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Natroalunite

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Natroalunite

Sugarloaf Butte, Quartzsite area, La Paz Co., Arizona, USA
Natroalunite

Planet Mine, Planet Mine group, Planet, Santa Maria District, Buckskin Mts, La Paz Co., Arizona, USA
Natroalunite

Big Star Deposit, Henry District, Antelope Range, Sevier Co., Utah, USA
Natroalunite

Sugarloaf Butte, Quartzsite area, La Paz Co., Arizona, USA
Natroalunite

Planet Mine, Planet Mine group, Planet, Santa Maria District, Buckskin Mts, La Paz Co., Arizona, USA
Natroalunite

Big Star Deposit, Henry District, Antelope Range, Sevier Co., Utah, USA
Natroalunite

Sugarloaf Butte, Quartzsite area, La Paz Co., Arizona, USA
Natroalunite

Planet Mine, Planet Mine group, Planet, Santa Maria District, Buckskin Mts, La Paz Co., Arizona, USA
Formula:
NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
System:
Trigonal
Colour:
White, grayish, ...
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
3½ - 4
Name:
In allusion to the dominance of sodium (NATRium in Latin) in the composition and its relationship to ALUNITE.
The Al analogue of natrojarosite and the Na analogue of alunite.


Classification of Natroalunite

IMA status:
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Strunz 8th ed.:
6/B.11-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) ed.:
7.BC.10

7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
C : With medium-sized and large cations
Hey's CIM Ref.:
25.6.15

25 : Sulphates
6 : Sulphates of Al and Tl

Physical Properties of Natroalunite

Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Diaphaneity (Transparency):
Transparent
Comment:
Somewhat pearly on {0001}.
Colour:
White, grayish, yellowish, reddish, red-brown; colourless in transmitted light.
Comment:
White when pure.
Streak:
White
Hardness (Mohs):
3½ - 4
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {0001}, distinct; on {01_12}, traces.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Splintery, Conchoidal
Density:
2.6 - 2.9 g/cm3 (Measured)    
Comment:
Values measured on massive material.

Optical Data of Natroalunite

Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.568 nε = 1.590
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.022
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness) and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low

Chemical Properties of Natroalunite

Formula:
NaAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
Elements listed in formula:
Al, H, Na, O, S - search for minerals with similar chemistry
Common Impurities:
K

Crystallography of Natroalunite

Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3m - Ditrigonal Pyramidal
Space Group:
R3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.97 Å, c = 16.74 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.402
Unit Cell Volume:
V 704.29 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Rarely in small crystals; as druses in massive material or as aggregates. Crystals tabular {0001} or terminated by flat vicinal rhombohedra; rhombohedral and commonly pseudo-cubic {01_12}. Lenticular based on distortion or vicinal development. Massive, granular to dense.

Type Occurrence of Natroalunite

Type Locality:
Red Mountain District, Ouray Co., Colorado, USA

Relationship of Natroalunite to other Species

Member of:
Alunite Group > Alunite Supergroup
Other Members of Group:
AluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
Ammonioalunite(NH4)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6
Ammoniojarosite(NH4)Fe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
ArgentojarositeAgFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Beaverite-(Cu)Pb(Fe23+Cu)(SO4)2(OH)6
Beaverite-(Zn)Pb(Fe23+Zn)(SO4)2(OH)6
DorallchariteTlFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
HuangiteCa0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6
Hydroniumjarosite(H3O)Fe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
JarositeKFe3+ 3(SO4)2(OH)6
Natroalunite-2c(Na,Ca0.5,K)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6
NatrojarositeNaFe3(SO4)2(OH)6
OsarizawaitePb(Al2Cu2+)(SO4)2(OH)6
PlumbojarositePb0.5Fe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
Schlossmacherite(H3O)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6
WalthieriteBa0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):
7.BC.05D'AnsiteNa21Mg(SO4)10Cl3
7.BC.10AluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
7.BC.10AmmonioaluniteNH4Al3(SO4)2(OH)6
7.BC.10AmmoniojarositeNH4Fe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
7.BC.10ArgentojarositeAgFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
7.BC.10Beaverite-(Cu)Pb(Fe23+Cu)(SO4)2(OH)6
7.BC.10DorallchariteTlFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
7.BC.10HuangiteCa0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6
7.BC.10Hydroniumjarosite(H3O)Fe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
7.BC.10JarositeKFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
7.BC.10Natroalunite-2c(Na,Ca0.5,K)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6
7.BC.10NatrojarositeNaFe33+(SO4)2(OH)6
7.BC.10OsarizawaiteCuPbAl2(SO4)2(OH)6
7.BC.10PlumbojarositePbFe63+(SO4)4(OH)12
7.BC.10Schlossmacherite(H3O)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6
7.BC.10WalthieriteBa0.5Al3(SO4)2(OH)6
7.BC.10Beaverite-(Zn)PbZnFe23+(SO4)2(OH)6
7.BC.15Ye'elimiteCa4Al6O12SO4
7.BC.20AtlasoviteCu62+Fe3+Bi3+O4(SO4)5 · KCl
7.BC.20NabokoiteCu7Te4+O4(SO4)5 · KCl
7.BC.25ChlorothioniteK2CuSO4Cl2
7.BC.30EuchlorineKNaCu3O(SO4)3
7.BC.30FedotoviteK2Cu3O(SO4)3
7.BC.35KamchatkiteKCu3O(SO4)2Cl
7.BC.40PiypiteK4Cu4O2(SO4)4 · (Na,Cu)Cl
7.BC.45KlyuchevskiteK3Cu3Fe3+O2(SO4)4
7.BC.45AlumoklyuchevskiteK3Cu32+AlO2(SO4)4
7.BC.50CaledoniteCu2Pb5(SO4)3(CO3)(OH)6
7.BC.55WherryitePb7Cu2(SO4)4(SiO4)2(OH)2
7.BC.60MammothitePb6Cu4AlSb5+O2(SO4)2Cl4(OH)16
7.BC.65LinaritePbCuSO4(OH)2
7.BC.65SchmiederiteCu2Pb2(Se4+O3)(Se6+O4)(OH)4
7.BC.65MunakataitePb2Cu2(Se4+O3)SO4(OH)4
7.BC.70CheniteCuPb4(SO4)2(OH)6
7.BC.75KrivovichevitePb3Al(OH)6SO4(OH)
7.BC.80AnhydrokainiteKMgSO4Cl
Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:
25.6.1RostiteAlSO4(OH) · 5H2O
25.6.2JurbaniteAlSO4(OH) · 5H2O
25.6.3KhademiteAlSO4F · 5H2O
25.6.4Meta-aluminiteAl2SO4(OH)4 · 5H2O
25.6.5AluminiteAl2SO4(OH)4 · 7H2O
25.6.6Meta-alunogenAl2(SO4)3 · 14H2O
25.6.7AlunogenAl2(SO4)3(H2O)12 · 5H2O
25.6.8FelsőbányaiteAl4(SO4)(OH)10 · 4H2O
25.6.9BasaluminiteAl4(SO4)(OH)10 · 4H2O
25.6.10HydrobasaluminiteAl4(SO4)(OH)10 · 15H2O
25.6.11ZaheriteAl12(SO4)5(OH)26 · 20H2O
25.6.12TamarugiteNaAl(SO4)2 · 6H2O
25.6.13MendoziteNaAl(SO4)2 · 11H2O
25.6.14Alum-(Na)NaAl(SO4)2 · 12H2O
25.6.16KaliniteKAl(SO4)2 · 11H2O
25.6.17Alum-(K)KAl(SO4)2 · 12H2O
25.6.18AluniteKAl3(SO4)2(OH)6
25.6.19Natroalunite-2c(Na,Ca0.5,K)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6
25.6.20TschermigiteNH4Al(SO4)2 · 12H2O

Other Names for Natroalunite

Synonyms:

Almeriite

Alumian

Alumianite

Natroalunite-1c

Soda-Alunite

Name in Other Languages:
Simplified Chinese:钠明矾石
Varieties:

Strontian Natroalunite

Other Information

Electrical:
Strongly pyroelectric.
Other Information:
Insoluble in water.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

References for Natroalunite

Reference List:
Hurlbutt (1894) American Journal of Science: 48: 130.

Calderón y Arana, S. (1910) Los minerales de España, 2 volumes, Madrid: 2: 203 (as Almeriite).

Schaller (1911) American Journal of Science: 32: 359.

Doelter, C. (1927) Handbuch der Mineral-chemie (in 4 volumes divided into parts): 4 [2]: 495 (as Natroalunit).

Westman (1931) Bol. Minero soc. nac. Mineria, Santiago de Chile: 43: 433 (as Alkanasul).

Laudermilk (1935) American Mineralogist: 20: 57 (as Soda-Alunite).

Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 1124 pp.: 556-560.

Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte (1982): 534-540.

Sato, E., Nakai, I., Miyawaki, R. & Matsubara, S. (2009): Crystal structures of alunite family minerals: beaverite, corkite, alunite, natroalunite, jarosite, svanbergite, and woodhouseite. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Abhandlungen 185, 313-322.

Internet Links for Natroalunite

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https://www.mindat.org/min-2850.html
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    • Localities for Natroalunite

    This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
    (TL) indicates type locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) indicates first recorded locality for everything else. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
    Argentina
     
    • San Juan
      • Iglesia Department
    		Bengochea, L., Lara, R. y Mas, G., 1996. Kalinita y boyleita. Sulfatos secundarios del Área Valle del Cura; San Juan. 3ra Reunión de Mineralogía y Metalogenia. Instituto de Recursos Minerales, UNLP. Publicación 5: 63-66.
    • Santa Cruz
      • Deseado department
        • Deseado massif
          • Tres Cerros
    		Jovic, S.M., Guido, D.M., Schalamuk, I.B., Ríos, F.J., Tassinari, C.C.G., Recio. C. (2011): Pingüino In-bearing polymetallic vein deposit, Deseado Massif, Patagonia, Argentina: characteristics of mineralization and ore-forming fluids. Mineralium Deposita, 46, 257-271.
    Australia
     
    • New South Wales
      • Camden Co.
    		Wray, R.A.L. (2001): Alunite formation within silica stalactites from the Sydney Region, South-eastern Australia. International Journal of Speleology 40, 109-116.
    • South Australia
      • Central North
    		Georgina Gordon, Brian Morris & Josine Talbot (2014) Logging the Regolith Profile of Cooper Pedy, South Australia. in Geological Society of Australia, 2014 Australian Earth Sciences Convention (AESC), Sustainable Australia. Abstract No 110 of the 22nd Australian Geological Convention
    • Tasmania
      • West Coast municipality
        • Queenstown district
          • Mount Lyell Mines
    		Bottrill RS & Baker, WE (in prep) Catalogue of Minerals of Tasmania. Mineral Resources Tasmania
    • Western Australia
      • Coolgardie Shire
        • Nepean
    		M. Jacobson, M. Calderwood, B. Grguric; Pegmatites of Western Australia; (Perth 2007)
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 559.
        • Kalgoorlie-Boulder
    		Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 1, pp 55, 1948
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 559.
      • Leonora Shire
        • Ten Mile Outcamp
    		Nickel, E.H. (1982) Secondary minerals from the oxidized zone of the Teutonic Bore sulphide deposit. The Australian Mineralogist, No. 40, December 1982, pg. 219-223.
      • Meekatharra Shire
        • Milgun Station
    		Peter Downes, WA Museum
    Bolivia
     
    • Oruro Department
      • Cercado Province
    		[MinRec 32:476]
    [MinRec 32:473]
    • Potosí Department
      • Sud Chichas Province
        • Atocha-Quechisla District
          • Cerro Chorolque
    		Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) Los Minerales de Bolivia y sus Parajes. (Santa Cruz)
    Bulgaria
     
    • Sofiya Oblast (Sofia Oblast)
      • Chelopech
    		Georgieva, S. & Velinova, N. (2012): Alunite from the advanced argillic alterations in the Chelopech high-sulphidation epithermal Cu-Au deposit, Bulgaria: Chemistry, morphology and genetic significance. Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrology 49, 17-31.
    Canada
     
    • British Columbia
      • Omenica Mining Division
        • Toodoggone River area
    		Duuring, P., Rowins, S.M., McKinley, B.S.M., Dickinson, J.M., Diakow, L.J., Kim, Y.-S., and Creaser, R.A. (2009): Mineralium Deposita 44, 463-496.
    • Newfoundland and Labrador
      • Newfoundland
    		SABINA, A.P. (1976): Rocks & minerals for the collector: The Magdalen Islands, Quebec and the island of Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 75-36, 199p. Reissued in 2003 as Île de la Madeleine, Quebec, the Island of Newfoundland and Labrador. Geological Survey of Canada Miscellaneous Report 58, 160-161.
    Chile
     
    • Antofagasta Region
      • El Loa Province
        • Calama
    		Sample analysed by Dr. Tony Kampf, Curator of LAC Mineralogical Museum, USA
    R.B. Cook: "Famous mineal locality; Chuquicamata, Chile": Mineralogical Record, sept.-oct. 1973; Samples analysed by Dr. Tony Kampf, Curator of LAC Mineralogical Museum, USA
    Maksaev, V., Townley, B., Palacios, C., and Camus, F. (2007): Metallic ore deposits. In: Moreno, T., and Gibbons, W. (editors): The Geology of Chile. The Geological Society (London), pp. 414.
      • Tocopilla Province
        • Tocopilla District
    		samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and Joy Desor
    • Coquimbo Region
      • Choapa Province
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 559.
      • Elqui Province
        • El Indio deposit
    		Deyell, C. L., Rye, R. O., Landis, G. P., & Bissig, T. (2005). Alunite and the role of magmatic fluids in the Tambo high-sulfidation deposit, El Indio–Pascua belt, Chile. Chemical Geology, 215(1), 185-218.
    • Tarapacá Region
      • El Tamarugal Province
        • Pozo Almonte
    		Bouzari F, Clark AH (2002) Anatomy, evolution, and metallogenetic significance of the supergene orebody of the Cerro Colorado porphyry copper deposit, I Región, northern Chile. Economic Geology 97, 1701–1740.
    China
     
    • Xinjiang Autonomous Region
      • Tulufan Prefecture (Turfan Prefecture; Turpan Prefecture)
        • Shanshan Co. (Piqan Co.; Pichan Co.)
          • Kanggur-Xifengshan gold belt
    		Zhaoxin Han, Lijun Luan, and Chaoyou Wang (2004): Journal of Xi'an University of Science and Technology 24(3), 324-327; Kaiyin Bai and Zhaoxin Han (2007): Northwestern Geology 40(2), 114-117
    Dominican Republic
     
    • Sánchez Ramírez Province
      • Cotuí
    		Muntean, J. L., Kesler, S. E., Russell, N., & Polanco, J. (1990). Evolution of the Monte Negro acid-sulfate Au-Ag deposit, Pueblo Viejo, Dominican Republic; important factors in grade development. Economic Geology, 85(8), 1738-1758.
    El Salvador
     
    • Usulután Department
    		Torio-Henríquez, E. (2007) Petrography and mineral alteration in Berlin geothermal field. Proceedings, Thirty-Second Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering. Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 22-24.
    French West Indies
     
    • Martinique
      • Saint-Pierre
    		Lacroix, A. (1910): Minéralogie de la France et de ses colonies, Librairie Polytechnique, Ch. Béranger Editeur, Tome IV, 142-143.
    Germany
     
    • North Rhine-Westphalia
      • Sauerland
        • Iserlohn
          • Letmathe
    Greece
     
    • Attikí Prefecture (Attica; Attika)
      • Lavrion District (Laurion; Laurium)
        • Lavrion District Mines
          • Agios Konstantinos [St Constantine] (Kamariza)
    		LAPIS 24 (7/8) 1999; Wendel, W. and Markl, G. (1999) Lavrion: Mineralogische Klassiker und Raritäten für Sammler. LAPIS 24 (7/8):34-52
    No reference listed
    Hanke, H. (1998): Laurion - ein Rückblick auf die Funde der letzten drei Jahre. Mineralien-Welt, 9 (2), 37-45.
    • Thraki Department (Thrace; Thracia)
      • Évros Prefecture
        • Alexandroupoli (Alexandroupolis)
    		Vodouris, P. C. (2011): Conditions of formation of the Mavrokoryfi high-sulfidation epithermal Cu–Ag–Au–Te mineralization (Petrota Graben, NE Greece). Mineralogy and Petrology 101, 97-113.
      • Komotini Prefecture (Rodopi; Rhodope)
    		Voudouris, P. C., & Melfos, V. (2013). Aluminum-phosphate-sulfate (APS) minerals in the sericitic-advanced argillic alteration zone of the Melitena porphyry-epithermal Mo-Cu Au Re prospect, western Thrace, Greece. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie-Abhandlungen: Journal of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 190(1), 11-27.
    Iceland
     
    • Northeastern Region
      • Myvatn
    		Carson, G. L. (2015). Hydrothermal Acid-sulfate Alteration at Krafla and Námafjall, Ne Iceland: Implications for Gusev Crater and Meridiani Planum, Mars. Masters thesis, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
    Italy
     
    • Sardinia
      • Carbonia-Iglesias Province
        • Carbonia
          • Barbusi
    		Baldoni etal (2013) in Mine Caves pp197-210; Sauro, F., De Waele, J., Onac, B. P., Galli, E., Dublyansky, Y., Baldoni, E., & Sanna, L. (2014). Hypogenic speleogenesis in quartzite: the case of Corona'e Sa Craba Cave (SW Sardinia, Italy). Geomorphology, 211, 77-88.
    • Sicily
      • Messina Province
        • Eolie Islands (Aeolian Islands)
          • Lipari
            • Vulcano Island
    		Campostrini, I., Demartin, F., Gramaccioli, C.M., Russo, M. (2011): Vulcano - Tre secoli di mineralogia. AMI-Associazione Micromineralogica Italiana, Cremona, Italy, 344 pp.
    Japan
     
    • Honshu Island
      • Chubu Region
        • Shizuoka Prefecture
          • Nishiizu
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 559; Ryoichi SADANAGA and Michiaki BUNNO (1974) THE WAKABAYASHI MINERAL COLLECTION Bulletin No. 7 The University Museum, The University of Tokyo
          • Numazu City
    		Ryoichi SADANAGA and Michiaki BUNNO (1974) THE WAKABAYASHI MINERAL COLLECTION Bulletin No. 7 The University Museum, The University of Tokyo
      • Kanto Region
        • Gunma Prefecture
    		Matsubara et al (1998) Mineralogical Journal, 20, 1-8; Mineralogical Journal Vol. 20 (1998) , No. 1 pp 1-8
      • Kinki Region
        • Kyoto Prefecture
          • Kameoka City
    		Alfredo Petrov specimens
    • Tokyo Metropolis
      • Izu Archipelago
        • Aogashima
          • Ikenosawa caldera
    		PXRD by John Attard, May 2014, on samples collected by Alfredo Petrov.
    Kyrgyzstan
     
    • Osh Oblast
      • Alai Range (Alay Range)
    		[Lapis 1993:11 p11-24]
        • Fergana Valley
    		[Lapis 11:11-24]
    New Zealand
     
    • Kermadec Islands
    		de Ronde, C.E.J.; Hannington, M.D.; Stoffers, P.; Wright, I.C.; Ditchburn, R.G.; Reyes, A.G.; Baker, E.T.; Massoth, G.J.; Lupton, J.E.; Walker, S.L.; Greene, R.R.; Soong, C.W.R.; Ishibashi, J.; Lebon, G.T.; Bray, C.J.; Resing, J.A. 2005 Evolution of a submarine magmatic-hydrothermal system : Brothers volcano, southern Kermadec arc, New Zealand. Economic geology, 100(6): 1097-1133
    Muiruru F.G. (1985) Hot spring and rock samples from Curtis Island Volcano, Kermadec Group. Unpub. paper Geothermal Institute, University of Auckland
    • North Island
      • Bay of Plenty
        • Rotorua
    		Pangilinan, Leticia S. (2005) Geochemical and Hydrological Assessment of Thermal Features in the Vicinity of the Champagne Pool in the Waiotapu Geothermal System. Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005 Antalya, Turkey, 24-29 April 2005.
      • Waikato
        • Hauraki
          • Waihi
    		Simpson, Mauk, & Simmons, 2001, Hydrothermal Alteration and Hydrologic Evolution of the Golden Cross Epithermal Au-Ag Deposit, Economic Geology 96, pp773-796
        • Taupo
    		Unpublished drill log report to NZ Dept of Mines by sulphur mining operator
    Cody, A.D. and Grammer, T.R. (1979) Magnesian halotrichite from White Island. N.Z.J. Geol. Geophys., 22(4), 495-8.
    Nicaragua
     
    • León Department
    		Hynek, B. M., McCollom, T. M., Marcucci, E. C., Brugman, K., & Rogers, K. L. (2013). Assessment of environmental controls on acid‐sulfate alteration at active volcanoes in Nicaragua: Applications to relic hydrothermal systems on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 118(10), 2083-2104.
      • Momotombo volcano
    		Hynek, B. M., McCollom, T. M., Marcucci, E. C., Brugman, K., & Rogers, K. L. (2013). Assessment of environmental controls on acid‐sulfate alteration at active volcanoes in Nicaragua: Applications to relic hydrothermal systems on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 118(10), 2083-2104.
    Hynek, B. M., McCollom, T. M., Marcucci, E. C., Brugman, K., & Rogers, K. L. (2013). Assessment of environmental controls on acid‐sulfate alteration at active volcanoes in Nicaragua: Applications to relic hydrothermal systems on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 118(10), 2083-2104.
    Pacific Ocean
     
    • Kermadec-Tonga trench
    		A. G. Reyes, C.E.J. DE Ronde, and C. W. R. Soong (2004) a Submarine Magmatic-hydrothermal System at Brothers Volcano, Kermadecs. Proceedings 26th NZ Geothermal Workshop pp 46-52
    Panama
     
    • Los Santos Province
    		I. Corral, E. Cardellach, A. Canals, M. Corbella, T. Martín-Crespo and E. Vindel (2010): Environment of Ore Deposition in the Cerro Quema Gold-Copper Deposit (Azuero Peninsula, Panama). Macla 13, 69-70; Corral, I., Griera, A., Gras, D. M. G., Corbella, M., i Sabaté, À. C., Piineda-Falconett, M., & i López, E. C. (2011). Geology of the Cerro Quema Au-Cu deposit (Azuero Peninsula, Panama). Geologica acta: an international earth science journal, 9(3), 481-498.
    Papua New Guinea
     
    • New Ireland Province
      • Lihir Island area
    		Petersen, S., Herzig, P. M., Hannington, M. D., Jonasson, I. R., & Arribas, A. (2002). Submarine gold mineralization near Lihir Island, New Ireland fore-arc, Papua New Guinea. Economic Geology, 97(8), 1795-1813.
    Puerto Rico
     
    • Comerio
    		Raymond L. Parker (1962) Isomorphous substitution in natural and synthetic alunite. American Mineralogist, 47, 127-136.
    Russia
     
    • Far-Eastern Region
      • Kamchatka Oblast'
    		Zelensky, M.E., Kaz’min, L.A. (2004): Mineral associations and modeling of mineral formation processes in the high temperature fumarole zone of the Mutnovsky volcano (Kamchatka). Experiment in Geosciences: 10(1): 92-94
    Saint Lucia
     
    • Soufriere
    		Goff, F., & Vuataz, F. D. (1984). Hydrogeochemistry of the Qualibou Caldera geothermal system, St. Lucia, West Indies. Trans. Geotherm. Res. Council.
    Slovakia
     
    • Banská Bystrica Region
      • Detva Co.
        • Detva
    		Juraj ŽItňan, Peter Koděra & Pavel Uher (2011) Characteristics of advanced argillic alteration at Biely Vrch and Kalinka localities, Javorie stratovolcano, Slovakia.SGA Student Conference Mineral resources for the society Prague, April15 19,2011
      • Žiar nad Hronom Co.
    		Ďuďa R., 1993 : Die mineralien der Gold und Silber - lagersttäte von Kremnitz ( Kremnica) in der Slowakei. Mineralien Welt /Haltern,Nemecko/,5, s. 20 - 32
    • Košice Region
      • Košice Co.
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
    • Prešov Region
      • Prešov Co.
        • Červenica
          • Dubník
    		Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590
    South Africa
     
    • Northern Cape Province
      • Bushmanland
        • Koenabib farm (Hotson 42 farm)
    		Schoch A E, Beukes G J, Praekelt H E (1985) A natroalunite - zaherite - hotsonite paragenesis from Pofadder, Bushmanland, South Africa. The Canadian Mineralogist 23, 29-34; G. J. Beukes, A. E. Schoch, H. de Bruiyn, W. A. van der Westhuizen and L. D. C. Bok (1984) A New Occurrence of the Hydrated Aluminium Sulphate Zaherite, from Pofadder, South Africa Mineralogical Magazine 48:131-135
      • Namakwa District (Namaqualand)
    		Minerals of South Africa
    Natural History Museum Vienna collection
    Spain
     
    • Andalusia
      • Almería
        • Adra
    		Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. Cristallo. , 1964, LXXXVII, p. 288.
        • Sierra de Gádor
          • Benahadux
    		- Calvo, M (2003) Minerales y minas de España. Tomo I. Introducción y elementos. 219 pp.
    • Aragón
      • Teruel
        • Nogueras
    		Calvo, M. (2008). Minerales de Aragón. Prames, Zaragoza, 463 pags
      • Zaragoza
        • Morés
          • Purroy
    		Calvo, M. and Sevillano, E (1995). La mina "san Pedro", Purroy, Zaragoza. Revista de Minerales, 1995-2, 34-37
    • Catalonia
      • Barcelona
        • Vallès Occidental
          • Montcada i Reixac
    		Rosell, J. & Garrido, J.L. (2006) The minerals of Montcada Hill Quarry. Mineral Up, 2006/2, 16-20.
    Turkey
     
    • Black Sea Region
      • Samsun Province
    		http://www.odysseyresources.com/i/pdf/Curtis-AltintepeReport.pdf
    • Marmara Region
      • Çanakkale Province
        • Lapseki
    		Huseyin Yilmaz, Tolga Oyman, F. Nuran Sonmez, Greg B. Arehart and Zeki Billor (2010): Intermediate sulfidation epithermal gold-base metal deposits in Tertiary subaerial volcanic rocks, Sahinli/Tespih Dere (Lapseki/Western Turkey). Ore Geology Reviews, 37, 236-258.
    USA
     
    • Arizona
      • La Paz Co.
        • Buckskin Mts
          • Santa Maria District (Planet District; Swansea District; Bill Williams District)
            • Planet
              • Planet Mine group (New Planet Mine group; Great Central Mine)
    		John Sobolewski collection
        • Dome Rock Mts
          • Middle Camp-Oro Fino District
            • Sugarloaf Peak
    		Ref.: Keith, Stanton B. (1978) State of Arizona Bureau of Geology and Mineral Technology, Geol. Sur. Br. Bull. 192, Index of Mining Properties in Yuma Co., Arizona: 161 (Table 4); Arizona Bureau of Mines file data.
        • Quartzsite area
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 559; Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 310; Omori, K. & P.F. Kerr (1963), Infrared studies of saline sulfate minerals, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 74: 709-734.
    • California
      • Inyo Co.
        • Amargosa Range
    		Wherry, E.T. (1916), Notes on alunite, psilomelanite and titanite: US National Museum Proceedings: 51: 81-88; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 559.
      • Mono Co.
    		Lemmon (1937) American Mineralogist: 22: 939; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 559.
        • White Mts
          • White Mountain Peak
    		Lemmon, Dwight Moulton (1937), Geology of the andalusite deposits in the northern Inyo Range, California. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University: 42-43; Gross, E.B. and Parwel, A. (1968) Rutile mineralization at the White Mountain andalusite deposit, California. Arkiv för Mineralogie och Geologi 4, No. 29: 493-497; Wise, W. S. (1977): Mineralogy of the Champion mine White Mountains, California. Mineralogical Record 8, 480; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 265.
      • Shasta Co.
        • Cascade Range
          • Lassen Volcanic National Park
    		Robert G. Lee, John H. Dilles, David A. John, Tanya L. Abela (2005) The mineralogy and origin of hydrothermally altered Quaternary volcanic rocks on the south flank of Lassen volcano, California: Interim report for USGS Mineral Resource External Research Program grant of $42,000 in FY 2005
    • Colorado
      • Conejos Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
      • Custer Co.
        • Rosita District
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.
    Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 559; Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.
      • Dolores Co.
        • Rico Mts
          • Rico District (Pioneer District)
            • Horse Creek
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 559.
      • Lake Co.
        • Leadville District
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.
      • Ouray Co.
    		"Minerals of Colorado, updated & revised", p. 344, by Eckel, Edwin B., 1997
          • Red Mountain
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 559; Mineralogical Record (1986) 17: 229-236.
      • Rio Grande Co.
    		Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckels, E. B.
    • Hawaii
      • Maui Co.
    		Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 559; American Mineralogist: 20: 57.
    • Nevada
      • Esmeralda Co.
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
          • Goldfield
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • Humboldt Co.
        • Sulphur District
          • Sulphur
    		Econ Geol (1997) 92:578-600
      • Storey Co.
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
      • White Pine Co.
        • Bald Mountain District
    		NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada
    • New Mexico
      • Eddy Co.
        • Carlsbad
    		Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd. Rev. Ed., 1996
    Journ. of Cave & Karst Stud., April 1998
    • Oregon
      • Deschutes Co.
        • East Lake
    		Mineralogy of 10 Geothermal boreholes drilled in and around the Newberry Caldera U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, Issue 1578 By Keith E. Bargar, Terry E. C. Keith 1999
      • Hood River Co.
    		Marshall W. Gannett and Keith E. Bargar; 1981 Volcanic stratigraphy and secondary mineralization of USGS Pucci geothermal test well, Mount Hood, Oregon, Open-File Report 81-1330.
    • Texas
      • Fannin Co.
        • Savoy
    		R&M 66:3 pp 196-224
      • Grayson Co.
    		R&M 66:3 pp 196-224
    R&M 66:3 pp 196-224
    R&M 66:3 pp 196-224
    R&M 66:3 pp 196-224
    R&M 66:3 pp 196-224
    • Utah
      • Piute Co.
        • Marysvale District (Marysvale Uranium area)
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
      • Sevier Co.
        • Antelope Range
          • Henry District
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
        • Gold Mountain District
    		U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
      • Utah Co.
        • East Tintic Mts
    		UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
    Mineral and/or Locality  
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