Society, London.
Law, A.D. (1976) A model for the investigation of hydroxyl spectra of amphiboles. In: The Physics and Chemistry of Minerals and Rocks (R.G.J. Strens, ed.). J. Wiley & Sons, London, U.K.
Boettcher, A.L., O'Neil, J.R. (1980) Stable isotope, chemical and petrographic studies of high-pressure amphiboles and micas: evidence for metasomatism in the mantle source regions of alkali basalts and kimberlites. American Journal of Science: 280A: 594-621.
Ungaretti, L. (1980) Recent developments in X-ray single crystal diffractometry applied to the crystal-chemical study of amphiboles. Godisnjak Jugoslavenskog centra za Kristalografiju: 15: 29-65.
Hawthorne, F.C.H. (1983) The crystal chemistry of the amphiboles. The Canadian Mineralogist: 21: 173-480.
Rock, N.M.S., Leake, B.E. (1984) The International Mineralogical Association amphibole nomenclature scheme: computerization and its consequences. Mineralogical magazine: 48: 211-227.
Phillips, M.W., Popp, R.K., Clowe, C.A. (1988) Structural adjustments accompanying oxidation-dehydrogenation n amphiboles. American Mineralogist: 73: 500-506.
Hogarth, D.D. (1989) Pyrochlore, apatite and amphibole: distinctive minerals in carbonatite. In K. Bell, Ed., Carbonatites: Genesis and Evolution: 105-148. Unwin Hyman Ltd., London.
Deloule, E., Albarède, F., Sheppard, S.M.F. (1991) Hydrogen isotope heterogeneities in the mantle from ion probe analysis of amphiboles from ultramafic rocks. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.: 105: 543-553.
Skogby, H., Rossman, G.R. (1991) The intensity of amphibole OH bands in the infrared absorption spectrum. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals: 18: 64-68.
Oberti, R., Ungaretti, L., Cannillo, E., Hawthorne, F.C. (1992) The behaviour of Ti in amphiboles. I. Four- and six-coordinate Ti in richterite. European Journal of Mineralogy: 4: 425-439.
Hawthorne, F.C., Ungaretti, L., Oberti, R., Bottazzi, P., Czamanske, G.K. (1993) Li: an important component in igneous alkali amphiboles. American Mineralogist: 78: 733-745.
Oberti, R., Ungaretti, L., Cannillo, E., Hawthorne, F.C. (1993) The mechanism of Cl incorporation in amphibole. American Mineralogist: 78: 746-752.
Hawthorne, F.C., Ungaretti, L., Oberti, Cannillo, E., Smelik, E.A. (1994) The mechanism of [6]Li incorporation in amphiboles. American Mineralogist: 79: 443-451.
Oberti, R., Hawthorne, F.C., Ungaretti, L., Cannillo, E. (1995) [6]Al disorder in amphiboles from mantle peridotite: The Canadian Mineralogist: 33: 867-878.
Oberti, R., Ungaretti, L., Cannillo, E., Hawthorne, F.C., Memmi, I. (1995) Temperature-dependent Al order-disorder in the tetrahedral double chain of C2/m amphiboles. European Journal of Mineralogy: 7: 1049-1063.
Hawthorne, F.C., Della Ventura, G., Robert, J.-L. (1996) Short-range order and long-range order in amphiboles: a model for the interpretation of infrared spectra in the principal OH-stretching region. In: Mineral Spectroscopy: a Tribute to Roger G. Burns (M.D. Dyar, C. McCammon & M.W. Schaefer, eds.). Geochemical Society, Special Publication 5: 49-54.
Hawthorne, F.C. (1997) Short-range order in amphiboles: a bond-valence approach. The Canadian Mineralogist: 35: 203-218.
Leake, B.E., Woolley, A.R., Arps, C.E.S., Birch, W.D., Gilbert, M.C., Grice, J.D., Hawthorne, F.C., Kato, A., J.Kisch, H.J.., G. Krivovichev, V.G., Linthout, K., Laird, J., Mandarino, J.A., Maresch, W.V., Nickel, E.H., Rock, N.M.S., Schumacher, J.C., Smith, D.C., Stephenson, N.C.N., Ungaretti, L., Whittaker, E.J.W., Guo, Y. (1997) Nomenclature of amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. American Mineralogist: 82: 1019-1037.
Hawthorne, F.C., Oberti, R., Zanetti, A., Czamanske, G.K. (1998) The role of Ti in hydrogen-deficient amphiboles: sodic-calcic and sodic amphiboles from Coyote Peak, California. The Canadian Mineralogist: 36: 1253-1265.
Welch, M.D., Lu, S., Klinowski, J. (1998) 29Si MAS NMR systematics of calcic and sodic-calcic amphiboles. American Mineralogist: 83: 85-96.
Robert, J.-L., Della Ventura, G., Hawthorne, F.C. (1999) Near-infrared study of short-range disorder of OH and F in monoclinic amphiboles. American Mineralogist: 84: 86-91.
Melzer, S., Gottschalk, M., Andrut, M., Heinrich, W. (2000) Crystal chemistry of K-richterite-richterite-tremolite solid solutions: a SEM, EMP, XRD, HRTEM and IR study. European Journal of Mineralogy: 12: 273-291.
Reece, J.J., Redfern, S.A.T., Welch, M.D., Henderson, C.M.B., McCammon, C.A. (2002) Temperature-dependent Fe2+ - Mn2+ order-disorder behaviour in amphiboles. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals: 29: 562-570.
Najorka, J., Gottschalk, M. (2003) Crystal chemistry of tremolite-tschermakite solid solutions. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals: 30: 108-124.
Oberti, R., F. Cámara, L. Ottolini, J.M. Caballero (2003) Lithium in amphiboles: detection, quantification, and incorporation mechanisms in the compositional space bridging sodic and [B} Li amphiboles. European Journal of Mineralogy: 15: 309-319.
Leake, B.E., Woolley, A.R., W.D. Birch, W.D., E.A.J. Burke, E.A.J., G. Ferraris, G., J.D. Grice, J.D., F.C. Hawthorne, F.C., H.J. Kisch, H.J., V.G. Krivovichev, V.G., J.C. Schumacher, J.C., N.C.N. Stephenson, N.C.N., Whittaker, E.J.W. (2004) Nomenclature of amphiboles: additions and revisions to the International Mineralogical Association's amphibole nomenclature. American Mineralogist: 88: 883-887.
Burke, E.A.J., Leake, B.E. (2005) “Named amphiboles”: a new category of amphiboles recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA), and the proper order of prefixes to be used in amphibole names. American Mineralogist: 90: 516-517.
Hawthorne, F.C.H., Della Ventura, G., Oberti, R., Robert, J.-L., Iezzi, G. (2005) Short-range order in minerals: amphiboles. The Canadian Mineralogist: 43: 1895-1920.
Hawthorne, F.C., Oberti, R. (2006) On the classification of amphiboles. The Canadian Mineralogist: 44: 1-21.
Ishida, K., Hawthorne, F.C. (2006) Assignment of infrared OH-stretching bands in calcic amphiboles through deuteration and heat treatment. American Mineralogist: 91: 871-879.
Hawthorne, F. C. & Oberti, R. (2007): Amphiboles: Crystal Chemistry. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 67, 1-54. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250130737_Amphiboles_Crystal_Chemistry]
Esawi, E.K. (2011) Calculations of amphibole chemical parameters and implementation of the 2004 recommendations of the IMA classification and nomenclature of amphiboles. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences: 106: 123-129.
Hawthorne, F.C., Oberti, R., Harlow, G.E., Maresch, W.V., Martin, R.F., Schumacher, J.C., Welch, M.D. (2012) Nomenclature of the amphibole supergroup. American Mineralogist: 97: 2031-2048.
Hawthorne, F.C. (2016): Short-range atomic arrangements in minerals. I: The minerals of the amphibole, tourmaline and pyroxene supergroups. Eur. J. Mineral. 28, 513-536.
Internet Links for Amphibole Supergroup
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Significant localities for Amphibole Supergroup
Showing 145 significant localities out of 13,933 recorded on mindat.org.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| [Richterite] Rob Woodside collection |
| [Richterite] Dudley Blauwet (2008) Private Communication | |
| [Pargasite] Moore, T.P.,Woodside, R.M.W. (2014): The Sar-e-Sang Lapis Mines, Kuran Wa Munjan district, Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan. Mineralogical Record 45 (3), 280-336. | |
Antarctica | |
| [Ferri-kaersutite] Gentili, S., Biagioni, C., Comodi, P., Pasero, M., McCammon, C. and Bonadiman, C. (2014) Ferri-kaersutite, IMA 2014-051. CNMNC Newsletter No. 22, October 2014, page 1245; Mineralogical Magazine, 78, 1241-1248; Gentili, S., Biagioni, C., Comodi, P., Pasero, M., Mccammon, C., Bonadiman, C. (2016): Ferri-kaersutite, NaCa2(Mg3TiFe3+)(Si6Al2)O22O2, a new oxo-amphibole from Harrow Peaks, Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. American Mineralogist, 101, 461-468 |
Argentina | |
| [Ferro-ferri-katophorite] Colombo, F., Rius, J., Molins, E., Biglia, H., Galliski, M.Á., Márquez-Zavalía, M.F., Baldo, E.G.A. and Kriscautzky, A. (2016) Ferro-ferri-katophorite, IMA 2016-008. CNMNC Newsletter No. 31, June 2016, page 696; Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 691–697. |
Australia | |
| [Mangano-mangani-ungarettiite] Hawthorne, F.C., Oberti, R., Cannillo, E., Sardone, N., Zanetti, A., Grice, J.D., Ashley, P.M. (1995): A new anhydrous amphibole from the Hoskins mine, Grenfell, New South Wales, Australia: Description and crystal structure of ungarettiite, NaNa2(Mn2+2Mn3+3)Si8O22O2. American Mineralogist, 80, 165-172.; Oberti, R., Boiocchi, M., Hawthorne, F. C., Ball, N. A., & Ashley, P. M. (2016). PREPUBLICATION: Oxo-mangani-leakeite from the Hoskins mine, New South Wales, Australia: occurrence and mineral description. Mineralogical Magazine. |
| [Ferro-holmquistite] Am Min 90:1167-1176 |
| [Riebeckite Root Name var: Crocidolite] J M Bennett Collection |
Austria | |
| [Holmquistite] F. Walter (1992) Eur. Journ. Mineral. 4, 1275-1283; G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995 |
Azerbaijan | |
| [Potassic-chloro-hastingsite] IMA Website; Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow; Sara S. Jacobson (1973) Dashkesanite: High-Chlorine Amphibole from St. Paul's Rocks, Equatorial Atlantic, and Transcaucasia, U.S.S.R. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EARTH SCIENCES • NUMBER 14 Mineral Sciences Investigations 1972-1973 |
Bolivia | |
| [Magnesio-riebeckite] Whittaker: Acta Crystallographica (1949) [MinRec 32:461] |
Brazil | |
| [Tremolite] [MinRec 14:179] |
Bulgaria | |
| [Potassic-magnesio-arfvedsonite] Dyulgerov, M., Platevoet, B., Oberti, R., Kadiyski, M. and Rusanov, V. (2017) Potassic-magnesio-arfvedsonite, IMA 2016-083. CNMNC Newsletter No. 35, February 2017, page 210; Mineralogical Magazine, 81, 209–213. |
Canada | |
| [Tremolite] Microprobe analysis by Glen Poirier at the Canadian Museum of Nature |
| [Ferri-fluoro-katophorite] Hawthorne, F.C., Oberti, R., Martin, R.F. (2006): Short-range order in amphiboles from the Bear Lake Diggings, Ontario. Canadian Mineralogist, 44, 1171-1179. ; Oberti, R., Boiocchi, M., Hawthorne, F.C., Ball, N.A., Martin, R.F. (2016) Ferrifluoro-katophorite, IMA 2015-096. CNMNC Newsletter No. 29, February 2016, 203. Mineralogical Magazine: 80: 199–205 |
| [Fluoro-richterite] Bancroft and District Mineral Collecting Guidebook, Bancroft Chamber of Commerce, 1998 | |
| [Fluoro-richterite] Microprobe analysis by Glen Poirier at the Canadian Museum of Nature | |
| [Hastingsite] ADAMS, F.D. & HARRINGTON, B.J. (1896): On a new alkali hornblende and a titaniferous andradite from the nepheline-syenite of Dungannon, Hastings County, Ontario. American Journal of Science 151, 210-218. ADAMS, F.D. & BARLOW, A.E. (1910): Geology of the Haliburton and Bancroft areas, Province of Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 6 (243-247). WALKER, T.L. (1924): Hastingsite from Dungannon Township, Hastings County, Ontario. University of Toronto Studies, Contributions to Canadian Mineralogy 17, 58-61. |
| [Ferro-hornblende] Age of the Cabonga nepheline syenite, Grenville Province, western Quebec Hudon, Pierre; Friedman, Richard M.; Gauthier, Gilles; Martignole, Jacques Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol. 43, issue 9, pp. 1237-1249 Olivier Langelier Collection |
| [Ferro-edenite] LALONDE, A.E., and MARTIN, R.F. (1983) The Baie-des-Moutons syenitic complex, La Tabatière, Québec II. The ferromagnesian minerals. Canadian Mineralogist, 21, 81-91. ; LALONDE,A.E. & MARTIN, R.F. (1983) The Baie-des-Moutons syenitic complex, La Tabatiere, Quebec II. The ferromagnesian minerals. Canadian Mineralogist 21, 81-91. |
| [Ferro-ferri-nybøite] Lussier, A.J., Hawthorne, F.C., Abdu, Y., Ball, N.A., Tait, K.T., Back, M.E., Steede, A.H., Taylor, R. and MacDonald, A.M. (2013) Ferro-ferri-nybøite, IMA 2013-072. CNMNC Newsletter No. 18, December 2013, page 3251; Mineralogical Magazine, 77, 3249 -3258.; Lussier, A.J., Hawthorne, F.C., Abdu, Y.A., Ball, N.A., Tait, K.T., Back, M.E., Steede, A.H., Taylor, R., McDonald, A.M. (2014): Ferro-ferri-nybøite, NaNa2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)Si8O22(OH)2, a new clinoamphibole from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Québec, Canada: Description and crystal structure. Canadian Mineralogist, 52, 1019-1026. |
| [Magnesio-hastingsite] BANCROFT, J.A. & HOWARD, W.V. (1923): The essexites of Mt. Royal, Montreal, P.Q. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 17, section 4, 13-43. BILLINGS, M. (1928): The chemistry, optics and genesis of the hastingsite group of amphiboles. American Mineralogist 13, 287-296. LEAKE, B.E. (1978): Nomenclature of amphiboles. Canadian Mineralogist 16, 501-520. LEAKE, B.E. et al. (1997): Nomenclature of amphiboles. Canadian Mineralogist 35, 219-246. |
| [Potassic-magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite] HOGARTH, D.D. & LAPOINTE, P. (1984): Amphibole and pyroxene development in fenite from the Gatineau area, Quebec. Canadian Mineralogist 22, 281-295. HOGARTH, D.D., CHAO, G.Y. & TOWNSEND, M.G. (1987): Potassium and fluorine-rich amphiboles from the Gatineau area, Quebec. Canadian Mineralogist 25, 739-753. HOGARTH, D.D. (2006): Fluoro-potassic-magnesio-arfvedsonite, KNa2Mg5Si8O22F2, from the Outaouais region, Quebec, Canada. Canadian Mineralogist 44, 289. HOGARTH, D.D. (2010): Fluoro-potassic-magnesio-arfvedsonite, KNa2Mg5Si8O22F2, from the Outaouais region, Quebec, Canada: Erratum Canadian Mineralogist 48, 432. |
China | |
| [Fluoro-nybøite] Oberti, R., Boiocchi, M., and Smith, D.C. (2003): Mineralogical Magazine 67(4), 769-782. |
Czech Republic | |
| [Kaersutite] Navrátil, Z., Šrein, V.: Krystalovaný olivín v tufech Vlčí hory u Černošína. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1997, roč. 4-5, s. 177-178; Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte (1989): 137-143.. |
Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaïre) | |
| [Arfvedsonite] Checked; Paul De Bondt |
Finland | |
| [Potassic-pargasite] Robinson, G.W., Grice, J.D., Gault, R.A, and Lalonde, A.E. (1997): Potassicpargasite, a new member of the amphibole group from Pargas, Turku-Pori, Finland. Canadian Mineralogist. 35, 1535–1540. |
| [Magnesio-ferri-hornblende] Zarubina, E.S., Aksenov, S.M., Chukanov, N.V., Rastsvetaeva, R.K. (2016): Crystal Structure of Magnesio-Ferri-Hornblendite □Ca2(Mg4Fe3+)[(Si7Al)O22](OH)2 as a Potentially New Mineral of the Amphibole Supergroup. Doklady Chemistry: 470: 245–251 |
France | |
| [Ferro-tschermakite] Oberti, R., Boiocchi, M., Hawthorne, F.C. and Ciriotti, M.E. (2017)Ferro-tschermakite, IMA 2016-116. CNMNC Newsletter No. 37, June 2017, page 738; Mineralogical Magazine: 81: 737–742 |
| [Gedrite] AM 63 (1978), 1023 |
| [Riebeckite] M.S. self collected in 2014 |
| [Grunerite] Mineralogical Magazine 1931 22 : 477-481 |
Germany | |
| [Mangani-obertiite] Hawthorne, F. C., Cooper, M.A., Grice, J.D., Ottolini, l. (2000): A new anhydrous amphibole from the Eifel region, Germany: Description and crystal structure of obertiite, Na Na2(Mg3,Fe,Ti)Si8O28O2, American Mineralogist 85, 236-241 |
| [Ferri-obertiite] Oberti, R., Boiocchi, M., Hawthorne, F.C.,Ball, N.A. and Blass, G. (2015) Ferri-obertiite, IMA 2015-079. CNMNC Newsletter No. 28, December 2015, page 1863; Mineralogical Magazine: 79: 1859–1864 |
Greece | |
| [Glaucophane] Pawley, A.R. (1992) Experimental study of the composition and stabilities of synthetic nyboite and nyboite-glaucophane amphiboles. European Journal of Mineralogy 4 (1) 171-192.; Cheney, J., Schumacher, J.C., Coath, C.D., Brady, J.B., DiFilippo, E.L., Argyrou, E.N., Otis, J.W., Sperry, A.J., Sable, J.E., and Skemer, P.A. (2000) Ion microprobe ages of zircons from blueschists, Syros, Greece. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, vol. 32 pg. A152.; Breecker, D.O. (2001) Mineral assemblages in high-pressure quartz-mica schists from Syros, Cyclades, Greece (Doctoral dissertation, Amherst College).; Walton, A. (2001) Petrology of the "Airport Ophiolite" Syros, Greece. 14th Keck Symposium Volume, p. 152.; Marschall, H.R., Ertl, A., Hughes, J.M., and McCammon, C. (2004) Metamorphic Na- and OH-rich disordered dravite with tetrahedral boron, associated with omphacite, from Syros, Greece: Chemistry and structure. European Journal of Mineralogy 16, 817-823.; Schumacher, J.C., Brady, J.B., Cheney, J.T., and Tonnsen, R.R. (2008) Glaucophane-bearing marbles on Syros, Greece. Journal of Petrology 49, 1667-1686. |
Greenland | |
| [Arfvedsonite] Lorenzen, J. (1882): On some minerals from the Sodalite-Syenite in Julianehaab district, south Greenland, Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No 23, Vol. V, 49-70 |
| [Potassic-arfvedsonite] Pekov, I.V. et. al. (2004): Potassic-Arfvedsonite a K-dominant Amphibole of the Arfvedsonite-series from agpaitic pegmatites, Neues Jahrbuch Mineralogie, Monatshefte, Vol. 12, 555-574 |
| [Kaersutite] Am Min 78 (1993), 968 |
India | |
| [Manganocummingtonite] Dunn & Roy (1938); Am.Min.: 25: 380 (1940); Canadian Mineralogist: 15:309 (1977). |
| [Ferri-leakeite] Amer.Min.(1992) 77, 1112-1115 |
Italy | |
| [Ferro-glaucophane] Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007): Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta, Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" di Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo), 617 pp. |
| [Potassic-fluoro-richterite] Della Ventura, G., Maras, A., Parodi, G.C. (1983): Potassium-fluorrichterite from Monte Somma (Campania) Italy. Periodico di Mineralogia, 52, 617-630. Della Ventura, G., Parodi, G.C., Maras, A. (1992): Potassium-fluor-richterite, a new amphibole from San Vito, Monte Somma, Campania, Italy. Rendiconti dell’Accademia dei Lincei, Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, Serie 9, 3, 239-245. |
| [Clino-suenoite] Oberti, R., Boiocchi, M., Hawthorne, F.C., Ciriotti, M.E., Revheim, O. and Bracco, R. (2017) Clino-suenoite, IMA 2016-111. CNMNC Newsletter No. 36, April 2017, page 408; Mineralogical Magazine: 81: 403–409. |
| [Ferro-ferri-hornblende] Oberti, R.,Boiocchi, M.,Hawthorne, F.C., Ball, N.A.,Pagano, R. and Pagano, A. (2015) Ferro-ferri-hornblende, IMA 2015-054. CNMNC Newsletter No. 27, October 2015, page 1227; Mineralogical Magazine, 79, 1229-1236.; Oberti, R., Boiocchi, M., Hawthorne, F.C., Ball, N.A., Cámara, F., Pagano, R., Pagano, A. (2016): Ferro-ferri-hornblende from the Traversella Mine (Ivrea, Italy): occurrence, mineral description and crystal-chemistry. Mineralogical Magazine: 80: 1233-1242 |
| [Magnesio-ferri-fluoro-hornblende] Oberti, R., Boiocchi, M., Hawthorne, F.C., Ball, N.A., Chiappino, L. (2015): Magnesio-ferri-fluoro-hornblende, IMA 2014-091. CNMNC Newsletter No. 24, April 2015, page 248; Mineralogical Magazine, 79, 247-251; Oberti, R., Boiocchi, M., Hawthorne, F.C., Ball, N.A., Chiappino, L. (2016): Magnesio-ferri-fluoro-hornblende from Portoscuso, Sardinia, Italy: description of a newly approved member of the amphibole supergroup. Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 269-275. |
| [Fluoro-edenite] Gianfagna, A. & Oberti, R.(2001): Fluoro-edenite from Biancavilla (Catania, Sicily, Italy): crystal chemistry of a new amphibole end-member. American Mineralogist, 86, 1489-1493. - Sicurella, G., Ciriotti, M.E., Gianfagna, A., Mazziotti-Tagliani, S., Blass, G. (2010): Minerali di Monte Calvario, Biancavilla (Catania, Sicilia). Micro (località), 2/2010, 329-368. |
Japan | |
| [Potassic-sadanagaite] Shimazaki et al (1984) American Mineralogist, 69, 465-471. |
| [Potassic-ferro-sadanagaite] Can Min 35 (1997), 219; Min Rec 29 (1998), 169 | |
| [Sadanagaite] Banno, Y., Miyawaki, R., Matsubara, S., Makino, K., Bunno, M., Yamada, S. and Kamiya, T. (2004): Magnesiosadanagaite, a new member of the amphibole group from Kasuga-mura, Gifu prefecture, central Japan., European Journal of Mineralogy: 16(1): 177-183.; Banno Y, Miyawaki R, Kogure T, Matsubara S, Kamiya T, Yamada S (2005) Aspidolite, the Na analogue of phlogopite, from Kasuga-mura, Gifu Prefecture, central Japan, description and structural data. Mineralogical Magazine 69, 1047-1057 |
| [Proto-ferro-anthophyllite] J. Mineral. Petrol. Sci., 97, 127-136. |
| [Proto-anthophyllite] Konishi, H., et al. (2003): Am.Min. 88, 1718–1723 |
| [Proto-ferro-suenoite] AmMin 84:196; Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences: 97: 127-136.; Sueno, S., Matsuura, S., Bunno, M., & Kurosawa, M. (2002). Occurrence and crystal chemical features of protoferro-anthophyllite and protomangano-ferro-anthophyllite from Cheyenne Canyon and Cheyenne Mountain, USA and Hirukawa-mura, Suisho-yama, and Yokone-yama, Japan. Journal of mineralogical and petrological sciences, 97(4), 127-136. |
| [Potassic-ferro-pargasite] Yasuyuki BANNO, Ritsuro MIYAWAKI, Satoshi MATSUBARA, Eriko SATO, Izumi NAKAI, Gen-ichiro MATSUO and Shigeo YAMADA (2009): Potassic-ferropargasite, a new member of the amphibole group, from Kabutoichiba, Mie Prefecture, central Japan. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 104, 374-382. |
| [Mangano-ferri-eckermannite] [Journ.Jap.Ass.Min.Petr.Econ.Geol.(1969) 62, 311-328; Nickel & Nichols, 1991] |
| [Chromio-pargasite] Nishio-Hamane, D., Ohnishi, M., Minakawa, T., Yamaura, J., Saito, S. & Kadota, R. (2012) Ehimeite, NaCa2Mg4CrSi6Al2O22(OH)2: the first Cr-dominant amphibole from the Akaishi Mine, Higashi-Akaishi Mountain, Ehime Prefecture, Japan. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, 107, 1-7. |
Kazakhstan | |
| [Ferri-fluoro-leakeite] Cámara, F., Hawthorne, F.C., Ball, N.A., Bekenova, G., Stepanov, A.V., Kotel’nikov, P.E. (2010): Fluoroleakeite, NaNa2(Mg2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22F2, a new mineral of the amphibole group from the Verkhnee Espe deposit, Akjailyautas Mountains, Eastern Kazakhstan District, Kazakhstan: description and crystal structure. Mineralogical Magazine, 74, 521-528. |
Kenya | |
| [Riebeckite] Campell Smith, W., Hey, M.H. and Kempe, D.R.C. (1968): Riebeckite from near Sultan Hamud, Machalcos District, Kenya. Mineralogical Magazine 36, 1164-1167. [http://www.minersoc.org/pages/Archive-MM/Volume_36/36-284-1164.pdf] |
| [Oxo-magnesio-hastingsite] Zaitsev A N, Avdontseva E Y, Britvin S N, Demény A, Homonnay Z, Jeffries T E, Keller J, Krivovichev V G, Markl G, Platonova N V, Siidra O I, Spratt J, Vennemann T (2013) Oxo-magnesio-hastingsite, NaCa2(Mg2Fe3+3)(Al2Si6)O22O2, a new anhydrous amphibole from the Deeti volcanic cone, Gregory rift, northern Tanzania. Mineralogical Magazine 77, 2773-2792 |
Madagascar | |
| [Potassic-fluoro-pargasite] Oberti, R., Boiocchi, M., Hawthorne, F.C., Pagano, R., Pagano, A. (2010): Fluoro-potassic-pargasite, KCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22F2 from the Tranomaro area, Madagascar: mineral description and crystal chemistry. Mineralogical Magazine, 74, 961-967 |
Myanmar | |
| [Eckermannite] Shi, G. H., Zhu, X. K., Deng, J., Mao, Q., Liu, Y. X., & Li, G. W. (2011). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75(6), 1608-1620; Guanghai Shi, George E. Harlow, Jing Wang, Jun Wang, Enoch Ng, Xia Wang, ShuMin Cao and Wenyuan CUI(2012): Mineralogy of jadeitite and related rocks from Myanmar: a review with new data. European Journal of mineralogy, Vol 24, pp 345-384; Oberti, R., Boiocchi, M., Hawthorne, F.C., Ball, N.A. and Harlow, G.E.(2014) Eckermannite, IMA 2013-136. CNMNC Newsletter No. 20, June 2014, page 553; Mineralogical Magazine, 78, 549-558; Oberti, R., Boiocchi, M., Hawthorne, F.C., Ball, N.A., Harlow, G.E. (2015): Eckermannite revised: The new holotype from the Jade Mine Tract, Myanmar—crystal structure, mineral data, and hints on the reasons for the rarity of eckermannite. American Mineralogist, 100, 909-914. |
Norway | |
| [Anthophyllite] Schumacher,C.F.(1801): Versuch eines verzeichnisses der in den Dänisch-Nordischen Staaten sich findenden einfachen Mineralien, Kopenhagen, p.96 |
| [Actinolite] Birtel, S. (2002): Fluid-rock interaction on alpine- type ultramafic rocks from the Norwegian Caledonides. Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Geowissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg i.Br |
| [Ferro-katophorite] Brøgger, W.C. (1894): Die Eruptivgesteine des Kristianiagebietes, I. Die Gesteine der Grorudit-Tinguait-Serie. Videnskabsselkabets Skrifter. I. Mathematisk- Naturv. Klasse, 1894, 4, 1-206. (pp. 27-39); Raade, G. (1996): Minerals originally described from Norway. Including notes on type material. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift. 11, 48-49. |
| [Ferro-taramite] Oberti, R., Boiocchi, M., Smith, D.C. & Medenbach, O. (2007): Alumotaramite, alumino-magnesiotaramite, and fluoro-alumino-magnesiotaramite: Mineral data and crystal chemistry. American Mineeralogist. 92: 1428-1435 |
| [Nybøite] Mineralogical Magazine, April 1997, Vol. 61, pp. 295-321; Ungaretti, L., Smith, D.C. (1981): Crystal-chemistry by x-ray structure refinement and electron microprobe analysis of a series of sodic-calcic to alkali-amphiboles from the Nybö eclogite pod, Norway. Bulletin Société Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie. 104: 400–412 |
| [Ferro-katophorite] Brøgger, W.C. (1894): Die Eruptivgesteine des Kristianiagebietes, I. Die Gesteine der Grorudit-Tinguait-Serie. Videnskabsselkabets Skrifter. I. Mathematisk- Naturv. Klasse, 1894, 4, 1-206. (pp. 27-39) |
| [Ferro-katophorite] Brøgger, W.C. (1894): Die Eruptivgesteine des Kristianiagebietes, I. Die Gesteine der Grorudit-Tinguait-Serie. Videnskabsselkabets Skrifter. I. Mathematisknaturv. Klasse, 1894, 4, 1-206. (pp. 27-39) | |
Romania | |
| [Magnesio-fluoro-hastingsite] Bojar, H.-P. & Walter, F. (2006): Fluoro-magnesiohastingsite from Dealul Uroi (Hunedoara county, Romania): mineral structure of a new amphibole end-member. European Journal of Mineralogy, 18, 503-508. |
Russia | |
| [Vanadiopargasite] Reznitsky, L.Z., Sklyarov, E.V., Cametti, G., Armbruster, T., Ushchapovskaya, Z.F., Suvorova, L.F. and Barash, I.G. (2017) Vanadiopargasite, IMA 2017-019. CNMNC Newsletter No. 38, August 2017, page 1034; Mineralogical Magazine, 81, 1033–1038. |
| [Ferro-pedrizite] Konovalenko, S.I., Ananyev, S.A., Chukanov, N.V., Rastsvetaeva, R.K., Aksenov, S.M., Bakhtin, A.I., Nikolaev, A.G., Gainov, R., Sapozhnikov, A.N., Belakovskiy, D.I. and Bychkova, I.V. (2014) Ferro-pedrizite, IMA 2014-037. CNMNC Newsletter No. 21, August 2014, page 803; Mineralogical Magazine, 78, 797-804. |
| [Ferro-fluoro-pedrizite] Mineralogical Magazine 73,487(2009) | |
| [Fluoro-pedrizite] Oberti, R., Cámara, F., Ottolini, L. (2005): Clinoholmquistite discredited: The new amphibole end-member fluoro-sodic-pedrizite. The American Mineralogist, 90, 732-736. | |
| [Potassic-arfvedsonite] American Mineralogist: 90: 1467-1468. |
| [Potassic-arfvedsonite] American Mineralogist: 90:1467-1468. |
| [Potassic-ferro-ferri-sadanagaite] [AmMin 85:1563]; Frank C. Hawthorne, George E. Harlow (2008): THE CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF Al-RICH AMPHIBOLES: SADANAGAITE AND POTASSIC-FERRISADANAGAITE, The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 46, pp. 151-162 |
| [Potassic-magnesio-hastingsite] ZVMO 135, 2, 49-57 (2006) |
| [Fluoro-richterite] [MinRec 33:167]; Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow; The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 39, pp. 1095-1104 (2001) | |
| [Ferri-winchite] A. G. Bazhenov et al.: Proc. Russ. Min. Soc. 134(3):74-77 (2005) | |
| [Magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite] [AmMin 86:1534] | |
South Africa | |
| [Potassic-mangani-leakeite] Schweiz.Min.Petr.Mitt.(1993) 73, 349-355; Gnos, E., Armbruster, T., & Villa, I. M. (2003). Norrishite, K (Mn23+ Li) Si4O10 (O) 2, an oxymica associated with sugilite from the Wessels Mine, South Africa: Crystal chemistry and 40Ar-39Ar dating. American Mineralogist, 88(1), 189-194. |
Spain | |
| [Potassic-ferro-taramite] Obertii, R., Boiocchi, M., Smith, D.C. Mendenbach, O. & Helmers H. (2008): Potassic-aluminotaramite from Sierra de los Filabres, Spain. European Journal of Mineralogy. 20: 1005–1010 |
| [Ferri-pedrizite] American Mineralogist 85 (2000) 578-585 |
Sweden | |
| [Fluoro-leakeite] Oberti, R. Cámara, F.; Hawthorne, F.C. and Ball, N.A. (2009): Fluoro-aluminoleakeite, NaNa2(Mg2Al2Li)Si8O22F2, a new mineral of the amphibole group from Norra Kärr, Sweden: description and crystal structure. Mineralogical Magazine. 73: 817-824 |
| [Holmquistite] Osann, A. (1913): Über Holmquistit, einen Lithionglaukophan von der Insel Utö. Silzungsber. d. Heidelberger Akad. d. Wissensch. Math-nat. Klasse. Abt. A. Jahrg. 1913, 23: 1-17 + 2 plates. |
| [Manganogrunerite] Canadian Mineralogist 35, 219-246 (1997); Åberg, F. (2015) Mineralogical Study of Manganese Bearing Skarn Minerals and Manganese Content in Magnetite in the Dannemora Skarn Iron Ore Deposit. Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University |
| [Richterite] Breithaupt, A. (1865): Mineralogische Studien. 25. Ricterit. 32 Scheffferit. Berg- und Huettenmænnische Zeitung. 24, 364-364; American Mineralogist (1974): 59: 518; Nysten, P., Holtstam, D. and Jonsson, E. (1999) The Långban minerals. In Långban - The mines,their minerals, geology and explorers (D. Holtstam and J. Langhof, eds.), Swedish Museum of Natural History and Raster Förlag, Stockholm & Chr. Weise Verlag, Munich, pp. 89-183. |
Switzerland | |
| [Tremolite] Pini, E. (1790) Di alcuni fossili singolari della Lombardia Austriaca e di altre parti d'Italia. Milano, Marelli.; Stalder, H.A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998) Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz. Wepf (Basel).; Roth, P. (2006) The early history of tremolite. Axis: 2(3): 1-10. |
| [var: Byssolite] Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Verlag Wepf & Co. (Basel), p. 26; H. Westenberger collection specimen ex Stolte collection (#759), now in C. Lemanski collection (#22655CL). |
Tanzania | |
| [Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite] P.W.G.Brock, D.C. Gellatly, and O. Von Knorring(1964):Mboziite, a new sodic amphibole end member. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol 33, pp1057-65. |
Ukraine | |
| [Taramite Root Name] Spraw.Polsk.Inst.Geol.(1923) 2, 6 and TMPM,(1925) 38, 210; Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow |
USA | |
| [Barroisite] Am Min 63 (1978), 1023 |
| [Ferro-ferri-obertiite] IMA approvals - August 2009 |
| [Proto-ferro-anthophyllite] Am.Min.: 84: 196; Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences: 97: 127-136. |
| [Tremolite] Weber, Marcelle H. and Earle C. Sullivan. (1995): Connecticut Mineral Locality Index. Rocks & Minerals (Connecticut Issue): 70 (6): 397. |
| [Tremolite] Harold Moritz collection | |
| [Magnesio-hornblende] Harold Moritz collection |
| [Anthophyllite] Januzzi, Ronald E. (1976), Mineral Localities of Connecticut and Southeastern New York State. The Mineralogical Press, Danbury, Connecticut.; Van Gosen, Bradley S. (2005) Reported historic asbestos mines, historic asbestos prospects, and natural asbestos occurrences in the eastern United States. USGS Open-File Report 2005-1189. |
| [Tremolite] Weber, Marcelle H. and Earle C. Sullivan. (1995), Connecticut Mineral Locality Index. Rocks & Minerals (Connecticut Issue), 70(6): 398. |
| [Tremolite] Januzzi, Ronald E. (1994), Mineral Data Book - Western Connecticut and Environs. The Mineralogical Press, Danbury, Connecticut.; Schairer, J. F. (1931), The Minerals of Connecticut. State Geological and Natural History Survey, Hartford Connecticut Bulletin 51. |
| [Tremolite] Januzzi, Ronald E. (1976), Mineral Localities of Connecticut and Southeastern New York State. The Mineralogical Press, Danbury, Connecticut. | |
| [Tremolite] Mike Polletta specimen |
| [Anthophyllite] Lundgren, Lawrence, Jr. (1979): THE BEDROCK GEOLOGY OF THE HADDAM QUADRANGLE. State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut. Quadrangle Report No. 37, pages 9-13. |
| [Anthophyllite] Schooner, Richard. (circa 1985), Untitled manuscript on central Connecticut mineralogy. |
| [Anthophyllite] Lundgren, Lawrence, Jr. (1979), THE BEDROCK GEOLOGY OF THE HADDAM QUADRANGLE. State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut. Quadrangle Report No. 37. | |
| [Magnesio-hornblende] Ague, J. J. (1995): Deep Crustal Growth of Quartz, Kyanite and Garnet into Large-Aperature, fluid-filled fractures, northeastern Connecticut, USA. Journal of Metamorphic Geology: 13: 299-314. |
| [Ferro-anthophyllite] Rocks & Min. 70:262 |
| [Ferro-hornblende] "Western Massachusetts Mineral Localities" by Alan Plante, Valley Geology Press, 1992. Former Alfred Patrie collection. |
| [Actinolite] Gleba, 1978. Massachusetts Mineral & Fossil Localities; Barton, W. & C. E. Goldsmith (1968) New England Beryllium investigations. US Bureau Mines RI 7070 |
| [Riebeckite Root Name var: Crocidolite] Rocks & Min.: 19:244; Januzzi, R.E. and Seaman, David M. (1976) Mineral Localities Of Connecticut and Southern New York State and Pegmatite Minerals of the World. |
| [Fluoro-tremolite] Oberti, R., Cámara, F.,Bellatreccia, F., Radica, F. and Gianfagna,A. (2016) Fluoro-tremolite, IMA 2016-018.CNMNC Newsletter No. 32, August 2016,page 917; Mineralogical Magazine, 80: 915–922 |
| [Ferro-ferri-fluoro-leakeite] American Mineralogist, Volume 78, pages 733-745, 1993 |
| [Potassic-fluoro-hastingsite] Marian Lupulescu (2008) Rocks and Minerals, 83, #3; Lupulescu, M.V., Rakovan, J., Darby Dyar, M., Robinson, G.W., Hughes, J.M. (2009): Fluoro-potassichastingsite from the Greenwood Mine, Orange County, New York: a new end-member calcic amphibole. Canadian Mineralogist, 47, 909-916. |
| [Edenite] American Mineralogist, 63, pp. 1023-1052 (1978) |
| [Tremolite] The Mineralogy of Pennstlvania 1922-1965; A. Montgomery, pg. 45 |
| [Magnesio-hornblende] Miller, C. E. (1971) Rhode Island Minerals and Their Locations, O. D. Hermes, Ed., University of Rhode Island, Kingston |
| [Magnesio-hornblende] Miller, C. E. (1971) Rhode Island Minerals and Their Locations, O. D. Hermes, Ed., University of Rhode Island, Kingston | |
| [Arfvedsonite] Micro Probe Volume VI Number 8; Rocks and Minerals, 66:6, p. 453; Cannon, B. (1975): Minerals of Washington, p.49; American Mineralogist, V.58, p. 874 |
Yemen | |
| [Riebeckite] Sauer A (1888) Ueber Riebeckit, ein neues Glied der Hornblendegruppe, sowie über Neubildung von Albit in granitischen Orthoklasen, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 40, 138-152 |
Alto Chapare District, Chapare Province, Cochabamba Department, Bolivia