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Mullite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About MulliteHide

Formula:
Al4+2xSi2-2xO10-x
(x ~ 0.4)
Colour:
Colourless, white, yellow, pink, red, gray
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
6 - 7
Specific Gravity:
3.11 - 3.26
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Named after the discovery locality, the Isle of Mull, Scotland.
Synthetic mullite is well-known as a high-performance ceramic.

Compare 'meta-kaolinite', 'pseudomullite', and 'silicon spinel' - synthetic phases being intermediate products of mullite formation from kaolinite.


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
2806
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2806:2
GUID
(UUID V4):
217e94ed-8d2c-402d-8b1a-0b40f1fc2b62

IMA Classification of MulliteHide

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Al4+2xSi2-2xO10-x (x ≈ 0.4)
First published:
1924

Classification of MulliteHide

9.AF.20

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
F : Nesosilicates with additional anions; cations in [4], [5] and/or only [6] coordination
52.2.3.1

52 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups and O,OH,F,H2O
2 : Insular SiO4 Groups and O, OH, F, and H2O with cations in [4] and >[4] coordination
15.4

15 : Silicates of Aluminum

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

SymbolSourceReference
MulIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
MulKretz (1983)Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279.
MulSiivolam & Schmid (2007)Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download
MulWhitney & Evans (2010)Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371
MulThe Canadian Mineralogist (2019)The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of MulliteHide

Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colourless, white, yellow, pink, red, gray
Hardness:
6 - 7 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Distinct on {010}
Density:
3.11 - 3.26 g/cm3 (Measured)    3.17 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of MulliteHide

Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.642 - 1.653 nβ = 1.644 - 1.655 nγ = 1.654 - 1.679
2V:
Measured: 20° to 50°, Calculated: 34° to 50°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.012 - 0.026
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r > v
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X=Y= colorless
Z= rose-pink

Chemistry of MulliteHide

Mindat Formula:
Al4+2xSi2-2xO10-x

(x ~ 0.4)
Common Impurities:
Ti,Fe,Na,K

Crystallography of MulliteHide

Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pbam
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.5785(6) Å, b = 7.6817(7) Å, c = 2.8864(3) Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.987 : 1 : 0.376
Unit Cell V:
168.03 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Morphology:
Crystals prismatic to acicular.
Comment:
On synthetic material. Structure is incommensurately modulated.

Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0001059MulliteAngel R J, Prewitt C T (1986) Crystal structure of mullite: A re-examination of the average structure American Mineralogist 71 1476-148219860293
0001351MulliteAngel R J, McMullan R K, Prewitt C T (1991) Substructure and superstructure of mullite by neutron diffraction Model 1 Neutron American Mineralogist 76 332-34219910293
0001352MulliteAngel R J, McMullan R K, Prewitt C T (1991) Substructure and superstructure of mullite by neutron diffraction Model 2 X-ray American Mineralogist 76 332-34219910293
0001618MulliteBalzar D, Ledbetter H (1993) Crystal structure and compressibility of 3:2 mullite American Mineralogist 78 1192-119619930293
0001673MulliteFischer R X, Schneider H, Schmucker M (1994) Crystal structure of Al-rich mullite American Mineralogist 79 983-99019940293
0002492MulliteFischer R X, Schneider H (2000) Crystal structure of Cr-mullite American Mineralogist 85 1175-117920000293
0002749MulliteFischer R X, Schmucker M, Angerer P, Schneider H (2001) Crystal structures of Na and K aluminate mullites American Mineralogist 86 1513-151820010293
0002750MulliteFischer R X, Schmucker M, Angerer P, Schneider H (2001) Crystal structures of Na and K aluminate mullites American Mineralogist 86 1513-151820010293
0004280MullitePopovic J, Tkalcec E, Grzeta B, Kurajica S, Schmauch J (2007) Cobalt incorporation in mullite American Mineralogist 92 408-41120070293
0004281MullitePopovic J, Tkalcec E, Grzeta B, Kurajica S, Schmauch J (2007) Cobalt incorporation in mullite American Mineralogist 92 408-41120070293
0006888MulliteVoll D, Lengauer C, Beran A, Schneider H (2001) Infrared band assignment and structural refinement of Al-Si, Al-Ge, and Ga-Ge mullites European Journal of Mineralogy 13 591-60420010293
0006889MulliteVoll D, Lengauer C, Beran A, Schneider H (2001) Infrared band assignment and structural refinement of Al-Si, Al-Ge, and Ga-Ge mullites European Journal of Mineralogy 13 591-60420010293
0006890MulliteVoll D, Lengauer C, Beran A, Schneider H (2001) Infrared band assignment and structural refinement of Al-Si, Al-Ge, and Ga-Ge mullites European Journal of Mineralogy 13 591-60420010293
0006891MulliteVoll D, Lengauer C, Beran A, Schneider H (2001) Infrared band assignment and structural refinement of Al-Si, Al-Ge, and Ga-Ge mullites European Journal of Mineralogy 13 591-60420010293
0011005MulliteSaalfeld H, Gerlach H (1991) Solid solution and optical properties of (Al,Ge)-mullites Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 195 65-731991synthetic0293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
5.39 Å(50)
3.390 Å(100)
3.428 Å(95)
2.694 Å(40)
2.542 Å(50)
2.206 Å(60)
1.5242 Å(35)
Comments:
For synthetic material.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Near-surface Processes
26 : Hadean detrital minerals
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics<3.5-2.5
40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies)
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere<0.6
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals<0.36
51 : Pyrometamorphic minerals (see also #54 and #56)<0.36
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals<10 Ka
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56)

Type Occurrence of MulliteHide

General Appearance of Type Material:
Minute sharp crystals embedded in glass.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Sillimanite buchites or fused argillaceous sediments occurring as inclusions in Tertiary intrusives.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Bowen, N.L., Greig, J.W., Zies, E.G. (1924) Mullite, a silicate of alumina. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences: 14: 183-191.

Synonyms of MulliteHide

Other Language Names for MulliteHide

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
35 photos of Mullite associated with HematiteFe2O3
31 photos of Mullite associated with PseudobrookiteFe2TiO5
22 photos of Mullite associated with SanidineK(AlSi3O8)
14 photos of Mullite associated with TridymiteSiO2
14 photos of Mullite associated with Osumilite-(Mg)K◻2Mg2Al3[Al2Si10O30]
12 photos of Mullite associated with Cordierite(Mg,Fe)2Al3(AlSi5O18)
9 photos of Mullite associated with PhlogopiteKMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
9 photos of Mullite associated with TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2
6 photos of Mullite associated with OsumiliteK◻2Fe2+2Al3[Al2Si10O30]
4 photos of Mullite associated with SellaiteMgF2

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

9.AF.ChegemiteCa7(SiO4)3(OH)2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
9.AF.BarwooditeMn2+6Nb5+(SiO4)2O3(OH)3Trig. 3 : P3
9.AF.Jingwenite-(Y)YAlV4+(SiO4)O2(OH)2Mon. 2/m
9.AF.05SillimaniteAl2(SiO4)OOrth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
9.AF.05XenoliteAl10Si8O31
9.AF.10AndalusiteAl2(SiO4)OOrth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
9.AF.10KanonaiteMn3+Al(SiO4)OOrth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
9.AF.15KyaniteAl2(SiO4)OTric. 1 : P1
9.AF.20KrieseliteAl2(GeO4)F2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
9.AF.23BoromulliteAl9BSi2O19Orth. mm2 : Cmc21
9.AF.25YoderiteMg(Al,Fe3+)3(SiO4)2O(OH)Mon. 2/m : P21/m
9.AF.30MagnesiostauroliteMg(Mg,Li)3(Al,Mg)18Si8O44(OH)4Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.AF.30StauroliteFe2+2Al9Si4O23(OH)Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.AF.30ZincostauroliteZn2Al9Si4O23(OH)Mon. 2/m : B2/m
9.AF.35TopazAl2(SiO4)(F,OH)2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
9.AF.40NorbergiteMg3(SiO4)F2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
9.AF.45AlleghanyiteMn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.AF.45ChondroditeMg5(SiO4)2F2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.AF.45ReinhardbraunsiteCa5(SiO4)2(OH,F)2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.AF.45KumtyubeiteCa5(SiO4)2F2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.AF.45HydroxylchondroditeMg5(SiO4)2(OH)2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.AF.50HumiteMg7(SiO4)3F2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
9.AF.50Manganhumite(Mn2+,Mg)7(SiO4)3(OH)2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
9.AF.50Unnamed (Ca-analogue of Humite)Ca7(SiO4)4F2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
9.AF.50FluorchegemiteCa7(SiO4)3F2 Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
9.AF.50Unnamed (OH-analogue of humite)Mg7(SiO4)3(OH)2Orth.
9.AF.55ClinohumiteMg9(SiO4)4F2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.AF.55SonoliteMn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.AF.55HydroxylclinohumiteMg9(SiO4)4(OH)2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.AF.60LeucophoeniciteMn2+7(SiO4)3(OH)2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
9.AF.65RibbeiteMn2+5(SiO4)2(OH)2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
9.AF.70JerrygibbsiteMn2+9(SiO4)4(OH)2Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn
9.AF.75FranciscaniteMn2+6(V5+,◻)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6Trig. 3 : P3
9.AF.75ÖrebroiteMn2+3(Sb5+,Fe3+)(SiO4)(O,OH)3Trig. 3 : P3
9.AF.75WeliniteMn2+6(W6+,Mg)2(SiO4)2(O,OH)6Trig. 3 : P3
9.AF.75ScorticoiteMn6(Sb,◻)ÎŁ2(SiO4)2O3(OH)3Trig. 3 : P3
9.AF.80EllenbergeriteMg6(Mg,Ti,Zr,◻)2(Al,Mg)6Si8O28(OH)10Hex. 6 : P63
9.AF.85Chloritoid(Fe2+,Mg,Mn2+)Al2(SiO4)O(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.AF.85MagnesiochloritoidMgAl2(SiO4)O(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/b
9.AF.85Ottrélite(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Al2(SiO4)O(OH)2Mon.
9.AF.90PoldervaartiteCaCa[SiO3(OH)](OH)Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca
9.AF.90OlmiiteCaMn2+[SiO3(OH)](OH)Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbca
9.AF.95Pilawite-(Y)Ca2Y2Al4(SiO4)4O2(OH)2Mon. 2/m : P21/b

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Mullite in petrologyHide

An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.

Internet Links for MulliteHide

References for MulliteHide

Reference List:

Localities for MulliteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia
 
  • New South Wales
    • Durham Co.
      • Muswellbrook
        • Mount Arthur Coal Mine Complex
Loughnan et al. (1960)
  • Tasmania
    • Central Highlands municipality
      • Apsley
Spry et al. (1964)
    • Huon Valley municipality
      • Huon-Channel region
        • Weld River district
R Bottrill in prep
Austria
 
  • Burgenland
    • Oberpullendorf District
      • Markt Sankt Martin
        • Pauliberg
U. Kolitsch et al. (2009) +1 other reference
  • Styria
    • SĂŒdoststeiermark District
      • Bad Gleichenberg
        • Wilhelmsdorf
Postl et al. (1996)
      • Klöch
Postl et al. (1996) +1 other reference
Belgium
 
  • Flanders
    • Limburg
      • Dilsen-Stokkem
        • Rotem
Ottenburgs et al. (1998)
China
 
  • Gansu
    • Jiuquan
      • Subei Co.
        • Gongpoquan ore field
Gansu Province Metallurgical and Geological Exploration Team No. 4 (1978)
Guangce Zeng et al. (1993)
  • Shanxi
    • Yangquan
      • Kuang District
Querol +9 other references
Czech Republic
 
  • Central Bohemian Region
Zacek et al. (1995)
      • LibuĆĄin
David Parfitt collection +2 other references
  • Hradec KrĂĄlovĂ© Region
    • Trutnov District
      • Radvanice
JirĂĄsek (2001)
  • Moravian-Silesian Region
    • Ostrava-City District
      • Ostrava
        • Heƙmanice
Dalibor MatĂœsek
  • ÚstĂ­ nad Labem Region
    • Most District
      • SkrĆĄĂ­n
Ferry FEDIUK
Egypt
 
  • New Valley Governorate
    • East Uweinat Desert
Gian Paolo Sighinolfi et al. (2014)
France
 
  • Auvergne-RhĂŽne-Alpes
    • Haute-Loire
      • Le Puy-en-Velay
        • Espaly-Saint-Marcel
Barrier D et al. (2004)
Germany
 
  • Bavaria
    • Upper Palatinate
      • Tirschenreuth District
        • Kemnath
          • Waldeck
Pöllmann et al. (2007)
        • Pechbrunn
Weiß (1990)
        • Wiesau
          • Triebendorf
Weiß (1990)
  • Hesse
    • Kassel Region
      • Hersfeld-Rotenburg
        • Cornberg
MĂŒller (1967)
  • Lower Saxony
    • OsnabrĂŒck District
      • GeorgsmarienhĂŒtte
Schnorrer et al. (2001)
  • North Rhine-Westphalia
    • Cologne
      • Aachen
        • Alsdorf
in: Stracher +1 other reference
  • Rhineland-Palatinate
    • Ahrweiler
      • Brohltal
        • Burgbrohl
Hentschel (1983)
    • Mayen-Koblenz
      • Maifeld
        • Ochtendung
Personally collected by GĂŒnter Frenz
Lapis 1988 (7+8)
      • Mendig
        • Bell
Hentschel (1983)
        • Mendig
Blass +1 other reference
Blass +1 other reference
          • Wingertsberg
Blass +1 other reference
      • Pellenz
        • Kruft
Blass +1 other reference
Leu (2017)
        • Nickenich
Hentschel (1983)
Hentschel (1983)
        • Plaidt
Neschen (n.d.)
      • Vordereifel
www.mindat.org (n.d.) +7 other references
        • Ettringen
Hentschel
    • Vulkaneifel
      • Daun
        • Oberstadtfeld
Leu
        • Üdersdorf
SchÀfer
Guth et al. (Löley)
      • Gerolstein
        • Gerolstein
          • Roth
Blaß et al. (2012)
      • Kelberg
        • Drees
SchĂŒller
  • Saxony-Anhalt
    • Mansfeld-SĂŒdharz
FĂ€rber (n.d.)
  • Saxony
    • Erzgebirgskreis
      • Oelsnitz
T. Witzke (1996)
  • Thuringia
    • Greiz District
      • Kauern
T. Witzke & F. RĂŒger: Lapis 1998 (7/8)
Hungary
 
  • Vas County
    • Celldömölk District
      • Celldömölk
SzakĂĄll & Gatter. Hun. Min. Spec.
India
 
  • Odisha
    • Anugul District
Mallick et al. (2005, March)
Italy
 
  • Campania
    • Naples
      • Somma-Vesuvius Complex
        • Mount Somma
          • Ercolano
Russo et al. (2011)
  • Lazio
    • Viterbo Province
      • Cellere
Burli et al. (2010)
  • Sardinia
    • Oristano Province
      • Marrubiu
Bortolozi (1986)
Bortolozi G. (1986)
  • Sicily
    • Metropolitan City of Messina
      • Eolie Islands (Aeolian Islands)
        • Lipari
Renzulli +4 other references
Japan
 
  • Nagano Prefecture
Matsubara et al (1998)
Kenya
 
  • Makueni County
Ulianov et al. (2005)
Mongolia
 
  • Dornogovi Province
    • Erdene District
Savina et al. (2023)
Netherlands
 
  • Limburg
    • Kerkrade
De Wit et al. (2003)
New Zealand
 
  • Bay of Plenty Region
    • Rotorua District
      • Mount Ngongotaha
Martin Stolworthy Collection
  • Otago Region
    • Clutha District
      • Clinton
Bishop (1965)
  • Waikato Region
    • Taupo District
      • Atiamuri
Personal collection of Rod Martin
      • Lake Taupo
Collection of Rod Martin
Collection of RJ Martin +1 other reference
Thornton (Ed.)
Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ...
Essence of Microscope
Poland
 
  • Lower Silesian Voivodeship
    • KƂodzko County
      • Gmina Nowa Ruda
        • PrzygĂłrze
          • BolesƂaw Mine
Ɓ. Kruszewski PXRD & EPMA data
      • Nowa Ruda
        • SƂupiec Mine
Ciesielczukk
    • WaƂbrzych
      • Sobięcin
        • KWK WaƂbrzych
Ɓ.K. visual/comparative identification ...
  • Silesian Voivodeship
    • Będzin County
      • Wojkowice
Ɓ. Kruszewski visual inspection & ...
Ɓ. Kruszewski visual inspection & ...
    • Bytom
      • Bobrek
Ɓ. Kruszewski EPMA/PXRD data +1 other reference
    • Dąbrowa GĂłrnicza
CabaƂa +4 other references
    • Katowice
      • WeƂnowiec-JĂłzefowiec
PierwoƂa
    • MikoƂów County
      • Ɓaziska GĂłrne
Lukasz Kruszewski 2005: Minerals arising in cause of underground fires of "Skalny" coal mine dump in Laziska (unpublished)
    • Rybnik
      • ChwaƂowice
Ɓukasz Kruszewski preliminary ...
Ciesielczuk et al. (2014)
    • WodzisƂaw County
      • RyduƂtowy
        • ROW Ruch RyduƂtowy Mine
Ɓ. Kruszewski PXRD and EPMA data
      • WodzisƂaw ƚląski
        • PszĂłw
Ɓukasz Kruszewski visual/comparative ...
Russia
 
  • Chelyabinsk Oblast
Cesnokov et al. (1998)
  • Kemerovo Oblast
Bortnikova et al. (2017)
  • Krasnodar Krai
    • Taman Peninsula
Kokh et al. (2023)
  • Krasnoyarsk Krai
    • Evenkiysky District
Sokol et al. (2019)
    • Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District
Masaitis (1998)
Slovakia
 
  • KoĆĄice Region
    • Michalovce District
      • Poruba pod Vihorlatom
BacsĂł
    • Sobrance District
      • RemetskĂ© HĂĄmre
[European Journal of Mineralogy ...
  • Trenčín Region
    • Prievidza District
      • NovĂĄky
Bolanz et al. (2012)
South Africa
 
  • Free State
    • Lejweleputswa District Municipality
      • Tokologo Local Municipality
        • Boshof
Mathias et al. (1970)
Spain
 
  • Andalusia
    • AlmerĂ­a
Robert A. Jenkins
  • Aragon
    • Teruel
      • MontalbĂĄn
Calvo (2008)
      • Utrillas
- Calvo (2008)
  • Castile-La Mancha
    • Albacete
      • Elche de la Sierra
Abad +3 other references
Syria
 
  • Raqqa Governorate
Moore et al. (2020)
Tajikistan
 
  • Sughd
    • Zeravshan Range
      • Yagnob River
Sharygin et al. (2009)
Nasdala et al. (1993)
UK
 
  • Scotland
    • Argyll and Bute
      • Isle of Mull
Day (1999)
N L. Bowen +1 other reference
Smith (1965) +2 other references
USA
 
  • Alaska
    • Denali Borough
Reidel et al. (2023)
  • Idaho
    • Shoshone County
      • Goat Mountain Mining District
- (2005)
  • Illinois
    • Vermilion County
      • Hegeler
Piatak et al. (2010)
  • Nevada
    • Mineral County
      • King Mining District
- (2005)
  • New Jersey
    • Middlesex County
AmMin 10:152-155
  • Pennsylvania
    • Chester County
      • Warwick Township
        • Warwick (Saint Marys)
          • Hopewell Mines
Piatak et al. (2012)
  • Wyoming
    • Campbell County
      • Reno Junction
FĂ€rber (n.d.)
 
Mineral and/or Locality  
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