Anorthite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Robert M. Hazen
About Anorthite
Formula:
Ca(Al2Si2O8)
Colour:
Colourless, reddish grey, white
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
6 - 6½
Specific Gravity:
2.74 - 2.76
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1823 by Gustav Rose from the Greek αν and oρθός, "not right angle" or "oblique", in allusion to the oblique triclinic form of the crystals.
Polymorph of:
Feldspar Group.
Ca-rich end member of the plagioclase (Albite-Anorthite Series).
High- and low-temperature structural modifications exist.
Ca-rich end member of the plagioclase (Albite-Anorthite Series).
High- and low-temperature structural modifications exist.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Anorthite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
246
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:246:6
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
1a6866d7-1535-4f9b-8acc-96976792bf17
IMA Classification of Anorthite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Anorthite
9.FA.35
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
F : Tektosilicates without zeolitic H2O
A : Tektosilicates without additional non-tetrahedral anions
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
F : Tektosilicates without zeolitic H2O
A : Tektosilicates without additional non-tetrahedral anions
16.9.2
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
9 : Aluminosilicates of Ca
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
An | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
An | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
An | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
An | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
An | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
An | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Anorthite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colourless, reddish grey, white
Streak:
White
Hardness:
6 - 6½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {001}, less so on {010}, imperfect on {110}
Perfect on {001}, less so on {010}, imperfect on {110}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal
Density:
2.74 - 2.76 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.76 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Anorthite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.573 - 1.577 nβ = 1.580 - 1.585 nγ = 1.585 - 1.590
2V:
Measured: 78° to 83°, Calculated: 78°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.012 - 0.013
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r < v weak
Chemistry of Anorthite
Mindat Formula:
Ca(Al2Si2O8)
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ti,Fe,Na,K
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
1 | |
---|---|
SO3 | 0.01 % |
P2O5 | 0.02 % |
SiO2 | 43.72 % |
Al2O3 | 36.12 % |
Fe2O3 | 0.06 % |
CaO | 19.11 % |
SrO | 0.22 % |
BaO | 0.02 % |
Na2O | 0.59 % |
K2O | 0.01 % |
Total: | 99.88 % |
Empirical formulas:
Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
---|---|
1 | (Ca0.95Na0.05Sr0.01)[Si2.03Al1.97O8] |
Sample references:
ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Corundum locality, Anavoha South, Fotadrevo, Ampanihy District, Atsimo-Andrefana, Madagascar | Frank K. Mazdab collectionsample FKM-24; https://www.rockptx.com/fkm-1-to-fkm-25/#FKM-24 | corundum-bearing amphibolite (tschermakite+anorthite) |
Crystallography of Anorthite
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.1768 Å, b = 12.8768 Å, c = 14.169 Å
α = 93.17°, β = 115.85°, γ = 92.22°
α = 93.17°, β = 115.85°, γ = 92.22°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.635 : 1 : 1.1
Unit Cell V:
1,337.25 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Commonly short, prismatic, lamellar, coarse-granular, massive
Twinning:
Commonly polysynthetic on albite law, pericline, Carlsbad, Manebach and Baveno twinning.
Comment:
Low modification; non-standard unit cell (reduced cell: 8.18, 12.87, 12.90 A, 85.8, 81.1, 88.7°)
Crystallographic forms of Anorthite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0019662 | Anorthite | Wenk H R, Joswig W, Tagai T, Korekawa M, Smith B K (1980) The average structure of An 62-66 labradorite American Mineralogist 65 81-95 | 1980 | Surtsey, Iceland | 0 | 293 | |
0019663 | Anorthite | Wenk H R, Joswig W, Tagai T, Korekawa M, Smith B K (1980) The average structure of An 62-66 labradorite American Mineralogist 65 81-95 | 1980 | Surtsey, Iceland | 0 | 293 | |
0019664 | Anorthite | Wenk H R, Joswig W, Tagai T, Korekawa M, Smith B K (1980) The average structure of An 62-66 labradorite American Mineralogist 65 81-95 | 1980 | Lake County, Oregon, USA | 0 | 293 | |
0019665 | Anorthite | Wenk H R, Joswig W, Tagai T, Korekawa M, Smith B K (1980) The average structure of An 62-66 labradorite American Mineralogist 65 81-95 | 1980 | Lake County, Oregon, USA | 0 | 293 | |
0019666 | Anorthite | Wenk H R, Joswig W, Tagai T, Korekawa M, Smith B K (1980) The average structure of An 62-66 labradorite American Mineralogist 65 81-95 | 1980 | Gordemo, Verzasca Valley, Switzerland | 0 | 293 | |
0019667 | Anorthite | Wenk H R, Joswig W, Tagai T, Korekawa M, Smith B K (1980) The average structure of An 62-66 labradorite American Mineralogist 65 81-95 | 1980 | Sissone, Bergell Alps, Switzerland | 0 | 293 | |
0000370 | Anorthite | Foit F F, Peacor D R (1973) The anorthite crystal structure at 410 and 830 C American Mineralogist 58 665-675 | 1973 | 0 | 683 | ||
0000371 | Anorthite | Foit F F, Peacor D R (1973) The anorthite crystal structure at 410 and 830 C American Mineralogist 58 665-675 | 1973 | 0 | 1103 | ||
0001194 | Anorthite | Angel R J (1988) High-pressure structure of anorthite American Mineralogist 73 1114-1119 | 1988 | Val Pasmeda, Austria | 0 | 293 | |
0001195 | Anorthite | Angel R J (1988) High-pressure structure of anorthite American Mineralogist 73 1114-1119 | 1988 | Val Pasmeda, Austria | 2.5 | 293 | |
0001196 | Anorthite | Angel R J (1988) High-pressure structure of anorthite American Mineralogist 73 1114-1119 | 1988 | Val Pasmeda, Austria | 3.1 | 293 | |
0001286 | Anorthite | Angel R J, Carpenter M A, Finger L W (1990) Structural variation associated with compositional variation and order-disorder behavior in anorthite-rich feldspars American Mineralogist 75 150-162 | 1990 | Val Pasmeda, Austria | 0 | 293 | |
0001287 | Anorthite | Angel R J, Carpenter M A, Finger L W (1990) Structural variation associated with compositional variation and order-disorder behavior in anorthite-rich feldspars American Mineralogist 75 150-162 | 1990 | Monte Somma, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
0001288 | Anorthite | Angel R J, Carpenter M A, Finger L W (1990) Structural variation associated with compositional variation and order-disorder behavior in anorthite-rich feldspars American Mineralogist 75 150-162 | 1990 | Monte Somma, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
0001289 | Anorthite | Angel R J, Carpenter M A, Finger L W (1990) Structural variation associated with compositional variation and order-disorder behavior in anorthite-rich feldspars sample #115082a American Mineralogist 75 150-162 | 1990 | South of Blantyre, Nyasalad (Malawi) | 0 | 293 | |
0020104 | Anorthite | Wadoski-Romeijn E, Armbruster T (2013) Topotactic transformation and dehydration of the zeolite gismondine to a novel Ca feldspar structure American Mineralogist 98 1988-1997 | 2013 | Rio Pian del Foco, Genova province, Italy | 0 | 623 | |
0006694 | Anorthite | Matsui T, Kimata M (1997) Crystal chemistry of synthetic Mn-bearing anorthite: Incorporation of MnAl2Si2O8 end-member into feldspar European Journal of Mineralogy 9 333-344 | 1997 | 0 | 293 | ||
0019668 | Anorthite | Facchinelli A, Bruno E, Chiari G (1979) The structure of bytownite quenched from 1723 K Acta Crystallographica B35 34-42 | 1979 | satellite dyke, Traversella stock, Sesia Lanzo zone, Western Alps, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
0019669 | Anorthite | Facchinelli A, Bruno E, Chiari G (1979) The structure of bytownite quenched from 1723 K Acta Crystallographica B35 34-42 | 1979 | satellite dyke, Traversella stock, Sesia Lanzo zone, Western Alps, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
0010723 | Anorthite | Wainwright J, Starkey J (1971) A refinement of the structure of anorthite _cod_database_code 1000034 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 133 75-84 | 1971 | 0 | 293 | ||
0020640 | Anorthite | Chiari G, Benna P, Bruno E (1984) The structure of bytownite (An85). A new refinement Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 169 35-49 | 1984 | Traversella stock, Sesia Lanzo zone, Western Alps, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
0020641 | Anorthite | Chiari G, Benna P, Bruno E (1984) The structure of bytownite (An85). A new refinement Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 169 35-49 | 1984 | Traversella stock, Sesia Lanzo zone, Western Alps, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
0016634 | Anorthite | Klein S, Korekawa M (1976) Die gemittelte Struktur des Labradorits _cod_database_code 1008757 Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1976 66-69 | 1976 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.19 Å | (100) |
3.18 Å | (91) |
3.21 Å | (63) |
3.26 Å | (52) |
4.04 Å | (48) |
3.12 Å | (39) |
3.62 Å | (33) |
Comments:
Monte Somma, Italy. Pattern is for the low structural modification.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 1: Primary nebular phases | 4.567-4.561 |
3 : Solar nebular condensates (CAIs, AOAs, URIs) | >4.565 |
4 : Primary chondrule phases | 4.566–4.561 |
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
5 : Primary asteroid phases | 4.566–4.560 |
6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
8 : Mafic igneous rocks | |
Near-surface Processes | |
26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
51 : Pyrometamorphic minerals (see also #54 and #56) | <0.36 |
Geological Setting:
Mafic plutonic rocks
Type Occurrence of Anorthite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany, numbers 1999-0087, 1999-0088 (type?).
Synonyms of Anorthite
Other Language Names for Anorthite
Varieties of Anorthite
Barium-Anorthite (of Nockolds and Zies) | A Ba-bearing anorthite with 3.5% BaO. Originally described from Broken Hill, Yancowinna Co., New South Wales, Australia. |
Bytownite | A plagioclase feldspar with an albite : anorthite molar ratio ranging from 10 : 90 to 30 : 70. May show labradorescence (compare labradorite). The original material, a greenish-white substance, was found in a boulder near Bytown (now Ottawa), and later... |
Labradorite | A plagioclase feldspar with an albite : anorthite molar ratio ranging from 30 : 70 to 50 : 50. An intermediate member of the Albite-Anorthite Series. Labradorite can display an iridescent optical effect (or schiller) known as labradorescence. The cause ... |
Lindsayite | An altered anorthite. |
Lynx Eye | Variety of labradorite with green iridescence. |
Oregon Sunstone | Sunstone with inclusions of copper instead of hematite. Crystallographically oriented nanocrystals of protoenstatite and clinoenstatite in association with copper nanocrystals are responsible for the unusual green and “watermelon” coloration of the or... |
Spectrolite | A variety of labradorite showing strong labradorescence due to very fine exsolution of K-feldspar. |
Relationship of Anorthite to other Species
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
20 photos of Anorthite associated with Hessonite | Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 |
20 photos of Anorthite associated with Clinozoisite | (CaCa)(AlAlAl)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
15 photos of Anorthite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
15 photos of Anorthite associated with Vesuvianite | Ca19Fe3+Al4(Al6Mg2)(◻4)◻[Si2O7]4[(SiO4)10]O(OH)9 |
15 photos of Anorthite associated with Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
14 photos of Anorthite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
13 photos of Anorthite associated with Epidote | (CaCa)(AlAlFe3+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
13 photos of Anorthite associated with Hedenbergite | CaFe2+Si2O6 |
12 photos of Anorthite associated with Titanite | CaTi(SiO4)O |
10 photos of Anorthite associated with Ruby | Al2O3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.FA. | Hexacelsian | BaAl2Si2O8 |
9.FA. | Wodegongjieite | KCa3(Al7Si9)O32 |
9.FA.05 | Kaliophilite | KAlSiO4 |
9.FA.05 | Kalsilite | KAlSiO4 |
9.FA.05 | Nepheline | Na3K(Al4Si4O16) |
9.FA.05 | Panunzite | (K,Na)AlSiO4 |
9.FA.05 | Trikalsilite | K2NaAl3(SiO4)3 |
9.FA.05 | Yoshiokaite | (Ca,Na)[Al(Al,Si)O4] |
9.FA.05 | Carnegieite | NaAlSiO4 |
9.FA.05 va | Germanate-nepheline | (Na,K)AlGeO4 |
9.FA.05 | Megakalsilite | KAlSiO4 |
9.FA.05 | Trinepheline | NaAlSiO4 |
9.FA.05 | Davidsmithite | (Ca,◻)2Na6Al8Si8O32 |
9.FA.10 | Malinkoite | NaBSiO4 |
9.FA.15 | Virgilite | LiAlSi2O6 |
9.FA.25 | Lisitsynite | KBSi2O6 |
9.FA.30 | Buddingtonite | (NH4)(AlSi3O8) |
9.FA.30 | Celsian | Ba(Al2Si2O8) |
9.FA.30 | Microcline | K(AlSi3O8) |
9.FA.30 | Orthoclase | K(AlSi3O8) |
9.FA.30 | Sanidine | K(AlSi3O8) |
9.FA.30 | Rubicline | Rb(AlSi3O8) |
9.FA.30 va | Germanate-celsian | BaAl2Ge2O8 |
9.FA.30 | Monalbite | NaAlSi3O8 |
9.FA.30 | Ferrisanidine | K[Fe3+Si3O8] |
9.FA.35 | Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
9.FA.35 | Reedmergnerite | NaBSi3O8 |
9.FA.40 | Paracelsian | Ba(Al2Si2O8) |
9.FA.45 | Svyatoslavite | Ca(Al2Si2O8) |
9.FA.45 | Kumdykolite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
9.FA.50 | Slawsonite | Sr(Al2Si2O8) |
9.FA.55 | Lisetite | CaNa2Al4Si4O16 |
9.FA.60 | Banalsite | Na2BaAl4Si4O16 |
9.FA.60 | Stronalsite | Na2SrAl4Si4O16 |
9.FA.65 | Danburite | CaB2Si2O8 |
9.FA.65 | Maleevite | BaB2Si2O8 |
9.FA.65 | Pekovite | SrB2Si2O8 |
9.FA.70 | Stöfflerite | CaAl2Si2O8 |
9.FA.70 | Lingunite | (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8 |
9.FA.70 | Liebermannite | KAlSi3O8 |
9.FA.75 | Kokchetavite | K(AlSi3O8) |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Anorthite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Anorthite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-246.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Anorthite
Reference List:
Localities for Anorthite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| RWMW Collection |
Africa | |
Marcelot et al. (1985) +4 other references | |
Albania | |
| Váczi-Lovász et al. (2024) |
| Váczi-Lovász et al. (2024) |
Algeria | |
| Vorobyov (2023) |
| Weber et al. (1992, March) |
| J.P. Lorand and J.Y. Cottin |
| Anorthite +2 other references |
Ma et al. (2017) | |
| Lustrino et al. (2016) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (2020) |
Angola | |
| Lapido-Loureiro +1 other reference |
| Sighinolfi et al. (1990) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Antarctica | |
Johnson et al. (1982) | |
| Delaney et al. (1988) |
McKay et al. (1990) | |
Grossman et al. (1995) | |
Semenova et al. (1992, March) | |
Lin et al. (1991) | |
| Hiroi et al. (2023) |
| American Mineralogist |
| Hiroi et al. (2010) |
| Markl et al. (1999) |
| Mukherjee et al. (1986) |
Kojima et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
Kojima et al. (1995) +1 other reference | |
| Yanai (1993) +2 other references |
| A. J. Brearley (1990) |
Han et al. (2012) | |
| Downes et al. (2008) |
Harrington et al. (1967) +1 other reference | |
| Kyle (1990) |
| Horne et al. (1967) +1 other reference |
| Smellie et al. (1984) |
Barton (1965) | |
| Mozer (2012) |
Craddock et al. (1964) | |
| LeMasurier et al. (1982) +3 other references |
Argentina | |
| Boctor et al. (1987) |
| Keil (2012) +1 other reference |
| Symes et al. (1970) |
| Grossman (1999) +1 other reference |
| Pagano et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Musso et al. (2022) |
| Mineralogy and Petrology (2000) |
Hugo A. Peña (1970) | |
Armenia | |
| Nazarov et al. (1993) |
| Bowell et al. (2021) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Gablina et al. (2006) |
Gablina et al. (2017) | |
| Sharkov et al. (2007) |
Milinovic +6 other references | |
Gablina et al. (2017) | |
Australia | |
| Stevens (1972) |
| Hodge-Smith (1924) |
| Lovering (1975) |
| Chalmers (1941) |
Chalmers (1941) | |
Chalmers (1941) | |
| Crawford (1973) |
| Smith et al. (1988) |
| Russell et al. (1997) |
| Mason B. (1979) |
| Vickery et al. (2010) |
| Garcia et al. (1978) |
| McKinnon et al. (2017) |
Fitzherbert et al. (2017) | |
| Telus et al. (2014) |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Gulson et al. (1985) |
| Worner et al. (et al) |
Mason (1987) | |
| Pearson et al. (1991) |
| Zia U. Bajwah |
| McColl et al. (1979) |
| Ransom (1978) |
Huckitta 1996 | |
| Hudson et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| Edwards |
| Brugger et al. (2006) |
| Hutcheon et al. (1982) |
| J. S. Delaney et al. (1985) |
| Alderman (1940) +1 other reference |
| Keller (1993) |
| Weisberg et al. (2009) |
| Sutherland et al. (1967) |
| Taheri |
Griffin (1982) | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| www.crocoite.com (2003) |
| Shayan (1984) |
| Glenn J. MacPherson et al. (1983) |
| Jacobson et al. (2007) |
| Booth (1989) |
263-269. ( Sept 1986) +1 other reference | |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson (1951) |
| Simpson |
| Delaney et al. (1982) |
| A New Siderolite from Bencubbin +2 other references |
| Trommsdorff et al. (1968) |
| Simpson (1948) |
| Simpson et al. (1948) |
| Grguric (2003) |
| www.meteorites.com.au |
| New Material From +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| H. Meixner: 32 (3) |
Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| H. Meixner: Carinthia II 157./77.:88-89 (1967) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Carinthia II (2017) |
| |
| ERTL et al. (2008) |
| Fechner et al. (1985) |
Exel (1993) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| |
| Löffler et al. (2011) |
| LIBOWITZKY et al. (2012) |
| Alker (1956) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Taucher (1989) |
| Postl |
| C.Auer (2016) |
C.Auer (2016) | |
Bangladesh | |
| Powell (1971) +1 other reference |
| Uddin et al. (2022) |
Belarus | |
| Mason B. (1979) |
Belgium | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
Bolivia | |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Putiš et al. (2022) |
Brazil | |
| Leandro et al. (2022) |
| Cordani (1970) +4 other references |
doi.org/10.1007/BF00302491 +6 other references | |
| Santos (2012) |
Jost et al. (2001) | |
| Steele et al. (1976) |
Jour. of South American Earth Sci. ... | |
Allan et al. (1989) | |
| Salgado et al. (2019) |
| Geological Survey Professional Paper 327 (U.S. Department of the Interior, 1959) |
| Duke (1967) +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (1933) +9 other references |
| Riches (2012) |
| de Hollanda et al. (2017) |
| Neto et al. (2008) |
| Lewis et al. (2016) |
Pinto V. et al. (2011) | |
| de Barros Gomes et al. (2017) |
Bulgaria | |
| Szopa +9 other references |
| Svetoslav Petrussenko et al. (2007) |
Burkina Faso | |
| Grossman et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
Cambodia | |
| Lacombe (1969) +2 other references |
Cameroon | |
| Wandji et al. (2010) |
Canada | |
| I.C.L. Webster (1992) |
| albite alunite andalusite andesine ... |
| Telus et al. (2014) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Zhu et al. (2018) |
Sabina (1972) | |
| MINFILE No 092B 010 |
| Bernier et al. (1990) |
| Phillips (1979) |
| Phillips (1979) |
| Calvert C. Bristol and Edgar Froese (1989) |
| [ ] |
Waard | |
| Evans |
Grice (1989) | |
Dana (1892) | |
Evans | |
Grice (1989) | |
Traill | |
www.alpinegems.net | |
| Li et al. (2021) |
| Don Doell |
| Papezik et al. (1981) |
| Roach et al. (1998) |
| Grant (2009) |
| Dakota Matrix Minerals |
| |
www.geologyontario.mndmf.gov.on.ca (n.d.) | |
| www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (n.d.) |
| Lloyd Van Duzen |
| E. William Heinrich (1962) |
| www.geologyontario.mndm.gov.on.ca (n.d.) |
| António Manuel Ináçio Martins. |
| Coleman (1900) |
| T. Tagai et al. |
| determinations by accelerator mass ... +1 other reference |
N.T. Pettigrew and K.H. Hattori | |
| Geological Survey of Canada +1 other reference |
Mason (1976) | |
| Olivier Langelier Collection |
| Spray et al. (2023) |
| Van Velthuizen (1993) |
| Buckingham - Mont-Laurier - Grenville +1 other reference |
| Schilling et al. (2011) |
| O'NEIL (1914) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Beaudin et al. (2024) |
Beaudin et al. (2024) | |
| Htoon (1979) |
| Färber (n.d.) |
Cape Verde | |
| Bebiano (1932) +1 other reference |
Central African Republic | |
| Hoinkes et al. (1975) |
Chad | |
| Reynolds et al. (Tripoli) +4 other references |
Chile | |
| Aguirre et al. (1998) |
| Kimura et al. (1991) |
| field collected by Alfredo Petrov |
| Cisternas et al. (2006) |
Cisternas et al. (2006) | |
Cisternas et al. (2006) | |
Cisternas et al. (2006) | |
| British Natural History Museum online ... |
| Woolley (1987) |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ... |
China | |
| |
| Yusheng Zhai et al. (1996) |
| Yu et al. (1994) |
| Jiyue Xue et al. (1999) |
| Shanming Fu et al. (2005) |
| Zhongli Tang (1990) |
| Lishe Wang et al. (2008) |
| Meng et al. (2023) |
| Liangshu Shu et al. (2004) |
| Liangshu Shu et al. (2004) |
| Lin Jun (2006) |
| Zheng et al. (2015) |
| Zhang et al. (2024) |
| Xie et al. (2022) |
| Jiahua Pan et al. (1993) |
| Rambaldi et al. (1984) |
| Zhai et al. (2018) |
| Enguang Zang et al. (2009) |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2006) |
| Jianhong Zhang et al. (1989) |
| Yang et al. (2022) |
| Huifang Liu and Qi Lu (2008) |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (1996) |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| Qingchang Meng (1981) |
| Hongquan She et al. (2006) |
| Youbin Liang (1981) |
| Terribilini et al. (2000) |
| Yiming Zhao et al. (2008) |
| Chuanxian Lin and Zheru Zhang (1984) |
| Mingxing Shi and Guirong Gao (2006) |
| Song et al. (2022) |
| Zhou Guoqing (1997) +1 other reference |
| Zicheng Chen (1991) |
| Matsuda (1969) |
| Hanwen Zhang (2001) |
| Chen et al. (2023) |
| Miao Yu et al. (2013) |
| Huiwen Liu et al. (2014) |
| Wang et al. (2009) |
| Yuan et al. (2019) |
| Qiu et al. (2017) |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Jiankang Li et al. (2006) |
| Congde Chen and Guangping Pu (1991) |
| Fuwen Chen (1990) |
| Tinggao Xia et al. (2005) |
| Slattery (2019) |
| Bao Peisheng et al. (2007) |
| Yanling Tang (2005) |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| Fengmei Chai et al. (2006) |
| Jiaxin Zhang (2003) +1 other reference |
Yan et al. (2021) | |
| Ruan +3 other references |
| Rui Wang and Yongfeng Zhu (2010) |
| Chunming Han et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| Shen Ping et al. (2007) |
| Xianfan Liu et al. (2009) |
| Xiaoming Qu et al. (2004) |
| Huijuan Peng et al. (2014) |
| Zhou et al. (2022) |
Cook Islands | |
Wood et al. (1970) +4 other references | |
Wood et al. (1970) +3 other references | |
Costa Rica | |
| |
| E.L. Clopton collection |
Cuba | |
| Ríos et al. (1984) |
| Roesler (1917) |
| Roesler (1917) |
Roesler (1917) | |
| Roesler (1917) |
Roesler (1917) | |
Roesler (1917) | |
Roesler (1917) | |
Roesler (1917) | |
| Maresch et al. (2012) |
Czech Republic | |
| Sýkorová et al. (2016) |
| Vtělenský J. (1959) |
Zacek et al. (1995) | |
| |
| Jiří Zachariáš et al. (2014) |
| Č +4 other references |
| Matýsek D. |
| Kruťa |
Kuttna +1 other reference | |
| Novak et al. (2010) +2 other references |
| Kalenda |
| Havelcová et al. (2020) |
| Černý |
| Houzar et al. (2008) |
| Litochleb |
| www.mineralos.cz (2003) |
| Pauliš et al. (2021) |
| Ulrych et al. (1989) |
| Žáček V |
| Žáček V |
Žáček V | |
| Žáček V. |
| Recommendations of the International ... +11 other references |
| Ulrych (2000) |
| von Engelhardt (1963) |
| Houzar |
| Houzar +5 other references |
Djibouti | |
| Iltireh et al. (2024) |
Iltireh et al. (2024) | |
Dominican Republic | |
| Broda et al. (2022) |
DR Congo | |
| Roccati (1907) |
Roccati (1907) | |
| Villeneuve et al. (2022) |
Ecuador | |
| Alejandro Felix |
Egypt | |
| Methot et al. (1975) |
| El-Desoky et al. (2023) |
Mogahed (2016) | |
El Ramly +4 other references | |
Atef et al. (2023) | |
El-Dokouny et al. (2023) | |
Atef et al. (2023) | |
| Helmy et al. (1995) |
El Salvador | |
| ... |
Ethiopia | |
| Barberi et al. (Ethiopia) +8 other references |
Gebregziabher (1998) | |
| Brotzu et al. (Main Ethiopian Rift) +3 other references |
Finland | |
| Barkov et al. (1999) |
| Fröhlich et al. (2021) |
| J. Dyer collection |
| www.gemmo.eu (n.d.) |
Hytönen (1999) | |
| Mason B. (1979) |
| Kärkkäinen et al. (1999) |
| Hytönen |
Aarne Laitakari | |
Hawthorne et al. (1996) | |
| Jaakko Kurki Collection |
| Henri Koskinen Collection |
France | |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| R. Pierrot |
Specimen to R.Fialip collection 2010 ... | |
| |
Brousse +3 other references | |
| M. Christophe Michel-Lévy |
| FORESTIER F. H. (1969) |
| collected by Guy Pégère and François ... |
| PERINET F. (2009) |
| Forestier (1964) |
| C. Cotonian et al. |
Brousse +15 other references | |
Brousse +1 other reference | |
| Lacroix A. (1893) |
| Brousse +13 other references |
| LACROIX A. (1894) |
Brousse | |
Bailey +7 other references | |
Brousse +7 other references | |
| C. Lemanski (re-entry of lost Mindat data) |
| Brousse +3 other references |
| A. F. Noonan et al. (1977) |
| F. André and J. Béhien |
F. André and J. Béhien | |
F. André and J. Béhien | |
F. André and J. Béhien | |
| F. André and J. Béhien |
| Brousse et al. (1964) +1 other reference |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Delesse (1848) +1 other reference |
| Chubb et al. (1927) +8 other references |
| Legendre C. et al. (2005) |
| Blais et al. (1997) +2 other references |
| Mcbirney et al. (1968) +2 other references |
| Lacroix (1904) |
| ARLIGUIE Michel collection |
| Ch. Lefèvre and Ph. Cocusse |
| Hewins (2014) |
| Lacroix (1910) |
| Mason B. (1979) |
| Farrington (1901) |
| D. Coffrant |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Lacroix (1893/1913) |
Queneau (n.d.) | |
| Bull. Minéral. |
| Inventaire Minéralogique de la France ... |
| |
G. Trolliard et al. +1 other reference | |
| Etier J.R. & Ch. et al. (2004) |
| R. Pierrot |
| Ambert et al. (2014) |
| TREILLARD Michel colllection |
| Favreau G. et al. (2004) |
| Abdel-Karim et al. (1989) |
| Abdel-Karim et al. (1989) |
| Mari et al. (1979) |
Lougnon (continent et Iles du Levant) +1 other reference | |
Gabon | |
| Maier et al. (2015) |
Germany | |
| Nickel (1947) |
| Habel (2009) |
| Mason B. (1979) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Koritnig (1954) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Ramdohr (1969) |
| Kratzsch et al. (2006) |
| Loock et al. (1990) |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz |
Blass | |
| Brauns (1922) |
| Hentschel (1983) |
| Blass |
Blass | |
| Leu (2017) |
| Hand Egon Künzel et al. (2011) |
| Hentschel (1983) +1 other reference |
Brauns (1922) | |
| Koch (1886) |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Frenzel (1874) |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| H. Vollstädt et al. (Dresden) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| |
Greece | |
| Uwe Kolitsch (unpublished SEM-EDS data) |
Baltatzis (1981) | |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
| Wang et al. (2017) |
| Vasilatos et al. (2023) |
| Voudouris et al. (2019) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Grosche et al. (2023) |
| 33-35 +2 other references |
| Sotiropoulou et al. (2010) |
| Färber (n.d.) |
Greenland | |
| Benson (1940) |
Bøggild (1953) | |
Deer (1963) | |
| Bøggild (1953) |
| Williams (1984) |
Bøggild (1953) +1 other reference | |
Thomassen et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
Grenada | |
Olsen (2011) | |
Hungary | |
| Kovács et al. (2003) |
| Kohút et al. (2019) |
| Szabó et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Brearley et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Szakáll - Gatter: Minerals of Hungary |
| EGU / EGS - AGU - EUG Joint Assembly et al. (Bakony-Balaton Highland) |
| XVI ECROFI European Current Research On Fluid Inclusions et al. (Eds F. Noronha, A. Dória and A. Guedes) |
Iceland | |
| Günter Frenz collection |
| Blake (1966) |
| Jackson et al. (2019) |
| Martin et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
India | |
| Leelanandam |
Grossman (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Randive et al. (2020) |
| Bhowmik (2000) |
| Mohammad et al. (2022) |
| Bhattacharjee et al. (2012) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... +1 other reference |
| Narayanan Kutty et al. (1977) |
| RARE-EARTHS |
| Srinivasan et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Mason B. et al. (1979) |
| Gotze +7 other references |
| Sen et al. (20112) |
| Rout et al. (2022) |
| Sisodia et al. (2001) |
| Shukla et al. (1997) |
| Deb (1980) |
| Brearley (1996) +2 other references |
| Bridges et al. (1995) |
GSA Bulletin +4 other references | |
| Sharma |
| Saiki (1995) |
| Schwartz et al. (2001) |
| Mason (1963) |
Indian Ocean | |
Maciąg et al. (2019) | |
Indonesia | |
| Econ Geol (1977) |
| Smithsonian |
Knuever et al. (2023) | |
| Richard W. Henley +12 other references |
| Van Leeuwen (1981) +1 other reference |
| Dani Lukman Hakim (2016) |
| Abdurrachman et al. (2012) |
| Idrus et al. (2009) |
Iran | |
| Stalder (1971) |
| Fadaeian et al. (2022) |
| Nezafati et al. (2017) |
| Pourkhorsandi et al. (2019) |
Pourkhorsandi et al. (2019) | |
Pourkhorsandi et al. (2019) | |
Pourkhorsandi et al. (2019) | |
| Altenberger et al. (Ag-Au) |
| Powell (1971) |
Iraq | |
| |
Ireland | |
| F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy" (1900) |
| David Jordan (1999) |
Israel | |
| Griffin et al. (2016) |
| Stan +4 other references |
| Kruszewski et al. (2021) |
| Britvin et al. (2021) +1 other reference |
Britvin et al. (2019) | |
| Shulamit Gross (1977) |
Italy | |
| De Stefani (1905) |
| Manasse (1902 b) |
Balassone et al. (2024) +2 other references | |
| Rose. G. (1823) |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
Scacchi (1882) | |
Gruppo Mineralogico Geologico ... | |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
| www.gmgn.it (n.d.) |
| Badham (1997) |
| Scacchi (1882) |
Scacchi (1882) +2 other references | |
| Scacchi (1882) |
| Mason (1971) +2 other references |
| Morandi et al. (1982) |
| Federico et al. (2002) |
De Michele (1974) | |
Antonio Borrelli collection - Visual ... | |
Stoppa et al. (2019) | |
Antonio Borrelli collection - visual ... | |
Antonio Borrelli collection - Visual ... | |
| Stoppani et al. (1982) |
| Lacroix (1917) |
Min Rec (1996) | |
Collected & analyzed by Rossano Carlini | |
Stoppani et al. (1982) | |
| Signoretti et al. (2001) |
| Cresta et al. (2002) |
Begini (2021) +1 other reference | |
Carlini | |
| Carlini et al. (2017) |
Zambonini F. (1900) +1 other reference | |
| Maida (2002) |
Maida (2002) | |
| Cerea et al. (2019) |
| Tumiati et al. (2018) |
| Ghizzoni et al. (2005) |
Ghizzoni et al. (2005) | |
| Roccati (1903) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Sessa et al. (2017) |
| Franciosi et al. (2019) |
| Stara et al. (1999) |
| Franceschelli M. et al. (2005) +11 other references |
| Simeone et al. (1999) |
| Conte et al. (2010) |
| Lustrino et al. (1999) |
| Henry Stephens Washington (1908) |
| Pichler (1980) |
Renzulli +4 other references | |
Bergeat (1900) | |
| Alletti et al. (2005) |
| S. Tonarini et al. |
| Colacicchi (1963) +2 other references |
| Civetta L. et al. (1998) |
| Beccaluva et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
Rotolo et al. (2006) +1 other reference | |
| De Michele (1974) +1 other reference |
De Michele (1974) | |
De Michele (1974) | |
De Michele (1974) | |
| Exel (1987) |
De Michele (1974) | |
| Liotti L. (Grosseto) |
| Innocenti F. et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| D'Achiardi (1872-73) |
Brizzi G. et al. (FI) | |
Brizzi G. (1996) | |
Brizzi G. et al. (FI) | |
| D'Achiardi (1872-73) |
| Trua et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Laurenzi et al. (1994) +8 other references |
| Mattioli et al. (2016) |
| Fabris et al. (2014) |
Japan | |
| Kuno (1960) +1 other reference |
| |
| Dr Yohachiro Okamoto (1876-1960) |
Matsuyama (2001) | |
| Bulletin of the National Science Museum et al. (4) |
| Osakabe et al. (1983) |
| Koide (1951) |
| T. Morishita and S. Arai |
Malaviarachchi et al. (2010) | |
| Matsubara (2003) |
| Alfredo Petrov |
| Huzita et al. (1971) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu ore collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Yoji Arakawa (2008) |
Tokiko Tiba (1989) | |
Tokiko Tiba (1989) | |
Tokiko Tiba (1989) | |
| Zyunpei Harada (1936) |
Alfredo Petrov observation +1 other reference | |
| Nishida (1994) |
| unpublished analysis |
| Alfredo Petrov specimens |
| Banno et al. (2009) |
| 奥村滋. (1986) |
| Dr. Yohachiro Okamoto collection (curated at Geological Survey museum, Japan) |
| Quartieri et al. (1990) |
| Alfredo Petrov collection |
| Sueoka Y (2013) |
| T. Kato (1922) |
| Matsueda (1983) |
| Mem. Natn. Sci. Mus. +1 other reference |
| Nishiyama (1983) |
Tainosho (1974) | |
| Alfredo Petrov collection |
| Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) |
| HARUMoto (1952) +1 other reference |
Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) | |
| Tomita (1936) +5 other references |
Masaru Yamaguchi (1964) | |
| Kato (1924) |
| Itaru Ogitsu: Origin of composition ... |
Alfredo Petrov - field observations | |
PXRD by John Attard | |
| Nishida (1994) |
| photo in: Koubutsu Doshikai (2017) |
| Can Mineral February 1 +2 other references |
| Alfredo Petrov collection |
| classic specimens widely distributed in ... +1 other reference |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
Jordan | |
| Pitty et al. (2010) |
Galuskin et al. (2023) | |
Britvin et al. (2023) | |
| Khoury et al. (1982) +2 other references |
Kazakhstan | |
| 2: 322-324 +2 other references |
| Komatsu et al. (2001) |
Kenya | |
| Baker (1963) +1 other reference |
Saggerson (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Rout et al. (2008) |
| Rix (1973) +4 other references |
| Scott (1980) +4 other references |
| Waweru (2020) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| |
| |
| Soloviev (2011) |
Libya | |
| Lustrino et al. (2012) |
Goudarzi (1970) +1 other reference | |
| Ikeda et al. (2000) |
Meteoritical Bull. 84 (Aug.2000) | |
Zhang et al. (2013) | |
Lithuania | |
| Steele et al. (1982) |
| Bukovanská et al. (1991) +2 other references |
Madagascar | |
| Majmundar (1970) |
| Besaire (1966) |
| Lautel (1953) |
James +8 other references | |
| Majmundar (1970) |
| Majmundar (1970) |
| Collection Musée National de la ... |
Schwarz et al. (1996) | |
Rakotondrazafy et al. (1996) | |
| Besaire (1966) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... +1 other reference |
| Rakotondrazafy et al. (1996) |
Besaire (1966) | |
Knut Edvard Larsen collection # M-61 | |
Besaire (1966) | |
Delbos (1955) | |
Royal Museum for Central Africa | |
| pers. com. K.E.Larsen april 2006 |
| Lacroix (1922) |
| Frank K. Mazdab collection |
Behier (1963) | |
pers. com. K.E.Larsen april 2006 | |
pers. com. K.E.Larsen april 2006 | |
| www.madagascarminerals.com (n.d.) |
| Lacroix (1922) |
Cecco (2013) | |
| Lacroix (1922) |
| rockPTX |
| Besaire (1966) |
| B. Devouard et al. : "Occurrence of musgravite in anorthite-corundum-spinel-sapphirine rocks ("sakenites") |
| Nicollet (1990) |
| Lacroix (1912) +3 other references |
| Lacroix (1922) |
| Lacroix (1922) |
John Sobolewski photo and specimen | |
| Giuliani +5 other references |
| Cheilletz et al. (2001) |
Cheilletz et al. (2001) | |
| Cheilletz et al. (2001) |
| Lacroix (1922) |
Malawi | |
| Henn et al. (1990) |
Malaysia | |
| Tayor (1971) |
Mauritania | |
| Berger et al. (2013) |
| - (n.d.) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Duke (1978) |
... +1 other reference | |
| - (n.d.) |
Mauritius | |
Baxter et al. (1985) | |
Mexico | |
| Collectors Edge specimens |
| Imai H. and Yurimoto H. (2000) +5 other references |
| ... |
| Alok Krishna Gupta (2015) |
| Ruzicka et al. (2006) |
Middle East | |
Mittlefehldt (1984) +2 other references | |
Gross (1977) +1 other reference | |
Mongolia | |
| Soloviev et al. (2022) |
| Andreyeva et al. (1987) |
| Savina et al. (2020) |
| Kovalenko et al. (1995) |
| Peretyazhko et al. (2018) |
Peretyazhko et al. (2018) | |
Peretyazhko et al. (2017) | |
Morocco | |
| Connolly et al. (2007) +3 other references |
| Ivanova et al. (2002) |
| Riches et al. (2012) |
Pang et al. (2016) | |
| Verhaert et al. (2018) |
| JÉRÉMINE (1955) +1 other reference |
| Gentil +4 other references |
| El Adnani et al. (2016) |
Mozambique | |
| Pardieu et al. (2013) |
| TORRE DE ASSUNCAO et al. (1962) |
Myanmar | |
| Guo et al. (2016) |
| Themelis (2008) |
Namibia | |
| Ewart et al. (1998) |
Korn +8 other references | |
| Dziggel et al. (2009) |
Nazca Plate | |
Zawadzki et al. (2022) | |
New Zealand | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Hiess et al. (2007) |
| Speight (1943) |
| Carlson et al. (1974) |
Thornton | |
| Cody et al. (1981) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
Hobden | |
| Ulrich (1890) |
| Benson (1942) +1 other reference |
| Mossman et al. (2000) |
Mossman et al. (2000) | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Wodzicki et al. (1970) |
| Waight (1995) |
Nicaragua | |
| Hynek et al. (2013) |
Niger | |
| Black +3 other references |
Nigeria | |
| Fuhrman et al. (1981) |
North Africa | |
| Mikouchi et al. (200O) +2 other references |
North Macedonia | |
| Prelević et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
Northwest Africa | |
Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2004) | |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
Rubin et al. (2017) | |
Srinivasan et al. (2018) | |
Treiman et al. (2023) | |
Russell et al. (2003) +1 other reference | |
... +2 other references | |
www.lpi.usra.edu (2014) | |
Fintor et al. (2014) | |
Moggi-Cecchi et al. (2007) | |
... +4 other references | |
Anorthite +2 other references | |
Ruzicka et al. (2014) | |
Houde et al. (2023) | |
Mikouchi et al. (2012) +1 other reference | |
Ai-Cheng Zhang +1 other reference | |
Norway | |
| Goldschmidt (1911) |
| Wilke (1976) |
Wilke (1976) | |
| ... |
| Root et al. (2005) |
| Mason (1967) |
Heldal +30 other references | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... |
Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... |
Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
Duchesne (ed.) | |
Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... |
Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
Svensen (2004) | |
Geological Survey of Norway. The ... | |
| Jamtveit et al. (1997) |
| Cadow (1993) |
| Bøe (2001) |
| Evans (1997) |
| "Sigurd Stordal" Collection |
| Hiorthdahl (1877) |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The ... |
| Garmo et al. (2017) |
Oman | |
| Arai +4 other references |
| Ivanova et al. (2003, March) |
Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2003) | |
Zhang et al. (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2000) |
Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2008) | |
Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2001) | |
The Meteoritical Bulletin No. 86 et al. (2002) | |
Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2003) | |
www.lpi.usra.edu (n.d.) | |
Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2003) | |
Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2004) | |
The Meteoritical Bulletin et al. (2004) | |
Pacific Ocean | |
| R. Hekinian et al. |
| Wheat et al. (2008) |
| Astakhova et al. (2014) |
[var: Labradorite] Astakhova et al. (2014) | |
Pakistan | |
| imported from Neelum Valley |
Dudley Blauwet (2004) | |
| Wang et al. (2022) |
| Okrusch et al. (1976) |
Okrusch et al. (1976) | |
| Jan et al. (2022) |
Palestine | |
| Shulamit Gross (1977) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Downes (1994) |
| Smith (1976) +1 other reference |
Traill (1961) | |
| Lowder (1970) |
Paraguay | |
| Woolley (1987) |
Woolley (1987) | |
Peru | |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
Philippines | |
| Ruth et al. (2021) |
| H. J. Axon and M. J. Nasir (1977) |
| Fournelle et al. (1996) |
| Cao et al. (2018) |
Poland | |
| Włodyka et al. (2015) |
| Wojciechowski J. 1955: O żyłach ... |
| Wojciechowski J. 1955: O żyłach ... |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| www.kamienna-gora.eu (2020) |
| Birkenmajer et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| P.119-129 +1 other reference |
| Heflik W. (Lower Silesia) |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
Borkowska M. 1985 - Skały gabrowe ... | |
| Kruszewski et al. (2012) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Gil et al. (2019) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Berg G. (1910) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Awdankiewicz (2013) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
| Szumowska M. et al. (Lower Silesia) |
| Kłos T. at all (1967) |
| Kozłowska-Koch (1981) +2 other references |
| Karwowski Ł. 2003: The new ... +1 other reference |
| ... |
| Grabarczyk et al. (2022) |
| Ł. Kruszewski EPMA/PXRD data +1 other reference |
| Pierwoła |
| Ciesielczuk et al. (2014) |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD and EPMA data |
Portugal | |
| L. Miguel Gaspar and Carlos M. C. Inverno (2000) |
| Gaspar et al. (2000) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Rui Nunes 2010 |
| Morais +2 other references |
Republic of the Congo | |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
Romania | |
| Delia Cristina Papp et al. (2005) |
| Szakáll |
Szakáll et al. (2010) | |
| Pál Molnár (2000) |
Michel‐Lévy (1988) | |
| Holban et al. (2016) |
Russia | |
| [Lapis 1993:4 p.13-20] |
| I.I Likhanov et al. |
| Kepezhinskas et al. (2023) |
| Vakh et al. (2009, October) +1 other reference |
| Sklyarov et al. (2016) |
Sklyarov et al. (2016) | |
| Krot et al. (2008) |
| Doroshkevich et al. (2012) |
| Kiseleva et al. (2022) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2019) |
Spiridonov et al. (2019, April) | |
Spiridonov et al. (2018) | |
Kislov +1 other reference | |
| Plotinskaya et al. (2015) |
| Filina et al. (2019) |
Filina et al. (2019) | |
Cesnokov et al. (1998) | |
Chesnokov et al. (1989) +1 other reference | |
| Sharygin et al. (2010) |
| |
| Sorokina et al. (2019) |
| Kolisnichenko et al. (2008) |
| Sklyarov +5 other references |
Sklyarov +5 other references | |
Sklyarov et al. (2023) | |
Sklyarov et al. (2021) +1 other reference | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Mazurov et al. (2007) |
| Buravleva et al. (2016) |
| Grossman et al. (1986) |
| Anastasiya SERGEEVA (2023) |
| Palyanova et al. (2023) |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Rappenglück (2022) |
| Shchipalkina et al. (2020) |
Erik Vercammen collection | |
| Anan’ev et al. (2011) |
Sandimirova et al. (2014) | |
| Anan’ev et al. (2011) |
| Kassandrov et al. (2009) |
Soloviev et al. (2022) | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Migdisova et al. (1988) |
| Kokh et al. (2023) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Frank K. Mazdab collection (see https://www.rockptx.com/fkm-226-to-fkm-250/#FKM-226 for normalized analyses) |
| Shchukina et al. (Vol. 473, No. 1, pp. 333-337) |
| Erokhin et al. (2017, December) |
| Sushchenko et al. (2023) |
Groshev et al. (2019) | |
| Yefimov et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
... | |
| Goryunov et al. (2023) |
Goryunov et al. (2023) | |
Orsoev et al. (1985) +1 other reference | |
[var: Labradorite] ... | |
| Huber et al. (2015) |
| Grokhovskaya et al. (2000) |
Smol’kin et al. (2023) | |
| Bazai et al. (2009) |
| Podlipsky et al. (2007) |
| Steele et al. (1982) |
| Ivanov (1975) |
| Erokhin et al. (2018) |
| Gvozdev (2001) |
| Eur. J. Mineral. |
| Svetova et al. (2023) |
| Svetov et al. (2023) |
[World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Trunilina et al. (2021) |
| Shadenkov (1989) |
Kostin (2021) | |
| Trunilina et al. (2022) |
Trunilina et al. (2022) | |
| Ganino et al. (2019) |
| Duke et al. (1967) +1 other reference |
| Mikhailov et al. (2021) |
| Anikina et al. (2014) |
| Garuti et al. (2003) |
| Holmberg et al. (1990) |
| |
| Soloviev et al. (2013) |
Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Lorenz et al. (2000) |
| Prokof’ev et al. (2007) |
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | |
doi.org/10.1093/petrology/26.1.149 +5 other references | |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | |
Saint Lucia | |
| M. Le Guen de Kerneizon et al. |
Samoa | |
Kear +4 other references | |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Camp et al. (1989) +2 other references |
| Abuamarah et al. (2023) |
| Fredriksson et al. (1986) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra P. et al. (2008) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| [[1]]Reato |
Koděra (1986) | |
| M. Huraiova et al. |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa (1993) |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Myšľan P et al. (2020) |
Bacsó | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Duda |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Ďuďa |
| Ďuďa |
| Duda et. all. |
South Africa | |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 38 (293) +1 other reference |
| Labotka et al. (1980) |
| Buchanan et al. (2000) |
| McCall (2016) |
| PMPB Meulenbeld collection |
| PMPB Meulenbeld collection |
| Mandende (2014) +1 other reference |
Armitage (2011) | |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Li C et al. (2004) | |
| McCall (2016) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Ballhaus et al. (1986) |
| Dzvinamurungu (2012) |
| Kottke-Levin et al. (2008, December) |
| Smith et al. (2013) |
Chris Emproto Collection | |
| Prior (1918) |
South China Sea | |
| Zhou et al. (2022) |
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | |
Tomblin (1965) | |
South Korea | |
| Kinosaki (1941) |
| Lee et al. (2022) |
Lee (ed) +7 other references | |
| Atsuo Harumoto (1970) |
South Sudan | |
| Pun et al. (1998) |
Spain | |
| Navarro et al. (2009) |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
| Mason (1963) |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
| Ternes et al. (1995) |
| Francesco Sauro et al. (2021) +2 other references |
| B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference |
B. Azambre et al. +1 other reference | |
| Abad +3 other references |
| Majarena Serrano (2015) |
| Llorca et al. (2009) |
| Roda-Robles et al. (2012) |
| J.I.Gil Ibarguchi et al. ( 1988) +1 other reference |
| Torró et al. (2018) |
| Mellado et al. (2022) |
| Joan Rosell et al. (2023) |
| C. Canet et al. |
| Alfonso et al. (2012) |
| Jiménez Martínez |
Carlos Anaut analysis (Baikal Geo) | |
www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) | |
| Weibel (1955) |
| Martin-Izard et al. (1995) |
| Mason et al. (1973) |
Sri Lanka | |
| Samarakoon et al. (2021) |
Sweden | |
| Stenberg (2002) |
| Agarwal et al. (2016) |
| GFF 72 |
| Thulin (1996) |
| E.Grip: GFF 93 |
| J.Langhof: REE-mineralogy in Mo-granite ... |
| J.Langhof: REE-mineralogy in Mo-granite ... |
J.Langhof: REE-mineralogy in Mo-granite ... | |
J.Langhof: REE-mineralogy in Mo-granite ... | |
J.Langhof: REE-mineralogy in Mo-granite ... +1 other reference | |
| |
| G. Flink (1914) |
| The Swedish Museum of Natural History ... |
Torstensson (2004) | |
| Otter (2004) |
| Wilke (1997) |
| Jonsson (1992) |
Gustafson (1987) | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Östra Värmlands Mineral Society |
| Johan Söderhielm |
| Rincon (2022) |
Switzerland | |
| Romani (2000) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Trommsdorff et al. (1969) |
Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Mittelholzer (1936) |
Taiwan | |
| CHEN et al. (1989) |
Tajikistan | |
| Litvinenko +9 other references |
| Soloviev et al. (2019) |
| Nasdala et al. (1993) |
Tanzania | |
| Jochen Hintze (2010) |
| Maaskant et al. (1980) |
| Schwaighofer et al. (1987) |
| Hsu et al. (1997) |
| Henry Hanni (1987) |
Thailand | |
| Part II +4 other references |
| Li et al. (2023) |
Tonga | |
| [var: Labradorite] Bauer (1970) |
Turkey | |
| Helvaci (1998) |
| - (n.d.) |
| American Mineralogist |
| Goryunov et al. (2023) |
| Boztuğ +1 other reference |
Boztuğ +2 other references | |
Uganda | |
| Roccati (1907) |
Roccati (1907) | |
UK | |
| Alysson Rowan collection |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Majendie (1818) |
Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Eastwood et al. (1968) +2 other references |
| Day (1999) |
| Marr (1900) |
| Day (1999) |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Miller et al. (1962) +5 other references |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy" (1900) |
| Tilley (1937) |
| F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy" (1900) |
Tindle (2008) | |
| Emeleus et al. (1992) |
| J. C. Phillips et al. (2013) |
| Howie (1963) |
| F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy" (1900) |
Harrison (1975) | |
| - (numerous petrology texts and dictionaries) |
| Jour. Conf. Abstracts 5: 939 (2000) |
Livingstone (1988) | |
Davidson (1935) | |
| Graham et al. (2017) |
| Miller et al. (1965) |
| Day (1999) |
| F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy" (1900) |
| Cotterell et al. (2011) |
Ukraine | |
| Ivanova et al. (1993) |
| Gurov et al. (2006) |
| Semenenko et al. (2001) |
| Acta Geologica Polonica Vol 2 et al. (in Polish) +1 other reference |
| Labotka et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Liventseva (n.d.) |
| www.pegmatite.ru (2009) +1 other reference |
| Grzegorz Słowik collection +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| Labotka et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Chizmadia et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Cameron (2000) |
| Faust G T (1971) |
| Irvine (1962) |
| Graeme (1993) |
Cooper (1961) +1 other reference | |
Cooper (1961) +1 other reference | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference |
Cooper (1961) +1 other reference | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10048294 |
| Bunch et al. (1969) |
Cooper (1961) +1 other reference | |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference |
| Cooper (1961) +1 other reference |
| Schrader (1915) |
| Lindgren (1926) |
| A.I.M.E. Ore Deposits of the Western States (1933) |
Mason (1976) | |
Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Erickson +1 other reference |
Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Rocks and Minerals (1989) |
Henry Barwood - unpublished (2010) | |
Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Rose (1959) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 147. +2 other references |
| Geol. Soc. of America Bulletin |
| Cal Div of Mines & Geology "Mineral ... |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Blackerby (1968) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 360. +2 other references |
Andersen (1917) +1 other reference | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 361. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 361. +1 other reference |
| AmMin 26:352-381 |
| PXRD by John Attard (Attard XRD Services) |
| Richmond (1939) +1 other reference |
| MarekC (2018) +1 other reference |
| Merrill |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 364. +2 other references |
| Miller (1934) +2 other references |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... +1 other reference |
| Am Min 50:1179-1212 |
USGS Prof Paper 649 | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS Prof Paper 223 +1 other reference |
- (2005) | |
| Lewis et al. (2016) |
| Holmes et al. (1983) |
| Hutchison et al. (1995) |
| |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Schooner (1958) |
| Chomiak (1989) |
| Foye (1926) |
| Schooner (circa 1985) |
| Ague (1995) |
| Connolly et al. (2006) |
| Cook (1978) |
| 34-37 +2 other references |
Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
Cook (1978) | |
Cook (1978) | |
| Rocks & Min.:64:198. |
Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
American Mineralogist | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Hopkins (1914) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Patrick J. Shamberger (2004) |
| Dunham (1933) |
| Dunham (1933) |
Geological Society of America et al. (1947) | |
| Ream (1995) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Ream (2004) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Hamilton et al. (1963) |
| Grady et al. (2015) |
| - (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Boesenberg et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Russell et al. (1997) |
| Lionel Wilson & Klaus Keil (1991) |
| Olsen et al. (1987) |
| Fisher (1934) +1 other reference |
| P. Cristofono collection 2021 |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Boudette |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Boudette |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Rainville et al. (1976) |
| W. B. Thompson et al. (2005) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Woodrow B. Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Mason B. (1979) |
| Hitchcock |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Espenshade |
| Houston |
| Espenshade |
| King et al. (1994) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| McHone et al. (1982) |
McHone et al. (1982) | |
| Webster et al. (1848) |
| Wandke |
Anderson | |
Gilman | |
| Gleba (2008) |
Gleba (2008) | |
- (1917) | |
| - (1917) |
| - (1917) +1 other reference |
- (1917) | |
| Ross (2010) |
Jaggar (4) | |
| ... |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
... | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Aldrich et al. (1965) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
Heinrich et al. (2004) | |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Winchell (1900) |
| P. W. Weiblen and Henry HaII (1967) |
| Miller +2 other references |
| WALTER (2011) |
| Chizmadia et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| USGS PP 296 (Ross,1959) |
| USGS Bulletin 988-G (1953) |
| MBMG IC-24 (Reid,1958) |
| KUNZ et al. (2003) |
McCallum (1996) | |
| Rifai +4 other references |
| The Minerals and Gemstones of Nebraska ... |
| The Minerals and Gemstones of Nebraska ... |
| The Minerals and Gemstones of Nebraska ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Quillen (2017) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rocks & Minerals 80:4 pp242-261 |
| Meyers et al. (1956) +1 other reference |
| Williams et al. (1954) |
Meyers et al. (1956) | |
Rice et al. (1971) | |
Hitchcock (1905) | |
| Nora K. Foley et al. (2006) |
| |
| Palache (1935) |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Dunn (1995) |
Dunn & Frondel: Mineralogical Record: ... +3 other references | |
Mason (1976) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Tommy B. Thompson (1973) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| XRD data from the New Mexico Bureau of ... |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| W. W. (2012) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
USGS Bull 945C +1 other reference | |
| Jahns et al. (1944) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Steele et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| Gems and Minerals of America- Jay Ellis ... |
| William J. Miller. Geology of the Lake ... |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483 +1 other reference |
| Robinson et al. (2007) |
| Manchester (1931) |
Manchester (1931) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 20:469. |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Miller (1937) |
| Larsen et al. (1932) |
| Wood (1996) |
| Barbara A.Olsen |
| Callahan et al. (2001) |
| Lang |
Dana 6:515 | |
Nathan Clay Collins (2011) | |
GEORGIA JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Volume 56 ... | |
Nathan Clay Collins (2011) | |
Denison et al. (1967) | |
Speer (1981) | |
| McSween et al. (1984) |
Hadley | |
| Zeitner |
| Nathan Clay Collins (2011) |
| Genth (1891) |
Nathan Clay Collins (2011) | |
| Absher and McSween H.Y Jr |
Collins (2011) | |
| Pratt (1933) |
Hoy et al. (1939) | |
McSween Jr et al. (1984) | |
Pratt (1933) | |
Conley.James F. (1962) | |
| Tera et al. (1987) |
J.Wright Horton et al. (2006) | |
| McSween et al. (1984) |
White et al. (1945) | |
Philip Stanley Justus | |
Speer (1997) | |
Stephan Brewer Harper | |
Genth +1 other reference | |
| Specimens collected by Isaac Coblentz . ... |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| - (2005) |
| Rubin et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Cran Cowan |
- (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
Christopher L. Johnston et al. (1991) | |
‘David Carter’ Ex-collection +1 other reference | |
Christopher L. Johnston et al. (1991) | |
| Oregon Metal Mines Handbook |
| Howard (2008) |
| Christopher L. Johnston et al. (1991) |
March. +1 other reference | |
March. +1 other reference | |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... |
| Gordon |
| R. C. Smith II |
| Lapham & Geyer |
| Mineral collecting in Pennsylvania +2 other references |
| AmMin 12:427-436 (1927) |
| |
| Chaumba (2010) |
| Earle Sloan (1908) |
Earle Sloan (1908) | |
Prince et al. (2004) | |
| Speer et al. (1981) |
Prince et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Mason et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| Paris (2011) |
| W.S. Bayley (1922) |
W.S. Bayley (1922) | |
| Kunz (1887) |
| Merrill (1896) |
| Travis A. Paris (2011) |
Travis A. Paris (2011) | |
| Buchanan et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Travis A. Paris (2011) |
| ... +1 other reference |
| Morgan et al. (2008) |
| Joesten (1974) |
| Srinivasan et al. ( 2000) |
| Donnelly (1962) |
| Heyse (1975) |
| USGS Bull 878 p 41 |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| R&M 68:6 p381-393 +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Woodford et al. (2001) |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Wolff (1929) |
Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) | |
| Woolley (1987) |
| Rocks & Min.: 8:143-144. +2 other references |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| - (2005) |
| Lee et al. (1989) |
| Bischoff et al. (1984) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Jérome et al. (1972) |
| MacDonald Jr et al. (2022) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| R. Derkey +1 other reference |
| Klewin +1 other reference |
| Cordua (1998) |
| - (2005) |
| 5th International Platinum Symposium ... |
Rocks & Minerals 76:383 | |
| American Mineralogist |
| AmMin 72:137 |
Vietnam | |
| Hoang Minh Thao et al. (2017) |
| Isabella Pignatelli et al. (2018) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Meck et al. (2011) |
| Grew et al. (1997) |
| Hossain (1977) |
| Eales (1964) |
Outer Space | |
Gornitz (2007) +1 other reference | |
The Moon | |
| Mokhov A.V. and Kartashov P.M. data |
| Walker et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
| Pavel Kartashov |
| Vinogradov (1971) |
| Longhi et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
Venus | |
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