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Larnite

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Larnite

Caspar quarry, Bellerberg volcano, Ettringen, Mayen, Eifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Larnite

Caspar quarry, Bellerberg volcano, Ettringen, Mayen, Eifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Larnite

Caspar quarry, Bellerberg volcano, Ettringen, Mayen, Eifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Aerial View of Larne
Formula:
Ca2SiO4
Colour:
White, gray, colorless in thin section
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
6
Specific Gravity:
3.28 - 3.33
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
The material was first identified from Portland cement and named belite by Törneborn in 1897. The natural substance, a mineral, was named by Tilley in 1929 after the town of Larne, North Ireland, UK. The town is near the type locality of Scawt Hill.
Dimorph of:
Calcio-olivine
Olivine Group. The high-temperature, monoclinic polymorph of Calcio-Olivine.

Larnite crystallizes at high temperatures. It occurs in limestones or chalk zones in contact with molten basaltic rocks. Larnite is stable in the range of 520° to 670° C; otherwise, it is only metastable at lower temperatures and inverts to its low-temperature polymorph, Calcio-Olivine, when shocked.

An important phase (Belite, β-C2S) in cement clinker.
Five polymorphs of Ca2SiO4 are known; some are stabilised by impurities.


Hide all sections | Show all sections

Classification of LarniteHide

IMA status:
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First Published:
1929
Strunz 8th ed.:
8/A.07-30
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) ed.:
9.AD.05

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
D : Nesosilicates without additional anions; cations in [6] and/or greater coordination
Dana 8th ed.:
51.5.1.1

51 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups Only
5 : Insular SiO4 Groups Only with cations in >[6] coordination
Hey's CIM Ref.:
14.5.6

14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
5 : Silicates of Ca

Physical Properties of LarniteHide

Lustre:
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
White, gray, colorless in thin section
Hardness:
6 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
{100} good;
{010} imperfect
Density:
3.28 - 3.33 g/cm3 (Measured)    3.326 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of LarniteHide

Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.707 nβ = 1.715 nγ = 1.730
2V:
Calculated: 74°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.023
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
High
Dispersion:
r > v

Chemical Properties of LarniteHide

Formula:
Ca2SiO4
Elements listed:
Ca, O, Si - search for minerals with similar chemistry
Common Impurities:
Al,Fe,Mg,Na,H2O,C,P

Crystallography of LarniteHide

Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.5 Å, b = 6.74 Å, c = 9.29 Å
β = 94.59°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.816 : 1 : 1.378
Unit Cell V:
343.28 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Twinning:
Common. Polysynthetic parallel to {100}.

Type Occurrence of LarniteHide

Synonyms of LarniteHide

Other Language Names for LarniteHide

Russian:Ларнит
Simplified Chinese:斜硅钙石
Traditional Chinese:斜矽鈣石

Common AssociatesHide

BrownmilleriteCa2(Al,Fe3+)2O5
ChlormayeniteCa12Al14O32[◻4Cl2]
GehleniteCa2Al(AlSiO7)
Grossular-Hibschite Series
KilchoaniteCa6(SiO4)(Si3O10)
Melilite GroupCa2M(XSiO7)
MerwiniteCa3Mg(SiO4)2
PerovskiteCaTiO3
RankiniteCa3Si2O7
ScawtiteCa7(Si3O9)2CO3 · 2H2O
SpurriteCa5(SiO4)2(CO3)
WollastoniteCaSiO3
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
Shulamitite5 photos of Larnite associated with Shulamitite on mindat.org.
Fluorkyuygenite5 photos of Larnite associated with Fluorkyuygenite on mindat.org.
Oldhamite5 photos of Larnite associated with Oldhamite on mindat.org.
Chegemite3 photos of Larnite associated with Chegemite on mindat.org.
Hillebrandite2 photos of Larnite associated with Hillebrandite on mindat.org.
Hydrogarnet1 photo of Larnite associated with Hydrogarnet on mindat.org.
Rondorfite1 photo of Larnite associated with Rondorfite on mindat.org.
Vapnikite1 photo of Larnite associated with Vapnikite on mindat.org.
Ye'elimite1 photo of Larnite associated with Ye'elimite on mindat.org.
Brownmillerite1 photo of Larnite associated with Brownmillerite on mindat.org.

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz GroupingHide

9.AD.10Calcio-olivineCa2SiO4Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
9.AD.15MerwiniteCa3Mg(SiO4)2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.AD.20BredigiteCa7Mg(SiO4)4Orth.
9.AD.25AndraditeCa3Fe3+2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25AlmandineFe2+3Al2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25Calderite(Mn2+,Ca)3(Fe3+,Al)2(SiO4)3Iso.
9.AD.25GoldmaniteCa3V3+2(SiO4)3Iso.
9.AD.25GrossularCa3Al2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25HenritermieriteCa3(Mn3+,Al)2(SiO4)2(OH)4Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/acd
9.AD.25HibschiteCa3Al2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4xIso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25HydroandraditeCa3Fe3+2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x
9.AD.25KatoiteCa3Al2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4xIso.
9.AD.25KimzeyiteCa3(Zr,Ti)2((Si,Al,Fe3+)O4)3Iso.
9.AD.25KnorringiteMg3Cr2(SiO4)3Iso.
9.AD.25MajoriteMg3(Fe2+,Si,Al)2(SiO4)3Iso.
9.AD.25MorimotoiteCa3(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)2((Si,Fe3+)O4)3Iso.
9.AD.25PyropeMg3Al2(SiO4)3Iso.
9.AD.25SchorlomiteCa3(Ti,Fe3+)2((Si,Fe3+)O4)3Iso.
9.AD.25SpessartineMn2+3Al2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25UvaroviteCa3Cr2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25Wadalite(Ca,Mg)6(Al,Fe3+)4((Si,Al)O4)3O4Cl3Iso. 4 3m : I4 3d
9.AD.25HoltstamiteCa3(Al,Mn3+)2(SiO4)2(OH)4Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/acd
9.AD.25KerimasiteCa3Zr2(SiO4)(Fe3+O4)2Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25ToturiteCa3Sn2(SiO4)(Fe3+O4)2Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25Momoiite(Mn2+,Ca)3V3+2(SiO4)3Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.25EltyubyuiteCa12Fe3+10Si4O32Cl6Iso. 4 3m : I4 3d
9.AD.25HutcheoniteCa3Ti2(SiAl2)O12Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d
9.AD.30Coffinite(U4+,Th)(SiO4)1-x(OH)4xTet.
9.AD.30HafnonHfSiO4Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd
9.AD.30ThoriteTh(SiO4)Tet.
9.AD.30ZirconZr(SiO4)Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd
9.AD.30Stetindite-(Ce)Ce(SiO4)Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd
9.AD.35HuttoniteThSiO4Mon.
9.AD.35Tombarthite-(Y)Y4(Si,H4)4O12-x(OH)4+2xMon.
9.AD.40EulytineBi4(SiO4)3Iso. 4 3m : I4 3d
9.AD.45ReiditeZrSiO4Tet. 4/m : I41/a

Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals GroupingHide

14.5.1WollastoniteCaSiO3Tric. 1 : P1
14.5.2Wollastonite-7TCaSiO3
14.5.3Wollastonite-2MCaSiO3Mon.
14.5.4RankiniteCa3Si2O7Mon. 2/m : P21/b
14.5.5KilchoaniteCa6(SiO4)(Si3O10)Orth.
14.5.7BredigiteCa7Mg(SiO4)4Orth.
14.5.8HatruriteCa3(SiO4)OTrig.
14.5.9RosenhahniteHCa3[Si3O9(OH)]Tric.
14.5.10DellaiteCa6Si3O11(OH)2Tric.
14.5.11AfwilliteCa3(HSiO4)2 · 2H2OMon. m : Bb
14.5.12XonotliteCa6(Si6O17)(OH)2Mon. 2/m
14.5.13FoshagiteCa4(Si3O9)(OH)2Tric.
14.5.14HillebranditeCa2(SiO3)(OH)2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm
14.5.15JaffeiteCa6(Si2O7)(OH)6Trig. 3 : P3
14.5.16SuoluniteCa2(H2Si2O7) · H2OOrth.
14.5.17KillalaiteCa6.4(H0.6Si2O7)2(OH)2Mon.
14.5.18OkeniteCa10Si18O46 · 18H2OTric. 1 : P1
14.5.19RiversideiteCa5(HSi3O9)2 · 2H2OOrth.
14.5.20TrabzoniteCa4(Si3O9)(OH)2Orth. mm2 : Ama2
14.5.21GyroliteNaCa16Si23AlO60(OH)8 · 14H2OTric.
14.5.22FoshallasiteCa3[Si2O7] · 3H2O(?)
14.5.23Tobermorite[Ca4Si6O17 · 2H2O]·(Ca·3H2O)Orth.
14.5.24Clinotobermorite[Ca4Si6O17 · 2H2O]·(Ca·3H2O)Mon.
14.5.25NekoiteCa3Si6O15·7H2OTric. 1 : P1
14.5.26Plombièrite[Ca4Si6O16(OH)2 · 2H2O]·(Ca·5H2O)Orth.
14.5.27JenniteCa9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2OTric.

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for LarniteHide

Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Tilley, C.E. (1929) On larnite (calcium orthosilicate, a new mineral) and its associated minerals from the limestone contact-zone of Scawt Hill, Co. Antrim. Mineralogical Magazine: 22: 77-86.
Schairer, J.F. (1929) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 14: 338-340.
Bridge, T.E. (1966) Bredigite, larnite and γ dicalcium silicates from Marble Canyon. American Mineralogist: 51: 1766-1774.
Moore, P.B. (1973) Bracelets and pinwheels: A topological-geometrical approach to the calcium orthosilicate and alkali sulfate structures. American Mineralogist: 58: 32-42.
Jost, K.H., Ziemer, B., Seydel, R. (1977) Redetermination of the structure of β-dicalcium silicate. Acta Crystallographica: B33: 1696-1700.
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., Zussman, J. (1986) Rock-forming minerals, (2nd edition), v. 1B, disilicates and ring silicates: 248-255.
Tsurumi, T., Hirano, Y., Kato, H., Kamiya, T., Daimon, M. (1994) Crystal structure and hydration of belite. Ceramic Transactions: 40: 19-25.
Martínez-Frías, J., Benito, R., Wilson, G., Delgado, A., Boyd, T., and Marti, K. (2004) Analysis and chemical composition of larnite-rich ultrarefractory materials. Journal of Materials Processing Technology: 147: 204–210.
300 km) convecting mantle. earth and planetary science letters: 236(3-4): 579-587.'>Brenker, F.E., Vincze, L., Vekemans, B., Nasdala, L., Stachel, T., Vollmer, C., Kersten, M., Somogyi, A., Adams, F., Joswig, W., Harris, J.W. (2005) Detection of a Ca-rich lithology in the Earth's deep (>300 km) convecting mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters: 236(3-4): 579-587.
Yamnova, N.A., Zubkova, N.V., Eremin, N.N., Zadov, A.E., Gazeev, V.M. (2011) Crystal structure of larnite β-Ca2SiO4 and specific features of polymorphic transitions in dicalcium orthosilicate. Crystallography Reports: 56(2): 210-220.
Xiong, Z., Liu, X., Shieh, S.R., Wang, S., Chang, L., Tang, J., Hong, X., Zhang, Z., Wang, H. (2016) Some thermodynamic properties of larnite (β-Ca2SiO4) constrained by High T/P experiment and/or theoretical simulation. American Mineralogist: 101: 277-288.

Internet Links for LarniteHide

Localities for LarniteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (eg from pseudomorphs.)

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Austria
 
  • Styria
    • Bad Radkersburg
      • Klöch
R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
Canada
 
  • Nunavut
    • Bathurst Island
Mitchell, R.H., and Platt, R.G. (1984): Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 21(4), 428–436.
Central African Republic
 
  • Lobaye Prefecture
    • Lobaye River (Bali River)
Nazarov, M.A., Kurat, G., and Brandstätter, F. (1998): Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting, Dublin (Ireland), July 27-31, 1998, Abstract 5123.
Germany
 
  • Rhineland-Palatinate
    • Eifel
      • Daun
        • Üdersdorf
Schüller, W., Betz, V., Die Mineralien vom Emmelberg, Lapis 12/1986
      • Mayen
        • Ettringen
          • Bellerberg volcano
Hentschel, G. (1987): Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise (München), 2. Auflage
in the collection of Christof Schäfer
Sharygin, V. V. (2012). Mineralogy of metacarbonate xenolith from alkali basalt, E. Eifel, Germany. In Ore Potential of Alkaline, Kimberlite and Carbonatite Magmatism. Book of Abstracts, XXIX International Conference. Training Program: Alkaline Magmatism of the Earth, Sudak-Moscow, ONTI GEOCHI RAS (pp. 156-158).
            • Southern lava flow
Hentschel, G. (1961): Seltene Mineralneubildungen in einem Kalksteineinschluß der Lava des Ettringer Bellerberges, Fortschritte Mineralogie, Vol. 39, 345
in the collection of Christof Schäfer
Greenland
 
  • Qeqqata
    • Kangerlussuaq Fjord (Søndre Strømfjord)
      • Kangerlussuaq complex
Nielsen, T.F.D., Solovova, I.P. Veksler, I.V. (1997): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 126–124, 331–344.
Israel
 
  • Negev
Gross, S. (1977): The Mineralogy of the Hatrurim Formation, Israel. Geological Survey of Israel, Bulletin no. 70, 80 pp.
Sharygin, V.V., Sokol, E.V. & Vapnik, Ye. (2008): Minerals of the pseudobinary perovskite-brownmillerite series from combustion metamorphic larnite rocks of the Hatrurim Formation (Israel). Russian Geology and Geophysics 49, 709-726.
Galuskin, E.V., Galuskina, I.O., Gfeller, F., Krüger, B., Kusz, J., Vapnik, Y., Dulski, M., Dzierżanowski, P. (2016): Silicocarnotite, Ca5[(SiO4)(PO4)](PO4), a new ‘old’ mineral from the Negev Desert, Israel, and the ternesite-silicocarnotite solid solution: indicators of high-temperature alteration of pyrometamorphic rocks of the Hatrurim Complex, Southern Levant. European Journal of Mineralogy: 28: 105-12.
Sokol, E.V., Seryotkin, Y.V., Kokh, S.N., Vapnik, Ye., Nigmatulina, E.N., Goryainov, S.V., Belogub, E.V., Sharygin, V.V. (2015): Flamite, (Ca,Na,K)2(Si,P)O4, a new mineral from ultrahigh-temperature combustion metamorphic rocks, Hatrurim Basin, Negev Desert, Israel. Mineralogical Magazine, 79, 583-596.
  • Southern District (HaDarom District)
    • Dead Sea
Gross S (1984) Occurrence of ye'elimite and ellestadite in an unusual cobble from the "pseudo-conglomerate" of the Hatrurim basin, Israel. Geological Survey of Israel Current Research, 1-4
Galuskin, E.V., Galuskina, I.O., Gfeller, F., Krüger, B., Kusz, J., Vapnik, Y., Dulski, M., Dzierżanowski, P. (2016): Silicocarnotite, Ca5[(SiO4)(PO4)](PO4), a new ‘old’ mineral from the Negev Desert, Israel, and the ternesite-silicocarnotite solid solution: indicators of high-temperature alteration of pyrometamorphic rocks of the Hatrurim Complex, Southern Levant. European Journal of Mineralogy: 28: 105-12.
Italy
 
  • Latium
    • Rome Province
Federico, M., Peccerillo, A., (2002): Mineral chemistry and petrogenesis of granular ejecta from the Alban Hills volcano, Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol 74, 223-252
Jordan
 
  • Amman
Pitty, A. F., & Alexander, W. R. (2010). A natural analogue study of cement buffered, hyperalkaline groundwaters and their interaction with a repository host rock IV: an examination of the Khushaym Matruk (central Jordan) and Maqarin (northern Jordan) sites. NDA-RWMD Technical Report, NDA, Moors Row, UK.
  • Irbid
    • Maqarin area
Pitty, A. F., & Alexander, W. R. (2010). A natural analogue study of cement buffered, hyperalkaline groundwaters and their interaction with a repository host rock IV: an examination of the Khushaym Matruk (central Jordan) and Maqarin (northern Jordan) sites. NDA-RWMD Technical Report, NDA, Moors Row, UK.
Kazakhstan
 
  • Karagandy Province (Qaragandy Oblysy; Karaganda Oblast')
    • Atasu
Krigman, L.D., Veksler, I.V., Ishbulatov, R.A., and Nielsen, T.F.D. (2001) in: Proceedings of the EUG XI, Strasbourg, France, 8–12 April, European Union of Geosciences, J. Conf. (Abstracts) 6, 578.
New Zealand
 
  • North Island
    • Northland
      • Kaipara
Mason, B. (1957): Larnite, scawtite, and hydrogrossular from Tokatoka, New Zealand. American Mineralogist 42, 379-392.
Palestine
 
  • West Bank
    • Hatrurim Formation
Galuskin, E., Galuskina, I., Kusz, J., Armbruster, T., Marzec, K., Dzierżanowski, P., Murashko, M. (2014): Vapnikite Ca3UO6 - a new double perovskite mineral from pyrometamorphic larnite rocks of the Jabel Harmun, Palestine Autonomy, Israel. Mineralogical Magazine, 78, 571-581
Seryotkin Y.V., Sokol E.V. & Kokh S.N. 2012: Natural pseudowollastonite: Crystal structure, associated minerals, and geological context. Lithos, vol. 134-135, pp. 75-90; Seryotkin, Yu.V., Sokol, E.V., Kokh, S.N. (2012): Natural pseudowollastonite: Crystal structure, associated minerals, and geological context. Lithos, 134–135, 75-90; Sokol, E.V., Gaskova, O.L., Kokh, S.N., Kozmenko, O.A., Seryotkin, Y.V., Vapnik, Y., Murashko, M.N. (2011): Chromatite and its Cr3+- and Cr6+-bearing precursor minerals from the Nabi Musa Mottled Zone complex, Judean Desert. American Mineralogist 96, 659-674.
Romania
 
  • Brașov Co.
    • Racoş Commune
Szakáll, S., Kristály, F., 2010. Mineralogy of Székelyland, Eastern Transylvania, Romania. Sfântu Gheorghe-Miercurea Ciuc-Târgu Mureş. 2010.
  • Harghita Co.
    • Odorheiu Secuiesc (Székelyudvarhely; Oderhellen)
      • Racoş (Racoşu de Jos)
Szakáll, S. & Kristály, F., Eds. (2010): Mineralogy of Székelyland, Eastern Transylvania, Romania. Csík County Nature and Conservation Society, Miercurea-Ciuc, Romania, 321 pp.
Russia
 
  • Eastern-Siberian Region
    • Krasnoyarsk Territory (Krasnoyarsk Kray; Krasnoyarskii Krai)
      • Maimecha and Kotui Rivers Basin
Henderson, C. M. B., Kogarko, L. N., & Plant, D. A. (1999). Extreme closed system fractionation of volatile-rich, ultrabasic peralkaline melt inclusions and the occurrence of djerfisherite in the Kugda alkaline complex, Siberia. Mineralogical Magazine, 63(3), 433-438.
    • Prebaikalia (Pribaikal'e)
      • Irkutskaya Oblast'
        • Narin-Kunta
Armbruster, T., Lazic, B., Gfeller, F., Galuskin, E.V., Galuskina, I.O., Savelyeva, V.B., Zadov, A.E., Pertsev, N.N., Dzierżanowski, P. (2011): Chlorine content and crystal chemistry of dellaite from the Birkhin gabbro massif, Eastern Siberia, Russia. Mineralogical Magazine, 75, 379-394.
  • Northern Caucasus Region
    • Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
      • Baksan Valley
Galuskin, E.V., Galuskina, I.O., Kusz, J., Gfeller, F., Armbruster, T., Bailau, R., Dulski, M., Gazeev, V.M., Pertsev, N.N., Zadov, A.E., Dzieržanowski, P. (2015): Mayenite supergroup, part II: Chlorkyuygenite from Upper Chegem, northern Caucasus Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia, a new microporous mayenite supergroup mineral with “zeolitic” H2O. European Journal of Mineralogy. 27, 113-122; Bailau, R., Gałuskin, E. V., Gazeev, V. M., & Gałuskina, I. O. Raman investigation of potential new mineral-Fe 3-analogue of wadalite from calcareous-silicate xenoliths of the Upper Chegem caldera, Northern Caucasus, Russia.
          • Lakargi Mt.
Galuskina, I.O., Krüger, B., Galuskin, E.V. ,Armbruster, T., Gazeev, V.M., Włodyka, R., Dulski, M. & Dzierżanowski, P. (2015): Fluorchegemite, Ca7(SiO4)3F2, a new mineral from the edgrewitebearing endoskarn zone of an altered xenolith in ignimbrites from Upper Chegem Caldera, Northern Caucasus, Kabardina-balkaria, Russia; Occurrence, crystal structure, and new data on the mineral assemblages. Canadian Mineralogist. 53, 325-344.; Galuskina, I. O., Galuskin, E. V., Kusz, J., Dzierżanowski, P., Prusik, K., Gazeev, V. M., ... & Dubrovinsky, L. (2013). Dzhuluite, Ca3SbSnFe3+ 3O12, a new bitikleite-group garnet from the Upper Chegem Caldera, Northern Caucasus, Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia. European Journal of Mineralogy, 25(2), 231-239
Galuskina, I., Galuskin, E.V., Dzieržanowski, P., Gazeev, V., Prusik, K., Pertsev, N., Winiarski, A., Zadov, A., Wrzalik, R. (2010): Toturite Ca3Sn2Fe2SiO12 - a new mineral species of the garnet group. American Mineralogist, 95, 1305-1311
Galuskin, E. V.; Gazeev, V. M.; Lazic, B.; Armbruster, T.; Galuskina, I. O.; Zadov, A. E.; Pertsev, N. N.; Wrzalik, R.; Dzierzanowski, P.; Gurbanov, A. G. & Bzowska, G. (2009): Chegemite Ca7(SiO4)3(OH)2 - a new humite-group calcium mineral from the Northern Caucasus, Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia. European Journal of Mineralogy 21, 1045-1059.
  • Urals Region
    • Southern Urals
      • Chelyabinsk Oblast'
Cesnokov, B., Kotrly, M. and Nisanbajev, T. (1998): Brennende Abraumhalden und Aufschlüsse im Tscheljabinsker Kohlenbecken - eine reiche Mineralienküche. Mineralien-Welt, 9 (3), 54-63 (in German).
Zateeva, S. N., Sokol, E. V., & Sharygin, V. V. (2007). Specificity of pyrometamorphic minerals of the ellestadite group. Geology of Ore Deposits, 49(8), 792-805.
          • Kopeisk
Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
South Ossetia
 
  • Greater Caucasus Mountain Range
    • Kel’ volcanic area
      • Shadil-Khokh volcano
Galuskina, I.O., Krüger, B., Galuskin, E.V. ,Armbruster, T., Gazeev, V.M., Włodyka, R., Dulski, M. & Dzierżanowski, P. (2015): Fluorchegemite, Ca7(SiO4)3F2, a new mineral from the edgrewitebearing endoskarn zone of an altered xenolith in ignimbrites from Upper Chegem Caldera, Northern Caucasus, Kabardina-balkaria, Russia; Occurrence, crystal structure, and new data on the mineral assemblages. Canadian Mineralogist. 53, 325-344.
Tanzania
 
  • Arusha Region
Martínez-Frías, J., Benito, R., Wilson, G., Delgado, A., Boyd, T., and Marti, K. (2004): Journal of Materials Processing Technology 147, 204–210.; Henderson, C. M. B., Kogarko, L. N., & Plant, D. A. (1999). Extreme closed system fractionation of volatile-rich, ultrabasic peralkaline melt inclusions and the occurrence of djerfisherite in the Kugda alkaline complex, Siberia. Mineralogical Magazine, 63(3), 433-438.
Turkey
 
  • Black Sea Region
    • Trabzon Province
Sebastian Axt; Yücel, C., Temizel, R., Abdioğlu, E., Arslan, M., & Yağcıoğlu, U. C. (2014). Origin of analcimes in the Tertiary volcanic rocks from the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey): a textural, mineralogical and geochemical approach. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie-Abhandlungen: Journal of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 191(3), 277-299.
UK
 
  • Northern Ireland
    • Co. Antrim
      • Glenoe
Henmi, C., Kusachi, I., Henmi, K., Sabine, P.A. and Young, B.R. (1973) A new mineral bicchulite, the natural analogue of gehlenite hydrate, from Fuka, Okayama Prefecture, Japan and Carneal, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, Mineralogical Journal, 7, 243-251; Nawaz, R. (1977) A second occurrence of killalaite. Mineralogical Magazine, 41, 546-548.; Sabine, P.A., Styles, M.T. and Young, B.R. (1985) The Nature and Paragenesis of Natural Bredigite and Associated Minerals from Carneal and Scawt Hill, Co. Antrim. Mineralogical Magazine 49:663-670.
      • Larne
Peter G. Embrey (1978) Fourth Supplementary List of British Minerals. Mineralogical Magazine 42:169-177; McConnell, J. D. C. (1954). The hydrated calcium silicates riversideite, tobermorite, and plombierite. Mineral. Mag, 30(224), 293-304.
Tilley, C.E. (1929) On larnite (calcium orthosilicate, a new mineral) and its associated minerals from the limestone contact-zone of Scawt Hill, Co. Antrim. Mineralogical Magazine, 22, 77-86.; American Mineralogist: 33: 786; Mineralogical Magazine 1942 26 : 190-196; Tilley, C. E., & Alderman, A. R. (1934). Progressive metasomatism in the flint nodules of the Scawt Hill contact-zone. Mineral Mag, 23, 513-518.; McConnell, J. D. C. (1955). The hydration of larnite (fi-Ca2SiO~) and bredigite (al-Ca2Si04) and the properties of the resulting gelatinous mineral plombierite.
  • Scotland
    • North West Highlands
      • Ardnamurchan
American Mineralogist 35:1080
Handbook of Mineralogy - Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols; Agrell, S.O. (1965) Polythermal Metamorphism of Limestones at Kilchoan, Ardnamurchan. Mineralogical Magazine, vol. 34, n° 268, 1-15.; Embrey, P.G. (1978) Fourth supplementary list of British minerals. Mineralogical Magazine, vol. 42, n° 322, 169-177 (referring to Agrell);
      • Isle of Muck
Tilley, C.E. (1947) The gabbro-limestone contact zone of Camas Mor, Muck, Inverness-shire. Comptes Rendus de la Société geologique de Finlande, No. 140, 97–105.
    • Strathclyde
      • Isle of Mull
Mineralogical Magazine 1965 34 : 92-106.
USA
 
  • California
    • Inyo Co.
      • Darwin Hills
        • Darwin District
          • Darwin
Am Min (1962) 47:1003-1005
  • Connecticut
    • Middlesex Co.
      • Portland
        • Collins Hill
          • Strickland pegmatite (Strickland-Cramer Quarry; Strickland-Cramer Mine; Strickland-Cramer Feldspar-Mica Quarries)
Schooner, Richard. (circa 1985), Untitled manuscript on central Connecticut mineralogy.
  • Texas
    • Brewster Co.
      • Christmas Mts
Rocks & Minerals (1991): 66:3: 196-224.
    • Culberson Co.
      • Apache Peak area
Rocks & Minerals (1991): 66(3): 196-224.; Am Min 51:1766-1774
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