Larnite
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About Larnite
Aerial View of Larne
Formula:
Ca2SiO4
Colour:
White, gray, colorless in thin section
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
6
Specific Gravity:
3.28 - 3.33
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
The material was first identified from Portland cement and named belite by Törneborn in 1897. The natural substance, a mineral, was named by Tilley in 1929 after the town of Larne, North Ireland, UK. The town is near the type locality of Scawt Hill.
Type Locality:
Dimorph of:
Olivine Group. The high-temperature, monoclinic polymorph of Calcio-Olivine.
Larnite crystallizes at high temperatures. It occurs in limestones or chalk zones in contact with molten basaltic rocks. Larnite is stable in the range of 520° to 670° C; otherwise, it is only metastable at lower temperatures and inverts to its low-temperature polymorph, Calcio-Olivine, when shocked.
An important phase (Belite, β-C2S) in cement clinker.
Five polymorphs of Ca2SiO4 are known; some are stabilised by impurities.
Larnite crystallizes at high temperatures. It occurs in limestones or chalk zones in contact with molten basaltic rocks. Larnite is stable in the range of 520° to 670° C; otherwise, it is only metastable at lower temperatures and inverts to its low-temperature polymorph, Calcio-Olivine, when shocked.
An important phase (Belite, β-C2S) in cement clinker.
Five polymorphs of Ca2SiO4 are known; some are stabilised by impurities.
Classification of Larnite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First Published:
1929
8/A.07-30
9.AD.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
D : Nesosilicates without additional anions; cations in [6] and/or greater coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
D : Nesosilicates without additional anions; cations in [6] and/or greater coordination
51.5.1.1
51 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups Only
5 : Insular SiO4 Groups Only with cations in >[6] coordination
51 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups Only
5 : Insular SiO4 Groups Only with cations in >[6] coordination
14.5.6
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
5 : Silicates of Ca
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
5 : Silicates of Ca
Physical Properties of Larnite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
White, gray, colorless in thin section
Hardness:
6 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
{100} good;
{010} imperfect
{100} good;
{010} imperfect
Density:
3.28 - 3.33 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.326 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Larnite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.707 nβ = 1.715 nγ = 1.730
2V:
Calculated: 74°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.023
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
High
Dispersion:
r > v
Chemical Properties of Larnite
Formula:
Ca2SiO4
IMA Formula:
Ca2(SiO4)
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Al,Fe,Mg,Na,H2O,C,P
Crystallography of Larnite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.5 Å, b = 6.74 Å, c = 9.29 Å
β = 94.59°
β = 94.59°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.816 : 1 : 1.378
Unit Cell V:
343.28 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Twinning:
Common. Polysynthetic parallel to {100}.
Occurrences of Larnite
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Type Occurrence of Larnite
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Larnite
Other Language Names for Larnite
Common Associates
| Brownmillerite | Ca2(Al,Fe3+)2O5 |
| Chlormayenite | Ca12Al14O32[◻4Cl2] |
| Gehlenite | Ca2Al(AlSiO7) |
| Grossular-Hibschite Series | |
| Kilchoanite | Ca6(SiO4)(Si3O10) |
| Melilite Group | Ca2M(XSiO7) |
| Merwinite | Ca3Mg(SiO4)2 |
| Perovskite | CaTiO3 |
| Rankinite | Ca3Si2O7 |
| Scawtite | Ca7(Si3O9)2CO3 · 2H2O |
| Spurrite | Ca5(SiO4)2(CO3) |
| Wollastonite | CaSiO3 |
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| Shulamitite | 5 photos of Larnite associated with Shulamitite on mindat.org. |
| Fluorkyuygenite | 5 photos of Larnite associated with Fluorkyuygenite on mindat.org. |
| Oldhamite | 5 photos of Larnite associated with Oldhamite on mindat.org. |
| Chegemite | 3 photos of Larnite associated with Chegemite on mindat.org. |
| Hillebrandite | 2 photos of Larnite associated with Hillebrandite on mindat.org. |
| Hydrogarnet | 1 photo of Larnite associated with Hydrogarnet on mindat.org. |
| Rondorfite | 1 photo of Larnite associated with Rondorfite on mindat.org. |
| Vapnikite | 1 photo of Larnite associated with Vapnikite on mindat.org. |
| Ye'elimite | 1 photo of Larnite associated with Ye'elimite on mindat.org. |
| Brownmillerite | 1 photo of Larnite associated with Brownmillerite on mindat.org. |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
| 9.AD. | Adrianite | Ca12(Al4Mg3Si7)O32Cl6 | Iso. 4 3m : I4 3d |
| 9.AD.10 | Calcio-olivine | Ca2SiO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 9.AD.15 | Merwinite | Ca3Mg(SiO4)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 9.AD.20 | Bredigite | Ca7Mg(SiO4)4 | Orth. |
| 9.AD.25 | Andradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
| 9.AD.25 | Almandine | Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
| 9.AD.25 | Calderite | (Mn2+,Ca)3(Fe3+,Al)2(SiO4)3 | Iso. |
| 9.AD.25 | Goldmanite | Ca3V3+2(SiO4)3 | Iso. |
| 9.AD.25 | Grossular | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
| 9.AD.25 | Henritermierite | Ca3(Mn3+,Al)2(SiO4)2(OH)4 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/acd |
| 9.AD.25 | Hibschite | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
| 9.AD.25 | Hydroandradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x | |
| 9.AD.25 | Katoite | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x (x = 1.5-3) | Iso. |
| 9.AD.25 | Kimzeyite | Ca3(Zr,Ti)2((Si,Al,Fe3+)O4)3 | Iso. |
| 9.AD.25 | Knorringite | Mg3Cr2(SiO4)3 | Iso. |
| 9.AD.25 | Majorite | Mg3(Fe2+,Si,Al)2(SiO4)3 | Iso. |
| 9.AD.25 | Morimotoite | Ca3(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+)2((Si,Fe3+)O4)3 | Iso. |
| 9.AD.25 | Pyrope | Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 | Iso. |
| 9.AD.25 | Schorlomite | Ca3(Ti,Fe3+)2((Si,Fe3+)O4)3 | Iso. |
| 9.AD.25 | Spessartine | Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
| 9.AD.25 | Uvarovite | Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
| 9.AD.25 | Wadalite | (Ca,Mg)6(Al,Fe3+)4((Si,Al)O4)3O4Cl3 | Iso. 4 3m : I4 3d |
| 9.AD.25 | Holtstamite | Ca3(Al,Mn3+)2(SiO4)2(OH)4 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/acd |
| 9.AD.25 | Kerimasite | Ca3Zr2(SiO4)(Fe3+O4)2 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
| 9.AD.25 | Toturite | Ca3Sn2(SiO4)(Fe3+O4)2 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
| 9.AD.25 | Momoiite | (Mn2+,Ca)3V3+2(SiO4)3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
| 9.AD.25 | Eringaite | Ca3Sc2(SiO4)3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
| 9.AD.25 | Eltyubyuite | Ca12Fe3+10Si4O32Cl6 | Iso. 4 3m : I4 3d |
| 9.AD.25 | Hutcheonite | Ca3Ti2(SiAl2)O12 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Ia3d |
| 9.AD.30 | Coffinite | U(SiO4) · nH2O | Tet. |
| 9.AD.30 | Hafnon | HfSiO4 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| 9.AD.30 | Thorite | Th(SiO4) | Tet. |
| 9.AD.30 | Zircon | Zr(SiO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| 9.AD.30 | Stetindite-(Ce) | Ce(SiO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| 9.AD.35 | Huttonite | ThSiO4 | Mon. |
| 9.AD.35 | Tombarthite-(Y) | Y4(Si,H4)4O12-x(OH)4+2x | Mon. |
| 9.AD.40 | Eulytine | Bi4(SiO4)3 | Iso. 4 3m : I4 3d |
| 9.AD.45 | Reidite | ZrSiO4 | Tet. 4/m : I41/a |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
| 14.5.1 | Wollastonite | CaSiO3 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| 14.5.2 | Wollastonite-7T | CaSiO3 | |
| 14.5.3 | Wollastonite-2M | CaSiO3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 14.5.4 | Rankinite | Ca3Si2O7 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 14.5.5 | Kilchoanite | Ca6(SiO4)(Si3O10) | Orth. |
| 14.5.7 | Bredigite | Ca7Mg(SiO4)4 | Orth. |
| 14.5.8 | Hatrurite | Ca3(SiO4)O | Trig. |
| 14.5.9 | Rosenhahnite | HCa3[Si3O9(OH)] | Tric. |
| 14.5.10 | Dellaite | Ca6Si3O11(OH)2 | Tric. |
| 14.5.11 | Afwillite | Ca3(HSiO4)2 · 2H2O | Mon. m : Bb |
| 14.5.12 | Xonotlite | Ca6(Si6O17)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m |
| 14.5.13 | Foshagite | Ca4(Si3O9)(OH)2 | Tric. |
| 14.5.14 | Hillebrandite | Ca2(SiO3)(OH)2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm |
| 14.5.15 | Jaffeite | Ca6(Si2O7)(OH)6 | Trig. 3 : P3 |
| 14.5.16 | Suolunite | Ca2(H2Si2O7) · H2O | Orth. |
| 14.5.17 | Killalaite | Ca6.4(H0.6Si2O7)2(OH)2 | Mon. |
| 14.5.18 | Okenite | Ca10Si18O46 · 18H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| 14.5.19 | Riversideite | Ca5(HSi3O9)2 · 2H2O | Orth. |
| 14.5.20 | Trabzonite | Ca4(Si3O9)(OH)2 | Orth. mm2 : Ama2 |
| 14.5.21 | Gyrolite | NaCa16Si23AlO60(OH)8 · 14H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| 14.5.22 | Foshallasite | Ca3[Si2O7] · 3H2O(?) | |
| 14.5.23 | Tobermorite | [Ca4Si6O17 · 2H2O]·(Ca·3H2O) | Orth. |
| 14.5.24 | Clinotobermorite | [Ca4Si6O17 · 2H2O]·(Ca·3H2O) | Mon. |
| 14.5.25 | Nekoite | Ca3Si6O15·7H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| 14.5.26 | Plombièrite | [Ca4Si6O16(OH)2 · 2H2O]·(Ca·5H2O) | Orth. |
| 14.5.27 | Jennite | Ca9(Si3O9)2(OH)8 · 8H2O | Tric. |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Larnite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Tilley, C.E. (1929) On larnite (calcium orthosilicate, a new mineral) and its associated minerals from the limestone contact-zone of Scawt Hill, Co. Antrim. Mineralogical Magazine: 22: 77-86.
Schairer, J.F. (1929) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 14: 338-340.
Bridge, T.E. (1966) Bredigite, larnite and γ dicalcium silicates from Marble Canyon. American Mineralogist: 51: 1766-1774.
Moore, P.B. (1973) Bracelets and pinwheels: A topological-geometrical approach to the calcium orthosilicate and alkali sulfate structures. American Mineralogist: 58: 32-42.
Jost, K.H., Ziemer, B., Seydel, R. (1977) Redetermination of the structure of β-dicalcium silicate. Acta Crystallographica: B33: 1696-1700.
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A., Zussman, J. (1986) Rock-forming minerals, (2nd edition), v. 1B, disilicates and ring silicates: 248-255.
Tsurumi, T., Hirano, Y., Kato, H., Kamiya, T., Daimon, M. (1994) Crystal structure and hydration of belite. Ceramic Transactions: 40: 19-25.
Martínez-Frías, J., Benito, R., Wilson, G., Delgado, A., Boyd, T., and Marti, K. (2004) Analysis and chemical composition of larnite-rich ultrarefractory materials. Journal of Materials Processing Technology: 147: 204–210.
300 km) convecting mantle. earth and planetary science letters: 236(3-4): 579-587.'>Brenker, F.E., Vincze, L., Vekemans, B., Nasdala, L., Stachel, T., Vollmer, C., Kersten, M., Somogyi, A., Adams, F., Joswig, W., Harris, J.W. (2005) Detection of a Ca-rich lithology in the Earth's deep (>300 km) convecting mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters: 236(3-4): 579-587.
Yamnova, N.A., Zubkova, N.V., Eremin, N.N., Zadov, A.E., Gazeev, V.M. (2011) Crystal structure of larnite β-Ca2SiO4 and specific features of polymorphic transitions in dicalcium orthosilicate. Crystallography Reports: 56(2): 210-220.
Xiong, Z., Liu, X., Shieh, S.R., Wang, S., Chang, L., Tang, J., Hong, X., Zhang, Z., Wang, H. (2016) Some thermodynamic properties of larnite (β-Ca2SiO4) constrained by High T/P experiment and/or theoretical simulation. American Mineralogist: 101: 277-288.
Internet Links for Larnite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2333.html
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Localities for Larnite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Austria | |
| R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993) |
Canada | |
| Mitchell, R.H., and Platt, R.G. (1984): Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 21(4), 428–436. |
Central African Republic | |
| Nazarov, M.A., Kurat, G., and Brandstätter, F. (1998): Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting, Dublin (Ireland), July 27-31, 1998, Abstract 5123. |
Denmark | |
| Nielsen, T.F.D., Solovova, I.P. Veksler, I.V. (1997): Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 126–124, 331–344. |
France | |
| Kruszewski, Ł., Gatel, P., Thiéry, V., Moszumańska, I., and Kusy, D. (2018) Crystallochemical Behavior of Slag Minerals and the Occurrence of Potentially New Mineral Species from Lapanouse-de-Sévérac, France. In: Stracher, G.B. (Ed.) Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective, Vol. 5: Case Studies - Advances in Field and Laboratory Research, xx-xx (in press; publication date: November 2018). |
Germany | |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer |
| Hentschel, G. (1987): Die Mineralien der Eifelvulkane, Weise (München), 2. Auflage |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer | |
| Sharygin, V. V. (2012). Mineralogy of metacarbonate xenolith from alkali basalt, E. Eifel, Germany. In Ore Potential of Alkaline, Kimberlite and Carbonatite Magmatism. Book of Abstracts, XXIX International Conference. Training Program: Alkaline Magmatism of the Earth, Sudak-Moscow, ONTI GEOCHI RAS (pp. 156-158). | |
| Hentschel, G. (1961): Seltene Mineralneubildungen in einem Kalksteineinschluß der Lava des Ettringer Bellerberges, Fortschritte Mineralogie, Vol. 39, 345 |
| Schüller, W. and Betz, V. (1986) Die Mineralien vom Emmelberg. Lapis, 11(12), 11-25.; Blaß, G. and Kruijen, F. (2015) Neuigkeiten aus der Vulkaneifel (II/2015). Mineralien-Welt, 26(5), 80-90. |
Israel | |
| Gross, S. (1977): The Mineralogy of the Hatrurim Formation, Israel. Geological Survey of Israel, Bulletin no. 70, 80 pp. |
| Galuskina, I.O., Galuskin, E.V., Vapnik, Y., Prusik, K., Stasiak, M., Dzierżanowski, P., Murashko, M. (2017): Gurimite, Ba3(VO4)2, and hexacelsian, BaAl2Si2O8 – two new minerals from schorlomite-rich paralava of the Hatrurim Complex, Negev Desert, Israel. Mineralogical Magazine, 81, 1009-1019. | |
| Sharygin, V.V., Sokol, E.V. & Vapnik, Ye. (2008): Minerals of the pseudobinary perovskite-brownmillerite series from combustion metamorphic larnite rocks of the Hatrurim Formation (Israel). Russian Geology and Geophysics 49, 709-726. | |
| Galuskin, E.V., Galuskina, I.O., Gfeller, F., Krüger, B., Kusz, J., Vapnik, Y., Dulski, M., Dzierżanowski, P. (2016): Silicocarnotite, Ca5[(SiO4)(PO4)](PO4), a new ‘old’ mineral from the Negev Desert, Israel, and the ternesite-silicocarnotite solid solution: indicators of high-temperature alteration of pyrometamorphic rocks of the Hatrurim Complex, Southern Levant. European Journal of Mineralogy: 28: 105-12. | |
| Sokol, E.V., Seryotkin, Y.V., Kokh, S.N., Vapnik, Ye., Nigmatulina, E.N., Goryainov, S.V., Belogub, E.V., Sharygin, V.V. (2015): Flamite, (Ca,Na,K)2(Si,P)O4, a new mineral from ultrahigh-temperature combustion metamorphic rocks, Hatrurim Basin, Negev Desert, Israel. Mineralogical Magazine, 79, 583-596. | |
| Gross S (1984) Occurrence of ye'elimite and ellestadite in an unusual cobble from the "pseudo-conglomerate" of the Hatrurim basin, Israel. Geological Survey of Israel Current Research, 1-4 |
| Galuskin, E.V., Galuskina, I.O., Gfeller, F., Krüger, B., Kusz, J., Vapnik, Y., Dulski, M., Dzierżanowski, P. (2016): Silicocarnotite, Ca5[(SiO4)(PO4)](PO4), a new ‘old’ mineral from the Negev Desert, Israel, and the ternesite-silicocarnotite solid solution: indicators of high-temperature alteration of pyrometamorphic rocks of the Hatrurim Complex, Southern Levant. European Journal of Mineralogy: 28: 105-12. | |
Italy | |
| Federico, M., Peccerillo, A., (2002): Mineral chemistry and petrogenesis of granular ejecta from the Alban Hills volcano, Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol 74, 223-252 |
Jordan | |
| Pitty, A. F., & Alexander, W. R. (2010). A natural analogue study of cement buffered, hyperalkaline groundwaters and their interaction with a repository host rock IV: an examination of the Khushaym Matruk (central Jordan) and Maqarin (northern Jordan) sites. NDA-RWMD Technical Report, NDA, Moors Row, UK. |
| Pitty, A. F., & Alexander, W. R. (2010). A natural analogue study of cement buffered, hyperalkaline groundwaters and their interaction with a repository host rock IV: an examination of the Khushaym Matruk (central Jordan) and Maqarin (northern Jordan) sites. NDA-RWMD Technical Report, NDA, Moors Row, UK. |
Kazakhstan | |
| Krigman, L.D., Veksler, I.V., Ishbulatov, R.A., and Nielsen, T.F.D. (2001) in: Proceedings of the EUG XI, Strasbourg, France, 8–12 April, European Union of Geosciences, J. Conf. (Abstracts) 6, 578. |
New Zealand | |
| Mason, B. (1957): Larnite, scawtite, and hydrogrossular from Tokatoka, New Zealand. American Mineralogist 42, 379-392. |
| Baker, C.K., Black, P.M. (1980) Assimilation and metamorphism at a basalt limestone contact, Tokatoka, New Zealand. Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 43:330, 797-807. | |
Palestine | |
| Galuskin, E., Galuskina, I., Kusz, J., Armbruster, T., Marzec, K., Dzierżanowski, P., Murashko, M. (2014): Vapnikite Ca3UO6 - a new double perovskite mineral from pyrometamorphic larnite rocks of the Jabel Harmun, Palestine Autonomy, Israel. Mineralogical Magazine, 78, 571-581 |
| Seryotkin Y.V., Sokol E.V. & Kokh S.N. 2012: Natural pseudowollastonite: Crystal structure, associated minerals, and geological context. Lithos, vol. 134-135, pp. 75-90; Seryotkin, Yu.V., Sokol, E.V., Kokh, S.N. (2012): Natural pseudowollastonite: Crystal structure, associated minerals, and geological context. Lithos, 134–135, 75-90; Sokol, E.V., Gaskova, O.L., Kokh, S.N., Kozmenko, O.A., Seryotkin, Y.V., Vapnik, Y., Murashko, M.N. (2011): Chromatite and its Cr3+- and Cr6+-bearing precursor minerals from the Nabi Musa Mottled Zone complex, Judean Desert. American Mineralogist 96, 659-674. | |
| Galuskina, I. O., Gfeller, F., Galuskin, E. V., Armbruster, T., Vapnik, Y., Dulski, M., ... & Murashko, M. (2018). New minerals with modular structure derived from hatrurite from the pyrometamorphic rocks, part IV: Dargaite, BaCa 12 (SiO 4) 4 (SO 4) 2 O 3, from Nahal Darga, Palestinian Autonomy. Mineralogical Magazine, 1-22. | |
Romania | |
| Szakáll, S., Kristály, F., 2010. Mineralogy of Székelyland, Eastern Transylvania, Romania. Sfântu Gheorghe-Miercurea Ciuc-Târgu Mureş. 2010. |
| Szakáll, S. & Kristály, F., Eds. (2010): Mineralogy of Székelyland, Eastern Transylvania, Romania. Csík County Nature and Conservation Society, Miercurea-Ciuc, Romania, 321 pp. |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov, B., Kotrly, M. and Nisanbajev, T. (1998): Brennende Abraumhalden und Aufschlüsse im Tscheljabinsker Kohlenbecken - eine reiche Mineralienküche. Mineralien-Welt, 9 (3), 54-63 (in German). |
| Sharygin, V. V. (2015). Mayenite-supergroup minerals from burned dump of the Chelyabinsk Coal Basin. Russian Geology and Geophysics, 56(11), 1603-1621. | |
| Zateeva, S. N., Sokol, E. V., & Sharygin, V. V. (2007). Specificity of pyrometamorphic minerals of the ellestadite group. Geology of Ore Deposits, 49(8), 792-805. | |
| Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow |
| Armbruster, T., Lazic, B., Gfeller, F., Galuskin, E.V., Galuskina, I.O., Savelyeva, V.B., Zadov, A.E., Pertsev, N.N., Dzierżanowski, P. (2011): Chlorine content and crystal chemistry of dellaite from the Birkhin gabbro massif, Eastern Siberia, Russia. Mineralogical Magazine, 75, 379-394. |
| Galuskin, E.V., Galuskina, I.O., Kusz, J., Gfeller, F., Armbruster, T., Bailau, R., Dulski, M., Gazeev, V.M., Pertsev, N.N., Zadov, A.E., Dzieržanowski, P. (2015): Mayenite supergroup, part II: Chlorkyuygenite from Upper Chegem, northern Caucasus Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia, a new microporous mayenite supergroup mineral with “zeolitic” H2O. European Journal of Mineralogy. 27, 113-122; Bailau, R., Gałuskin, E. V., Gazeev, V. M., & Gałuskina, I. O. Raman investigation of potential new mineral-Fe 3-analogue of wadalite from calcareous-silicate xenoliths of the Upper Chegem caldera, Northern Caucasus, Russia. |
| Galuskina, I.O., Krüger, B., Galuskin, E.V. ,Armbruster, T., Gazeev, V.M., Włodyka, R., Dulski, M. & Dzierżanowski, P. (2015): Fluorchegemite, Ca7(SiO4)3F2, a new mineral from the edgrewitebearing endoskarn zone of an altered xenolith in ignimbrites from Upper Chegem Caldera, Northern Caucasus, Kabardina-balkaria, Russia; Occurrence, crystal structure, and new data on the mineral assemblages. Canadian Mineralogist. 53, 325-344.; Galuskina, I. O., Galuskin, E. V., Kusz, J., Dzierżanowski, P., Prusik, K., Gazeev, V. M., ... & Dubrovinsky, L. (2013). Dzhuluite, Ca3SbSnFe3+ 3O12, a new bitikleite-group garnet from the Upper Chegem Caldera, Northern Caucasus, Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia. European Journal of Mineralogy, 25(2), 231-239 |
| Galuskina, I., Galuskin, E.V., Dzieržanowski, P., Gazeev, V., Prusik, K., Pertsev, N., Winiarski, A., Zadov, A., Wrzalik, R. (2010): Toturite Ca3Sn2Fe2SiO12 - a new mineral species of the garnet group. American Mineralogist, 95, 1305-1311 | |
| Galuskin, E. V.; Gazeev, V. M.; Lazic, B.; Armbruster, T.; Galuskina, I. O.; Zadov, A. E.; Pertsev, N. N.; Wrzalik, R.; Dzierzanowski, P.; Gurbanov, A. G. & Bzowska, G. (2009): Chegemite Ca7(SiO4)3(OH)2 - a new humite-group calcium mineral from the Northern Caucasus, Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia. European Journal of Mineralogy 21, 1045-1059. | |
| Henderson, C. M. B., Kogarko, L. N., & Plant, D. A. (1999). Extreme closed system fractionation of volatile-rich, ultrabasic peralkaline melt inclusions and the occurrence of djerfisherite in the Kugda alkaline complex, Siberia. Mineralogical Magazine, 63(3), 433-438. |
South Ossetia | |
| Galuskina, I.O., Krüger, B., Galuskin, E.V. ,Armbruster, T., Gazeev, V.M., Włodyka, R., Dulski, M. & Dzierżanowski, P. (2015): Fluorchegemite, Ca7(SiO4)3F2, a new mineral from the edgrewitebearing endoskarn zone of an altered xenolith in ignimbrites from Upper Chegem Caldera, Northern Caucasus, Kabardina-balkaria, Russia; Occurrence, crystal structure, and new data on the mineral assemblages. Canadian Mineralogist. 53, 325-344.; Środek, D., Juroszek, R., Krüger, H., Krüger, B., Galuskina, I., & Gazeev, V. (2018). New Occurrence of Rusinovite, Ca10 (Si2O7) 3Cl2: Composition, Structure and Raman Data of Rusinovite from Shadil-Khokh Volcano, South Ossetia and Bellerberg Volcano, Germany. Minerals, 8(9), 399. |
Tanzania | |
| Martínez-Frías, J., Benito, R., Wilson, G., Delgado, A., Boyd, T., and Marti, K. (2004): Journal of Materials Processing Technology 147, 204–210.; Henderson, C. M. B., Kogarko, L. N., & Plant, D. A. (1999). Extreme closed system fractionation of volatile-rich, ultrabasic peralkaline melt inclusions and the occurrence of djerfisherite in the Kugda alkaline complex, Siberia. Mineralogical Magazine, 63(3), 433-438. |
Turkey | |
| Sebastian Axt; Yücel, C., Temizel, R., Abdioğlu, E., Arslan, M., & Yağcıoğlu, U. C. (2014). Origin of analcimes in the Tertiary volcanic rocks from the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey): a textural, mineralogical and geochemical approach. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie-Abhandlungen: Journal of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 191(3), 277-299. |
UK | |
| Henmi, C., Kusachi, I., Henmi, K., Sabine, P.A. and Young, B.R. (1973) A new mineral bicchulite, the natural analogue of gehlenite hydrate, from Fuka, Okayama Prefecture, Japan and Carneal, County Antrim, Northern Ireland, Mineralogical Journal, 7, 243-251; Nawaz, R. (1977) A second occurrence of killalaite. Mineralogical Magazine, 41, 546-548.; Sabine, P.A., Styles, M.T. and Young, B.R. (1985) The Nature and Paragenesis of Natural Bredigite and Associated Minerals from Carneal and Scawt Hill, Co. Antrim. Mineralogical Magazine 49:663-670. |
| McConnell, J.D.C. (1954) The hydrated calcium silicates riversideite, tobermorite, and plombierite. Mineralogical Magazine, 30(224), 293-304.; Harker, R.I. (1965) Scawtite and its synthesis. Mineralogical Magazine, vol. 34, n° 268, 232-236 (referring to McConnell, 1954).; Embrey, Peter G. (1978) Fourth supplementary list of British minerals. Mineralogical Magazine, 42, 169-177.; |
| Tilley, C.E. (1929) On larnite (calcium orthosilicate, a new mineral) and its associated minerals from the limestone contact-zone of Scawt Hill, Co. Antrim. Mineralogical Magazine, 22, 77-86.; American Mineralogist: 33: 786; Mineralogical Magazine 1942 26 : 190-196; Tilley, C. E., & Alderman, A. R. (1934). Progressive metasomatism in the flint nodules of the Scawt Hill contact-zone. Mineral Mag, 23, 513-518.; McConnell, J. D. C. (1955). The hydration of larnite (fi-Ca2SiO~) and bredigite (al-Ca2Si04) and the properties of the resulting gelatinous mineral plombierite. |
| Cann, J.R. (1965) The metamorphism of amygdales at 'S Airde Beinn, Northern Mull. Mineralogical Magazine, vol. 34, n° 268, 92-106.; http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/gcrdb/GCRsiteaccount21.pdf |
| American Mineralogist 35:1080 |
| Handbook of Mineralogy - Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols; Agrell, S.O. (1965) Polythermal Metamorphism of Limestones at Kilchoan, Ardnamurchan. Mineralogical Magazine, vol. 34, n° 268, 1-15.; Embrey, P.G. (1978) Fourth supplementary list of British minerals. Mineralogical Magazine, vol. 42, n° 322, 169-177 (referring to Agrell); | |
| Tilley, C.E. (1947) The gabbro-limestone contact zone of Camas Mor, Muck, Inverness-shire. Comptes Rendus de la Société geologique de Finlande, No. 140, 97–105. |
Ukraine | |
| Шарыгин, В. В. (2015). Минералогия метакарбонатной породы из горелого террикона угольной шахты им. Калинина, г. Донецк. Минералогия техногенеза–2015, Миасс, Имин УрО РАН, 13-40. (Mineralogy of a Metacarbonate Rock from a Burned Dump of the Kalinin Coal Mine, Donetsk) |
USA | |
| Am Min (1962) 47:1003-1005 |
| Schooner, Richard. (circa 1985), Untitled manuscript on central Connecticut mineralogy. |
| Rocks & Minerals (1991): 66:3: 196-224. |
| Rocks & Minerals (1991): 66(3): 196-224.; Am Min 51:1766-1774 |
Caspar quarry, Bellerberg volcano, Ettringen, Mayen, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany