Mackinawite
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About Mackinawite
Formula:
(Fe,Ni)9S8
Also given as (Fe,Ni)1+xS (x = 0 to 0.11).
Colour:
Bronzy
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
4.17 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Name:
Named after the discovery locality.
May be confused with valleriite (which it was initially believed to be in the type location).
Mackinawite may form as a metastable product of sulfidation of goethite in the CH4 atmosphere but only when CO2 is added, as shown by an experiment of Wang et al. (2015); it is followed by pyrrhotite.
Mackinawite may form as a metastable product of sulfidation of goethite in the CH4 atmosphere but only when CO2 is added, as shown by an experiment of Wang et al. (2015); it is followed by pyrrhotite.
Classification of Mackinawite
Approved
2/B.17-10
2.CC.25
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
C : With Ni, Fe, Co, PGE, etc.
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
C : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 1: 1 (and similar)
C : With Ni, Fe, Co, PGE, etc.
Dana 7th ed.:
2.7.2.1
2.7.2.1
2 : SULFIDES
7 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 9:8
2 : SULFIDES
7 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 9:8
3.9.6
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
9 : Sulphides etc. of Fe
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
9 : Sulphides etc. of Fe
Physical Properties of Mackinawite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Bronzy
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN15=63 - 89 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {001}.
Perfect on {001}.
Density:
4.17 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Mackinawite
Anisotropism:
extreme
Pleochroism:
Strong
Chemical Properties of Mackinawite
Formula:
(Fe,Ni)9S8
Also given as (Fe,Ni)1+xS (x = 0 to 0.11).
Also given as (Fe,Ni)1+xS (x = 0 to 0.11).
IMA Formula:
(Fe,Ni)1+xS (x = 0-0.07)
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Co,Cu,Ni
Crystallography of Mackinawite
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P4/nmm
Cell Parameters:
a = 3.67 Å, c = 5.03 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.371
Unit Cell V:
68 ų
Z:
2
Morphology:
As well-formed thin tabular crystals, to 1 mm; massive, fine-feathery.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0014518 | Mackinawite | Lennie A R, Redfern S A T, Schofield P F, Vaughan D J (1995) Synthesis and Rietveld crystal structure refinement of mackinawite, tetragonal FeS Mineralogical Magazine 59 677-683 | ![]() | 1995 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
5.03 Å | (100) |
2.96 Å | (70) |
2.31 Å | (90) |
1.838 Å | (50) |
1.809 Å | (80) |
1.729 Å | (50) |
1.055 Å | (40) |
Geological Environment
Geological Setting:
Widespread in low-temperature aqueous systems. It often occurs as one of the principal constituents of acid volatile sulfides in marine sediments. Rarely in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites.
Type Occurrence of Mackinawite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
deeply weathered serpentinite
Synonyms of Mackinawite
Iron sulfide (in part)
Other Language Names for Mackinawite
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
2.CC. | UM2007-26-S:CuFeIrNiPtRh | (Ir,Cu,Ni,Pt,Rh,Fe)9S11 | |
2.CC.05 | Achávalite | FeSe | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
2.CC.05 | Breithauptite | NiSb | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
2.CC.05 | Freboldite | CoSe | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
2.CC.05 | Kotulskite | Pd(Te,Bi)2-x (x ≈ 0.4) | Hex. |
2.CC.05 | Langisite | CoAs | Hex. 6 : P63 |
2.CC.05 | Nickeline | NiAs | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mcm |
2.CC.05 | Sederholmite | beta-NiSe | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
2.CC.05 | Sobolevskite | PdBi | Hex. |
2.CC.05 | Stumpflite | PtSb | Hex. |
2.CC.05 | Sudburyite | PdSb | Hex. |
2.CC.05 | Jaipurite | CoS | Hex. |
2.CC.05 | Zlatogorite | NiCuSb2 | Trig. |
2.CC.10 | Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS | Mon. |
2.CC.10 | Smythite | (Fe,Ni)3+xS4 (x=0-0.3) | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
2.CC.10 | Troilite | FeS | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
2.CC.15 | Cherepanovite | RhAs | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
2.CC.15 | Modderite | (Co,Fe)As | Orth. |
2.CC.15 | Ruthenarsenite | (Ru,Ni)As | Orth. |
2.CC.15 | Westerveldite | (Fe,Ni,Co)As | Orth. |
2.CC.20 | Millerite | NiS | Trig. 3m : R3m |
2.CC.20 | Mäkinenite | γ-NiSe | Trig. |
2.CC.20 | UM1990-38-S:CuFeIrNiPtRh | (Ni,Fe,Rh,Cu,Ir,Pt)S | |
2.CC.30 | Hexatestibiopanickelite | (Pd,Ni)(Sb,Te) | Hex. |
2.CC.30 | Vavřínite | Ni2SbTe2 | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
2.CC.35a | Braggite | (Pt,Pd,Ni)S | Tet. |
2.CC.35b | Cooperite | PtS | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mmc |
2.CC.35a | Vysotskite | (Pd,Ni)S | Tet. |
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)
2.7.2.2 | Sugakiite | Cu(Fe,Ni)8S8 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
2.7.2.3 | Horomanite | Fe6Ni3S8 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/mmm |
2.7.2.4 | Samaniite | Cu2Fe5Ni2S8 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
3.9.1 | Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS | Mon. |
3.9.3 | Pyrite | FeS2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
3.9.4 | Marcasite | FeS2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
3.9.5 | Greigite | Fe2+Fe3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
3.9.7 | Smythite | (Fe,Ni)3+xS4 (x=0-0.3) | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
3.9.8 | Achávalite | FeSe | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
3.9.9 | Ferroselite | FeSe2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
3.9.10 | Frohbergite | FeTe2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
3.9.11 | Löllingite | FeAs2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm |
3.9.12 | Arsenopyrite | FeAsS | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
3.9.13 | Gudmundite | FeSbS | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Mackinawite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Evans, H.T., Jr., Berner, R.A., Milton, Charles (1962) Valleriite and mackinawite(abs.). Geological Society of America, Program 1962 Meeting, p.47A.
Fleischer, M. (1963) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 48: 209-217.
Kouvo, Olavi, Vuorelainen, Yrjo, and Long, J.V.P. (1963) A tetragonal iron sulfide. American Mineralogist: 48: 511-524.
Evans, H.T., Milton, C., Chao, E.C.T., Adler, I., Mead, C., Ingram, B., Berner, R.A. (1964) Valleriite and the new iron sulfide, mackinawite. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 475-D: 64-69.
Cech, F., Mandarino, J.A., Fleischer, M., Hildebrand, F.A. (1964) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 49: 1497-1502.
Takeno, S. and Clark, A.H. (1967) Observations on tetragonal (Fe,Ni,Co)1+xS, mackinawite. Journal of Science Hiroshima University, Series C: 5: 287–293.
International Mineralogical Association (1967) Commission on new minerals and mineral names. Mineralogical Magazine: 36: 131-136.
Clark, A.H. and Clark, A.M. (1968) Electron microprobe analysis of mackinawite from the Ylöjärvi deposit, Finland. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Monatshefte: 6: 259–268.
Vaughan, D.J. (1969) Nickelian mackinawite from Vlakfontein, Transvaal. American Mineralogist: 54: 1190–1193.
Clark, A.H. (1970) Nickelian mackinawite from Vlakfontein, Transvaal: a discussion. American Mineralogist: 55: 1802–1807.
Chemie der Erde (1981): 40: 237.
Takeno, S., Moh, G.H., and Wang, N. (1982) Dry mackinawite synthesis. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie-Abhandlungen: 144: 291–34.
Schoonen, M.A.A., Barnes, H.L. (1991) Reaction forming pyrite and marcasite from solution II. Via FeS precursors below 100° C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 55: 1505-1514.
Krupp, R. E. (1994) Phase relations and phase transformations between the low-temperature iron sulfides mackinawite, greigite, and smythite. European Journal of Mineralogy: 6: 265-278.
Jambor, J.L., Roberts, A.C. (1995) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 80: 184-188.
Lennie, A.R., Redfern, S.A.T., Schofield, P.F., Vaughan, D.J. (1995) Synthesis and Rietveld crystal structure refinement of mackinawite, tetragonal FeS. Mineralogical Magazine: 59: 677-683.
Wolthers, M., Van Der Gaast, S.J., and Rickard, D. (2003) The structure of disordered mackinawite. American Mineralogist: 88: 2007-2015.
Frankel, R.B., Bazylinski, D.A. (2003) Biologically induced mineralization by bacteria. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry: 54: 95-114.
Wolthers, M., Charlet, L., Van Der Linde, P.R., Rickard, D., and Vamn Der Weijden, C.H. (2005) Surface chemistry of disordered mackinawite (FeS). Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta: 69: 3469-3481.
Kwon, K.D., Refson, K., Sposito, G. (2015) Transition metal incorporation into mackinawite (tetragonal FeS). American Mineralogist: 100: 1509–1517.
Wang, M., Chou, I-M., Lu, W., De Vivo, B. (2015) Effects of CH4 and CO2 on the sulfidization of goethite and magnetite: an in situ Raman spectroscopic study in high-pressure capillary optical cells at room temperature. European Journal of Mineralogy: 27(2): 193-201.
Mücke, A. (2017) Review on mackinawite and valleriite: formulae, localities, associations and intergrowths of the minerals, mode of formation and optical features in reflected light. Journal of Earth Science & Climatic Change: 8(11): 419 (18 pp.).
Agrosì, G., Tempesta, G., Mele, D., Allegretta, I., Terzano, R., Shirey, S.B., Pearson, G.D., Nestola, F. (2017) Non-destructive, multi-method, internal analysis of multiple inclusions in a single diamond: First occurrence of mackinawite (Fe,Ni)1+xS. American Mineralogist: 102: 2235-2243.
Lin, M.-Y., Chen, Y.-H., Lee, J.-J., Sheu, H.-S. (2018) Reaction pathways of iron-sulfide mineral formation: an in situ X-ray diffraction study. European Journal of Mineralogy: 30: 77-84.
Schröder, C.; Wan, M.; Butler, I.B.; Tait, A.; Peiffer, S.; McCammon, C.A. (2020) Identification of Mackinawite and Constraints on Its Electronic Configuration Using Mössbauer Spectroscopy. Minerals 10, 1090.
Internet Links for Mackinawite
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https://www.mindat.org/min-2512.html
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Localities for Mackinawite
Locality List




All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973) The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
Algeria | |
| Ch. Marignac, Bull. Minéral. , 1988, 111, pp. 359-381. |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973) The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
Angola | |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
Argentina | |
| Econ Geol (1992) 87:2085-2112; Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina. Vol. 1 (elements, sulphides and sulphosalts). (Asociacion Mineralogica Argentina) |
| Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155. |
Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155. | |
Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155. | |
| Brodtkorb, Milka K. de (2002) Las Especies Minerales de la República Argentina. Tomo I. (Asociación Mineralógica Argentina) |
| Brodtkorb (2002): Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina; KOSTADINOFF, J. et al. Geofisica del cuerpo ultramáfico de la mina Salamanca, provincia de Mendoza. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2004, vol.59, n.1 [citado 2011-06-03], pp. 113-120 |
| Brodtkorb (2002): Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1997 61 : 861-877; FERRACUTTI, G.; BJERG, E. and MOGESSIE, A.. Precious and base metals in Las Águilas, Sierra de San Luis: Mineralogy, genesis and evolution. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2007, vol.62, n.3, pp. 434-446. |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
Australia | |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| Wagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets, 1982 |
Wagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets, 1982 | |
| Gilligan, L.B. (1975) Part 1. Mine Data Sheets to accompany Metallogenic Map, Canberra 1:250 000 Sheet. Geological Survey of New South Wales, Department of Mines, 297 pages. |
| Gilligan, L.B., Suppel, D.W. (1993) Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets: Nymagee 1:250 000 Metallogenic Map (SI/55-2). Geological Survey of New South Wales, Sydney, 171 pages. |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| Ashley, P. M. (1975): Opaque mineral assemblage formed during serpentinization in the Coolac ultramafic belt, New South Wales. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia 22, 91-102. |
| Gilligan, L.B., Suppel, D.W. (1993) Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets: Nymagee 1:250 000 Metallogenic Map (SI/55-2). Geological Survey of New South Wales, Sydney, 171 p. McKinnon, A.R., Sharpe, J.L., Williams, P.A. (2005) Other notable mineral occurrences in the Cobar region. Australian Journal of Mineralogy, 11, 117-121. |
| Gilligan, L.B., Byrnes, J.G. (1995) Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets: Cobar Metallogenic Map 1:250 000 (SH/55-14), Geological Survey of New South Wales, Sydney, 240 pages. |
Gilligan, L.B., Byrnes, J.G. (1995) Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets: Cobar Metallogenic Map 1:250 000 (SH/55-14), Geological Survey of New South Wales, Sydney, 240 pages. | |
Gilligan, L.B., Byrnes, J.G. (1995) Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets: Cobar Metallogenic Map 1:250 000 (SH/55-14), Geological Survey of New South Wales, Sydney, 240 pages. | |
Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. | |
| Gilligan, L.B., Byrnes, J.G. (1995) Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets: Cobar Metallogenic Map 1:250 000 (SH/55-14), Geological Survey of New South Wales, Sydney, 240 pages. |
| Gilligan, L.B., Brownlow, J.W., Cameron, R.G., Henley, H.F. (1992) Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets: Dorrigo-Coffs Harbour 1:250 000 Metallogenic Map SH/56-10, SH/56-11. Geological Survey of New South Wales, Sydney, 509 pages. |
| Hertzberger, G.A., Barnes, R.G. (1978) Mine Data Sheets to accompany Metallogenic Map Bega 1:125 000 Sheet (SJ-55-4). Geological Survey of New South Wales, Department of Mines, 345 pages. |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam, London: New York. 245 pages. |
| Wagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets, 1982 |
| Worner, H. K. and Mitchell, R. W., eds. Birch, W. D. (et al) (1982) Minerals of Broken Hill, published by Australian Mining & Smelting Limited ISBN 0-909221-18-9 |
Teale, G. S., Groves, I. M., & Manly, I. M. (2006). Mineralisation in the Potosi Extended to Flying Doctor area, Northern Leases, Broken Hill. Geoscience Australia Record, 21, 182-185. | |
| Knights, J.G., 1985, Hilton Silver-Lead-Zinc-Copper Ore Mineralogy. unpublished |
| Sielecki, R. (1988) The Mount Isa-Cloncurry mineral field. Mineralogical Record, Vol. 19, pg. 469-490. |
[MinRec 19 p469-490 - "Sielecki, R: The Mount Isa-Cloncurry mineral field"] | |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| Econ Geol (1984) 79:461-475 |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| Bottrill & Sorrell 2007; Keays, R. R., & Jowitt, S. M. (2013). The Avebury Ni deposit, Tasmania: A case study of an unconventional nickel deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 52, 4-17. |
| Nepean Nickel Deposit, Archaean of Western Australian Shield, Yilgarn Block Nickel; N.R, Sheppy and J. Rowe; Senior Mine Geologist and Mine Geologist at Nepean Nickel Mine. |
| McQueen, K.G. (1981) The nature and metamorphic history of the Wannaway nickel deposit, Western Australia. Economic Geology 1981, Vol. 76(6), pp.1444-1468. |
| Mock, C. et al (1987), Gold Deposits of Western Australia, BMR, Datafile (MINDEP), Resource Deposit 3, Dept of Primary Industries and Energy/Bur of Mineral Resources Geology and Geophysics, Commonwealth Government of Australia, 1987 |
| Mock, C., Elliott, B.G., Ewers, G.R., Lorenz, R.P. (1987), Gold deposits of Western Australia, BMR Datafile (MINDEP), Resource Deposit 3, Department of Primary Industries and Energy/ Bureau of Mineral Resources Geology Geophysics, Commonwealth Government of Australia, 1987 |
| Ostwald, J.(1978): Linnaeite series Minerals from the Kalgoorlie District Western Australia, Mineralogical magazine (Mar 1978):42: 93-98 |
| Marston, R.J. (1984) Nickel Mineralization in Western Australia. Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 291p. |
| Sulfides and Sulfarsenides from the Rosie Nickel Prospect, Duketon Greenstone Belt, Western Australia; B Godel, I Gonzalez-alvarez, S Barnes, SJ Barnes, P Parker, J Day, Economic Geology, Mar-Apr 2012, V107, No2, pp275-294 |
| Min Mag (1979) 43, 97-98 |
| Grguric, B.A., Seat, Z., Karpuzov, A.A., Simonov, O.N. (2013) The West Jordan deposit, a newly-discovered Type 2 dunite-hosted nickel sulphide system in the northern Agnew-Wiluna Belt, Western Australia. Ore Geology Reviews, Vol. 51, pg. 79-92 |
| Ferguson, K.M. (1999) Lead, Zinc and Silver Deposits of Western Australia. Geological Survey of Western Australia, Mineral Resources Bulletin 15. |
Austria | |
| H. Meixner: 32(3):85-97 (1981) |
| A.Pichler, A. (2009) Bergbau in Westkärnten, Eine Bestandsaufnahme der noch sichtbaren Merkmale der historischen Bergbaue in Westkärnten. Verlag des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Kärnten, Klagenfurt, Sonderheft 63, 416 pages [in German]. |
| Taucher, J. (1998): Parasymplesit, Rutil, Klinochlor. Arsenopyrit und Bismuthinit aus dem Wastlkar, westlich des Hafners, Maltatal, Kärnten. - Carinthia II, Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. f. Ktn., 188./108.: p234-235 |
| Pichler, A. (2009) Bergbau in Westkärnten, Eine Bestandsaufnahme der noch sichtbaren Merkmale der historischen Bergbaue in Westkärnten. Verlag des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Kärnten, Klagenfurt, Sonderheft 63, 416 pages [in German]. |
| A.Pichler, A. (2009) Bergbau in Westkärnten, Eine Bestandsaufnahme der noch sichtbaren Merkmale der historischen Bergbaue in Westkärnten. Verlag des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Kärnten, Klagenfurt, Sonderheft 63, 416 pages [in German]. |
| G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995 |
| W.Tufar (1972) |
| Heider, K.-J., Gröbner, J. (2019): 2134) Mackinawit sowie Brochantit, Devillin(?) und Langit von der Zinkwand, Schladming, Steiermark. Pp. 295-296 in Walter, F. et al. (2019): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LXVIII. Carinthia II, 209./129., 237-362. [p. 296] |
| W.H. Paar, J. Weidinger, R. Mrazek, H. Heiss: Lapis 18(5):13-28 (1993) |
Horner, J., Neubauer, F., Paar, W.H., Hansmann, W., Koeppel, V., and Robl, K. (1997): Mineralium Deposita 32, 555-568. | |
| C. Auer: Lapis 20(11):11-20 (1995) |
| R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993) |
| A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989) |
| Heider, K.-J., Gröbner, J. (2019): 2134) Mackinawit sowie Brochantit, Devillin(?) und Langit von der Zinkwand, Schladming, Steiermark. Pp. 295-296 in Walter, F. et al. (2019): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LXVIII. Carinthia II, 209./129., 237-362. |
| Moser & Postl (1990) |
| Vavtar, F. (1995): Erzmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Silberpentlanditen der Cu-Fe-Erzparagenese von Axams (Stubaikristallin, Tirol, Österreich). Geologisch-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck 20, 313-334. |
| Vavtar, F. (1986): Das Zinn-Kupfer-Erzvorkommen am Glücksgrat (Stubai-Kristallin). Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 35, 287-298. |
| Lapis 19(7/8):13-78 (1994) |
| Vavtar, F. (1979): Syngenetische, metamorphe Erzgefüge der Kies- und Kupferlagerstätte Tschingl bei Feichten im Kaunertal (Ötztalkristallin). Veröffentl. d. Museum Ferdinandeum, 59, 151-163. |
| R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993) |
Belgium | |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973) The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
Brazil | |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| Marchetto (1990) Econ Geol 85:921-927 |
Ramdohr, P. (1973) The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London; New York. 245 pages.; Gomes, C.B. & Keil, K. (1980) Brazilian Stony Meteorites: University of New Mexico Press: Albuquerque. 162 pages. | |
| Villas, R.N., and Dias Santos, M. (2001): Mineralium Deposita 36, 300-331 |
| Villas, R.N., and Dias Santos, M. (2001): Mineralium Deposita 36, 300-331 |
| Gomes, C.B. & Keil, K. (1980) Brazilian Stony Meteorites: University of New Mexico Press: Albuquerque. pp. 162. |
Bulgaria | |
| T. Kerestedjian (1997) Argentonentlandite (Fe, Ni)8+хАg1-xS8 from Kamilski dol – a new mineral species for Bulgaria. Review of the Bulgarian Geological Society 58:15-18 |
| Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155. |
| [MinRec 22 p.439] |
Burkina Faso | |
| Sako, Aboubakar. (2014). Prediction of acid mine drainage occurrence at the Inata gold mine-Burkina Faso, West Africa. Academia Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2. 043-051. |
Canada | |
| Nixon, G. T., & Smyth, W. R. (1998). Ni–Cu sulfide mineralization in the Turnagain Alaskan-type complex: a unique magmatic environment. Geological Survey of British Columbia, Paper, 1. |
| Manor, M.J., Scoates, J.S., Nixon,G.T., and Ames, D.E., 2014. Platinum-group mineralogy of the Giant Mascot Ni-CuPGE deposit, Hope, B.C. In: Geological Fieldwork 2013, British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines, British Columbia Geological Survey Paper 2014-1, pp. 141-156. |
| Econ Geol (1986) 81:1137-1146; Hulbert, L. J., Duke, J. M., Eckstrand, O. R., Lydon, J. W., Scoates, R. F. J., Cabri, L. J., & Irvine, T. N. (1998) Geological Environments of Platinum Group elements. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1440. Natural Resources Canada. |
| GOOD, D.J. & NALDRETT, A.J. (1993) Geology and distribution of platinum-group elements, Bucko Lake Intrusion, Thompson belt, Manitoba. Canadian Mineralogist 31, 45-60 |
| Phillips, K. A. (1979) Minerals of Manitoba: Volume II: Metallic minerals. Manitoba Mineral Resources Division Educational Series 78/2. |
| Huminicki, M. A. E., Sylvester, P. J., Lastra, R., Cabri, L. J., Evans-Lamswood, D., & Wilton, D. H. C. (2008). First report of platinum-group minerals from a hornblende gabbro dyke in the vicinity of the Southeast Extension Zone of the Voisey’s Bay Ni-Cu-Co deposit, Labrador. Mineralogy and Petrology, 92(1-2), 129-164. |
| Lorand, J. P. (1987). Cu Fe Ni S mineral assemblages in upper-mantle peridotites from the Table Mountain and Blow-Me-Down Mountain ophiolite massifs (Bay of Islands area, Newfoundland): Their relationships with fluids and silicate melts. Lithos, 20(1), 59-76. |
| SABINA, A.P. (1976): Rocks & minerals for the collector: The Magdalen Islands, Quebec and the island of Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 75-36, 199p. Reissued in 2003 as Île de la Madeleine, Quebec, the Island of Newfoundland and Labrador. Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report 58, 102-103. |
SABINA, A.P. (1976): Rocks & minerals for the collector: The Magdalen Islands, Quebec and the island of Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 75-36, 199p. Reissued in 2003 as Île de la Madeleine, Quebec, the Island of Newfoundland and Labrador. Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report 58, 102-103. | |
| AmMin 50:682 |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| CAMPBELL, J. L., LAFLAMME, J. G., LEIGH, R. G., MAXWELL, J. A., & SCOTT, J. D. (1985). PROTON. MICROPROBE ANALYSIS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN SULFIDES FROM SOME MASSIVE-SULFIDE DEPOSITS LOUIS J. CABRI. |
| Geoffrey Khalil Abdallah (1990) Ore Mineralogy of Mattabi Mine, Northwestern Ontario, Canada. MSC Thesis, Lakehead University |
| Can Mineral 1984 22: 13-21 |
| MDI Number: MDI31M04SW00022 |
| ; Ames, D.E., Kjarsgaard, I.M., and Douma, S.L., 2003, Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE Ore Mineralogy Compilation: Sudbury Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI): Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1787 |
| Nelles, E. W. (2014). Genesis of Cu-PGE-rich footwall-type mineralization in the Morrison deposit, Sudbury (Masters thesis, Laurentian University of Sudbury). |
Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 17, pp.275-285 (1979) Canadian Mineralogist 27, 311; Ames, D.E., Kjarsgaard, I.M., and Douma, S.L., 2003, Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE Ore Mineralogy Compilation: Sudbury Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI): Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1787 | |
Springer, G. (1989): Chlorine-bearing and other uncommon minerals in the Strathcona deep copper zone, Sudbury District, Ontario. Canadian Mineralogist: 27: 311-313 | |
Grice, Joel D. (1989) Sudbury: Nickel Capital of the World. In: Famous mineral localities of Canada. Published by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited & the National Museum of Natural Sciences, 190 pages: 79-84; 157-158. | |
| Currie (1980) |
| Trail,R.J. 1980, Catalogue of Canadian Minerals, GSC Paper 80-18,p.221 |
| Watkinson, D.H. and Ohnenstetter, D. (1992) Hydrothermal origin of platinum-group mineralization in the Two Duck Lake intrusion, Coldwell Complex, northwestern Ontario. Canadian Mineralogist, 30, 121-136. |
| MDI Number: MDI52A04SE00026 |
| Econ Geol (1993) 88:817-836 |
| Sabina (2003) 186. |
| Galley, A.G., Jonasson, I.R., and Watkinson, D.H. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 619-637. |
SABINA, A.P. (1974): Rocks & minerals for the collector: Kirkland Lake – Noranda – Val d’Or, Ontario | |
SABINA, A.P. (1974): Rocks & minerals for the collector: Kirkland Lake – Noranda – Val d’Or, Ontario | |
China | |
| Ruiqi Wang (1977): Geology and Prospecting 13(4), 45-47; Xuanzhu Yang, Hiroharu Matsueda, Hiroharu, Shunzo Yui, and Xianyang Dong (1992): Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 4, Geology and Mineralogy, Vol. XXIII, No.2; Economic Geology (1992) 87, 1475-1495; Rongfu Jiang (2003): Geology and Prospecting 39(5), 35-38; Zhenhua Zhao and Handong Qian (2008): Mineral Deposits 27(5), 613-621 |
| Wei Du, Jinlan Ling, Wei Zhou, Zixi Wang, Zhaode Xia, Mingzhe Xia, Yazhou Fan, and Changyi Jiang (2014): Mineral Deposits 33(4), 713-726 |
| Rubin, A. E., Wang, D., Kallemeyn, G. W. & Wasson, J. T. (1988). The Ningqiang meteorite: Classification and petrology of an anomalous CV chondrite. Meteoritics 23, #1, 13–23. (March 1988). |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006): Journal of Guilin University of Technolog 26(3), 310-319. |
Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006): Journal of Guilin University of Technolog 26(3), 310-319. | |
Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006): Journal of Guilin University of Technolog 26(3), 310-319. | |
| Xiaoqiang Hu, Yunquan Li, and Dequan Shuai (2001): Journal of Chengdu University of Technology 28(1), 48-52 |
| Wenji Bai, Shufeng Tao, Jingsui Yang, Qingsong Fang, Nicheng Shi and Guowu Li (2007): Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 26(5), 418-428 |
| Chunming Han, Wenjiao Xiao, Guochun Zhao, Jingwen Mao, Sanzhong Li, Zhen Yan, and Qigui Mao (2006): Ore Geology Reviews 28, 308-328. |
Zhuangzhi Qian, Tao Sun, Zhongli Tang, Changyi Jiang, Ke He, Mingzhe Xia, and Jianzhong Wang (2009): Geological Review 55(6), 873-884; Peiqing Hu, Liye Ren, Piao'er Fu, Mingjie Zhang, Xiaoya Li, and Hongyi Qin (2010): Mineral Deposits 29(1), 158-168 | |
Jingwen Mao, Pirajno, F., Zuoheng Zang, Fengmei Chai, Hua Wu, Shiping Chen, Linsong Cheng, Jianmin Yang, and Changqing Zhang (2007): Journal of Asian Earth Sciences (in press). | |
| Zhou, M.-F., Robinson, P.T., Malpas, J., Sun, M., Aitchison, J., Bai, W.J., Hu, X.-F., and Yang, J.-S. (2001): Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 19(4), 517-534. |
| Chuanjie Pu, Dexian Qin, Hong Nian, Xueshu Zhang, Pirajno, F., and Zhuguo Fan (2007): Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 26(4), 374-383. |
Colombia | |
| Cifuentes, G.R.; Jiménez-Millán, J.; Quevedo, C.P.; Jiménez-Espinosa, R. (2020) Transformation of S-Bearing Minerals in Organic Matter-Rich Sediments from a Saline Lake with Hydrothermal Inputs. Minerals 10, 525. |
Costa Rica | |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
Cyprus | |
| Foose, M. P., Economou, M., & Panayiotou, A. (1985). Compositional and mineralogic constraints on the genesis of ophiolite hosted nickel mineralization in the Pevkos Area, Limassol Forest, Cyprus. Mineralium Deposita, 20(4), 234-240. |
| Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990; American Mineralogist (1975): 60: 1013-1018. |
Czech Republic | |
| Pašava, J., Vavřín, I., Frýda, J., Janoušek, V., & Jelínek, E. (2003). Geochemistry and mineralogy of Platinum-group elements in the Ransko gabbro–peridotite massif, Bohemian Massif (Czech Republic). Mineralium Deposita, 38(3), 298-311. |
Egypt | |
| Helmy, H.M., and Mogessie, A. (2001): Mineralium Deposita 36, 58-71. |
| Helmy, H. M., Stumpfl, E. F., & Kamel, O. A. (1995). Platinum-group minerals from the metamorphosed Abu Swayel Cu-Ni-PGE deposit, South Eastern Desert, Egypt. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 90(8), 2350-2360. |
Finland | |
| http://tupa.gtk.fi/karttasovellus/mdae/raportti/4_Hietaharju.pdf |
| http://www.gsf.fi/explor/zinc/pahtavuoma.htm; Lips, ALW (2006) A review of non-ferrous mineral deposits in Europe - Finalised initial database BRGM/RP -54957 - FR |
Eilu, P. (2003). Exploration for orogenic gold deposits. Fennoscandian Exploration and Mining 2003. Rovaniemi, Finland; Geological Survey of Finland 2008 Sirkka kaivos - Gold Database | |
| Kojonen, K. and Iljina, M. 2001. Platinum-Group Minerals in the Early Proterozoic Kuusijärvi Marginal Series, Koillismaa Layered Igneous Complex, Northeastern Finland. In A. Piestrzynski et al. (eds). Proceedings of the sixth Biennial SGA-SEG meeting, Balkema Publishers, Lisse, pp 653-656 |
| Eilu, P. (2003). Exploration for orogenic gold deposits. Fennoscandian Exploration and Mining 2003. Rovaniemi, Finland |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. Keivitsa - NICKEL Database; Lamberg, P., Välimaa, J., Parkkinen, J., & Kojonen, K. (2005). Structural, geochemical and magmatic modelling of the early Proterozoic Keivitsa Ni-Cu-PGE deposit in Sodankylä, northern Finland. Extended Abstract. In 10th International Platinum Symposium, Abstract volume. |
| mutanen Tapani 1997. Geology and ore petrology of Akanvaara nd Koitelainen mafic layered intrusions and the Keivitsa -satovaara layered complex, Northern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, bulletin 395. 233s.; Le Vaillant, M., Barnes, S. J., Fiorentini, M. L., Santaguida, F., & Törmänen, T. (2016). Effects of hydrous alteration on the distribution of base metals and platinum group elements within the Kevitsa magmatic nickel sulphide deposit. Ore Geology Reviews, 72, 128-148. |
| Hytönen,K. (1999): Suomen Mineraalit. Geologian tutkimuskeskus. Erillisjulkaisu, Jyväskylä, 399 pp (p.346) |
Kojonen, Kari, Johanson, Bo and Pakkanen, Lassi (1991). Kelokorven malmiaiheiden malmimineragia ja petrografia. GTK raportti M 19/4244/-91/2/42 | |
Stein, H.J., Sundblad, K., Markey, R.J., Morgan, J.W., Motuza, G. (1998): Mineralium Deposita 33, 329-345. | |
Kojonen, Kari, Johanson, Bo, Pakkanen, Lassi and O´Brien, Hugh 1991. Ilomantsin Korvilansuo Au-malmiaiheen mineralogiaa ja petrografiaa, 40 s. Geologian Tutkimuskeskus arkistoraportti M19/4244/-91/1/42. | |
Geological Survey of Finland 2008. Pampalo(Ward)-Gold Database.; Loukola-Ruskeeniemi, K. and Sorjonen-Ward, P. (eds.) ORE DEPOSITS IN EASTERN FINLAND. Geologian tutkimuskeskus, Opas — Geological Survey of Finland, Guide 42; Vymazalová, A., Kojonen, K., Laufek, F., Johanson, B., Stanley, C. J., Plášil, J., & Halodová, P. (2019). Pampaloite, AuSbTe, a new mineral from Pampalo gold mine, Finland. Mineralogical Magazine, 83(3), 393-400. | |
Geological Survey of Finland 2008. Rämepuro-Gold Database. | |
| http://en.gtk.fi/ExplorationFinland/Commodities/Zinc/hammaslahti.html |
| Zohka, H. et al (1972) Compositional variations in natural mackinawites and the results of heating experiments. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, series C, Geology and Mineralogy, 7, #1, 37-53.; Lips, ALW (2006) A review of non-ferrous mineral deposits in Europe - Finalised initial database BRGM/RP -54957 - FR |
Geological Survey of Finland 2011. Vuonos - Copper Database | |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. Kouvervaara - Gold Database |
| Econ Geol (1986) 81:1236-1241; Geological Survey of Finland 2006 Hitura - NICKEL Database; Mäki, T. (1997). Volcanic hosted massive sulphide and gold deposits in the Skellefte district, Sweden and western Finland. Geological Survey of Finland. |
Geological Survey of Finland 2007 Sarjankylä - Gold Database | |
| Jupperi Aarre 1997. The magnetite gabbro and related Mustavaara vanadium ore deposits in the Porttivaara layered intrusion north-eastern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin 288 |
| Kojonen Kari 1989 (ed). The early Proterozoic Zn-Cu-Zn sulphide deposit of Rauhala in Ylivieska, Western Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 11 |
| Peltonen, P., Kontinen, A., Huhma, H., and Kuronen, U. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 33, 559-617. |
| Papunen, H. and Koskinen, J. 1985. Geology of Kotalahti nickel-copper ore. in: Nickel-copper deposits of the Baltic Shield and Scandinavian Caledonides. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin 333, 228-240. |
Kojonen, Kari, Johansson, Bo and Pekkala, Lasse (2002) Leppävirran Rytkyn Ni-Cu sulfidimalmiaiheen malmimineraaleista. GTK:n arkistoraportit M41/3241/2002/1. | |
| Papunen, H., 1985,The Kylmäkoski Nickel-Copper deposit. Geological Survey of Finland bulletin 333. |
| Peltonen, P., Pakkanen, L., and Johanson, B. (1995): Re-Mo-Cu-Os sulphide from the Ekojoki Ni-Cu deposit, SW Finland. Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 52, pp. 257-264. |
Häkli,T.; Vormisto, K. 1985. The Vammala nickel-copper deposit in: The nickel-copper deposits of the Baltic Shield and Scandinavian Caledonides. Geological Survey of Finland. Bulletin 333, 273-286. | |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2009. Ylöjärvi-copper Database |
| Canadian Mineralogist 38, pp. 1103-1124 (2000) |
| Makkonen, Hannu 1991. Viholanniemen Zn-esiintymän tutkimuksesta vuosina 1984-1988. Geologian Tutkimuskeskus arkistoraportti M19/3234/-91/1/10 |
| Virtasalmi-Copper Database. Geological Survey of Finland (2009) |
| Hangala Leake S. 1987 The early proterozoic Zn-Pb-Cu massive sulfide deposit at Attu, SW Finland Geological Survey of Finland Bulletin 341 61s |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites.Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
France | |
| R. Pierrot, P. Picot, J.J. Périchaud : "Inventaire Minéralogique du Cantal", BRGM and Editions G. de Bussac, 1971 |
| P.G. Pélisson : "Etude Minéralogique et Métallogénique du District Filonien Polytype de Paulhaguet (Haute-Loire, Massif Central Français)", Doctorate Thesis, Orléans, France, 1989 ; F.H. Forestier : "Les Péridotites Serpentinisées de France", Fascicule IV, BRGM, 1964 |
| P.G. Pélisson : "Etude Minéralogique et Métallogénique du District Filonien Polytype de Paulhaguet (Haute-Loire, Massif Central Français)", Doctorate Thesis, Orléans, France, 1989 |
| R. De Ascenção Guedes, 2004, Les minéraux et les minéralogistes de Chessy-les-mines, Le Règne Minéral, HS IX, pp 46-84 |
| DE ASCENCAO GUEDES R.. (2000). La Lauzière : les espèces minérales, Savoie, France. Le Règne Minéral hors-série n°6, pp. 24-39. Editions du Piat. |
| Chauris, L. (2014) Minéraux de Bretagne, Les Editions du Piat, 60. |
| Chauris, L. (2014) Minéraux de Bretagne, Les Editions du Piat, 60. |
| BRGM, Fiche Infoterre 02035X4002/GT. |
| Chauris, L. (2014) Minéraux de Bretagne, Les Editions du Piat, 60. |
| Chauris, L. (2014) Minéraux de Bretagne, Les Editions du Piat, 60. |
| Chauris, L. (2014): Minéraux de Bretagne, Les Editions du Piat, 60. |
| Inventaire minéralogique de la France-29-Finistère, B.R.G.M. (1973) |
| R.PIERROT, L. CHAURIS, C. LAFORET (1973) : "Inventaire minéralogique de la France : 29- Finistère.", B.R.G.M. Paris. |
| Chauris, L. (2014): Minéraux de Bretagne, Les Editions du Piat, 60. |
R.PIERROT, L. CHAURIS, C. LAFORET (1973) : "Inventaire minéralogique de la France : 29- Finistère.", B.R.G.M. Paris. | |
| R.PIERROT, L. CHAURIS, C. LAFORET (1973) : "Inventaire minéralogique de la France : 29- Finistère.", B.R.G.M. Paris. |
| Chauris, L. (2014): Minéraux de Bretagne, Les Editions du Piat, 60. |
| R.PIERROT, L. CHAURIS, C. LAFORET (1973) : "Inventaire minéralogique de la France : 29- Finistère.", B.R.G.M. Paris. |
| Pillard F., Chauris L., Laforêt C. (1985), Inventaire minéralogique de la France, Ed. BRGM, n°13, pp: 60-66 |
| Pillard F., Chauris L., Laforêt C. (1985), Inventaire minéralogique de la France, Ed. BRGM, n°13, pp: 82-87 |
| R. Pierrot, L. Chauris, C. Laforêt and F. Pillard : "Inventaire Minéralogique de la France N° 9 : Morbihan", BRGM, 1980. |
| Le Règne Minéral, (Hors Série 7), 42-58 |
| Briggs, R. M. (1975). Structure, metamorphism and mineral deposits in the Diahot region, northern New Caledonia. Thesis (PhD-Geology), University of Auckland, 1975 |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973) The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| Paul Ramdohr (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973) The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| Patrice Queneau Collection |
| R. Pierrot, P. Picot, J. Feraud, J. Vernet : "Inventaire Minéralogique de la France, N° 4, Alpes Maritimes", BRGM, 1974 |
| Pierrot, R., Picot, P., Feraud, J., Vernet, J. (1974): Inventaire minéralogique de la France n°4. Alpes Maritimes. Editions B.R.G.M, Paris, 168 pp. |
| R. Pierrot, P. Picot, P.A. Poulain, "Inventaire Minéralogique de la France : Hautes-Alpes", BRGM, 1972 |
Germany | |
| http://www.berthold-weber.de/h_miner.htm |
| Joachim Gröbner, Uwe Steinkamm (2019) Mineralien und Gesteine des Gabbrosteinbruchs im Radautal bei Bad Harzburg. Papierflieger Verlag, Clausthal-Zellerfeld. ISBN 978-3-86948-685-7 |
| No reference listed |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973) The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam, London: New York. 245 pages. |
Greece | |
| Leleu, M., Morikis, A. & Picot, P. (1973): Sur des minéralisations de type skarn au Laurium (Grèce). Mineral. Deposita 8, 259-263. |
P. Voudouris (2005) Gold and silver mineralogy of the Lavrion deposit, Attika, Greece. Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge 2005, pp 1089-1092 | |
Greenland | |
| Petersen, O.V. and Secher, K. (1993): The minerals of Greenland. Mineralogical Record 24 (2): 1-65 (p.36) |
| Petersen, O. V. & Secher, K. (1993): The Minerals of Greenland. Mineralogical Record 24 (2): 1-67 |
India | |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| Mishra, B., and Panigrahi, M.K. (1999): Mineralium Deposita 34, 173-181 |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973) The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| Canadian Mineralogist 40:277-309 |
Augé, T., Bailly, L., Cocherie, A., Genna, A., Guerrot, C., Lerouge, C., ... & Patra, R. N. (2002, July). Magmatic and Hydrothermal Platinum-Group Element Mineralization in the Baula Area, Orissa, India. In Proceedings of the 9th International Platinum Symposium (pp. 21-24). | |
| Deb, S., & Mukherjee, A. D. (1969). Mackinawites from Madhan-Kudhan and Kolihan sections of Khetri copper belt, Rajasthan. Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India 35A, (4), 533-541.; Baidya, A. S., Sen, A., & Pal, D. C. (2018). Textures and compositions of cobalt pentlandite and cobaltian mackinawite from the Madan-Kudan copper deposit, Khetri Copper Belt, Rajasthan, India. Journal of Earth System Science, 127(4), 56.; Ahmed, M., Shaif, M., Siddiquie, F. N., & Khan, R. (2018). Mode of Occurrence and Mineralogy of Northern Khetri Copper Deposits, Jhunjhunu District, Rajasthan. Natural Resources, 2018, 9, 389-403 |
| Deb, S., & Mukherjee, A. D. (1969). Mackinawites from Madhan-Kudhan and Kolihan sections of Khetri copper belt, Rajasthan. Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India 35A, (4), 533-541.; Ahmed, M., Shaif, M., Siddiquie, F. N., & Khan, R. (2018). Mode of Occurrence and Mineralogy of Northern Khetri Copper Deposits, Jhunjhunu District, Rajasthan. Natural Resources, 2018, 9, 389-403 |
Baidya, A. S., Sen, A., & Pal, D. C. (2018). Textures and compositions of cobalt pentlandite and cobaltian mackinawite from the Madan-Kudan copper deposit, Khetri Copper Belt, Rajasthan, India. Journal of Earth System Science, 127(4), 56. | |
| Mukherjee, A. D., Sen, R., & Mondal, A. (1998). Freibergite from polymetallic sulphide deposits of the Delhi-Aravalli belt, Rajasthan. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 52(5), 543-547. |
Econ Geol (1980) 75:572-591; Mukherjee, A. D., Sen, R., & Mondal, A. (1998). Freibergite from polymetallic sulphide deposits of the Delhi-Aravalli belt, Rajasthan. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 52(5), 543-547. | |
Deb, M., 1980, Genesis and Metamorphism of Two Stratiform Massive Sulfide Depoosits at Ambaji and Deri in the Precambrian of Western India, Economic Geology, 75:572-591 | |
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Italy | |
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Ivory Coast | |
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Japan | |
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Kazakhstan | |
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Kosovo | |
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Latvia | |
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Mauritania | |
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Mexico | |
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Morocco | |
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New Zealand | |
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Nigeria | |
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Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
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Norway | |
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Oman | |
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Pakistan | |
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Peru | |
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Poland | |
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Portugal | |
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Red Sea | |
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Romania | |
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Russia | |
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| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. | |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973). The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich |
| Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich |
Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich | |
| Minerals of Virginia, 1990 by R. V. Dietrich |
| Aleksandrov, S. M. (2005). Genesis and Composition of Borate and Sulfide Mineralization in the Mount Jumbo Dunite, Snohomish County, Washington, United States. Geochemistry International, 43(3), 277-289. |
| Minerals of Washington, B. Cannon, 1975 |
| Ramdohr, P. (1973) The Opaque Minerals in Stony Meteorites. Elsevier Publishing Company: Amsterdam; London: New York. 245 pages. |
| Rocks & Minerals 76:382 |
Zimbabwe | |
| Oberthür, T. and Weiser, T. W. (2008): Gold-bismuth-telluride-sulphide assemblages at the Viceroy Mine, Harare-Bindura-Shamva greenstone belt, Zimbabwe. Mineralogical Magazine 72, 953-970. |
| Frei, Martina (2005) Composition, formation, and leaching behaviour of supergene, polymetallic ores from the Sanyati deposit (Zimbabwe): A case study |
| Oberthür, T., Weiser, T. W., Gast, L., & Kojonen, K. (2003). Geochemistry and mineralogy of platinum-group elements at Hartley Platinum Mine, Zimbabwe. Mineralium Deposita, 38(3), 327-343. |
The Moon | www.smenet.org/opaque-ore/ix_d4_2.htm |
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Hitura Nickel Mine, Nivala, North Ostrobothnia, Finland