Parkerite
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About Parkerite
Formula:
Ni3(Bi,Pb)2S2
May be Pb-free.
Colour:
Pale bronze
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
2
Specific Gravity:
8.4
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
For mineralogist/petrologist Robert Lüling Parker (1893-1973) Prof. für Mineralogie und Petrographie ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
Comments: The name parkerite was given to mineral-G, a poorly and incompletely characterized species from S. Africa by Scholz (1937). The mineral was presented by Scholz as a nickel sulfide with a suggested formula of Ni2S3 or NiS2, and inexplicably without the Bi (51-64%) and Pb (~9%) being detected. In his study of the ore minerals of the Sudbury area, Michener (1940) noticed a nickel-bismuth sulfide mineral, which appeared to be a new species. The mineral was further investigated by Michener & Peacock (1943), who realized that although the composition and other data did not match that given by Scholz for parkerite, their X-ray powder data was in agreement with the data of Niggli for parkerite, which was appended to Scholz (1937). Rather than describing their mineral as a new species, they fully characterized and redefined it retaining the name parkerite on a specimen from the Frood mine, as well as using synthetic material, retaining the parkerite name given by Scholz (Michener & Peacock 1943). The Frood mine could not be specifically identified by Michener & Peacock at the time due to wartime restrictions. Additional data on parkerite from both type localities are given in Petruk et al. (1969). [Horváth 2003]
Comments: The name parkerite was given to mineral-G, a poorly and incompletely characterized species from S. Africa by Scholz (1937). The mineral was presented by Scholz as a nickel sulfide with a suggested formula of Ni2S3 or NiS2, and inexplicably without the Bi (51-64%) and Pb (~9%) being detected. In his study of the ore minerals of the Sudbury area, Michener (1940) noticed a nickel-bismuth sulfide mineral, which appeared to be a new species. The mineral was further investigated by Michener & Peacock (1943), who realized that although the composition and other data did not match that given by Scholz for parkerite, their X-ray powder data was in agreement with the data of Niggli for parkerite, which was appended to Scholz (1937). Rather than describing their mineral as a new species, they fully characterized and redefined it retaining the name parkerite on a specimen from the Frood mine, as well as using synthetic material, retaining the parkerite name given by Scholz (Michener & Peacock 1943). The Frood mine could not be specifically identified by Michener & Peacock at the time due to wartime restrictions. Additional data on parkerite from both type localities are given in Petruk et al. (1969). [Horváth 2003]
See also "lead-parkerite" and the chemically related bismutohauchecornite.
An Sb-bearing parkerite has been reported, too (Goryachev et al., 2004).
An Sb-bearing parkerite has been reported, too (Goryachev et al., 2004).
Classification of Parkerite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
2/B.12-30
2.BE.20
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
B : Metal Sulfides, M: S > 1: 1 (mainly 2: 1)
E : With Pb (Bi)
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
B : Metal Sulfides, M: S > 1: 1 (mainly 2: 1)
E : With Pb (Bi)
2.3.4.1
2 : SULFIDES
3 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 5:2
2 : SULFIDES
3 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 5:2
5.8.14
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
8 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Mn, Fe, Co and Ni
5 : Sulphosalts - Sulpharsenites and Sulphobismuthites (those containing Sn, Ge,or V are in Section 6)
8 : Sulpharsenites etc. of Mn, Fe, Co and Ni
Physical Properties of Parkerite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Pale bronze
Streak:
black
Hardness:
2 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
(001)
(001)
Density:
8.4 g/cm3 (Measured) 8.50 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Parkerite
Anisotropism:
strong
Colour in reflected light:
light cream colored
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
greenish-grey to yellowish-brown, even slate-blue to salmon-pink
Chemical Properties of Parkerite
Formula:
Ni3(Bi,Pb)2S2
May be Pb-free.
May be Pb-free.
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Parkerite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Cell Parameters:
a = 11.0666(1) Å, b = 8.085(1) Å, c = 11.458(1) Å
β = 90°
β = 90°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.369 : 1 : 1.417
Unit Cell V:
1,025.19 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
grains and cleavage fragments
Twinning:
lamellar on (111)
Comment:
C2/m, Cm C2
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
• Norite
Type Occurrence of Parkerite
Co-Type Localities:
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Peripheral to the main sulfide ore bodies
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Parkerite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 6 photos of Parkerite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 4 photos of Parkerite associated with Stumpflite | PtSb |
| 4 photos of Parkerite associated with Taimyrite | (Pd,Cu,Pt)3Sn |
| 4 photos of Parkerite associated with Sobolevskite | PdBi |
| 3 photos of Parkerite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 2 photos of Parkerite associated with Galena | PbS |
| 2 photos of Parkerite associated with Talnakhite | Cu9(Fe,Ni)8S16 |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
| 2.BE.05 | Betekhtinite | (Cu,Fe)21Pb2S15 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Immm |
| 2.BE.10 | Furutobeite | (Cu,Ag)6PbS4 | Mon. |
| 2.BE.15 | Rhodplumsite | Rh3Pb2S2 | Trig. |
| 2.BE.15 | Shandite | Ni3Pb2S2 | Trig. |
| 2.BE.25 | Schlemaite | (Cu,◻)6(Pb,Bi)Se4 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| 2.BE.30 | Pašavaite | Pd3Pb2Te2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmn |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
| 5.8.1 | Samsonite | Ag4MnSb2S6 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| 5.8.2 | Uchucchacuaite | AgMnPb3Sb5S12 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmm |
| 5.8.3 | Benavidesite | Pb4MnSb6S14 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 5.8.4 | Berthierite | FeSb2S4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 5.8.5 | Jamesonite | Pb4FeSb6S14 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 5.8.6 | Parajamesonite | Orth. | |
| 5.8.7 | Garavellite | FeSbBiS4 | Orth. |
| 5.8.8 | Izoklakeite | Pb27(Cu,Fe,Ag)2(Sb,Bi)19S57 | Orth. |
| 5.8.9 | Miharaite | Cu4FePbBiS6 | Orth. |
| 5.8.10 | Sakharovaite | (Pb,Bi)4FeSb6S14 | Mon. |
| 5.8.11 | Arsenohauchecornite | Ni18Bi3AsS16 | Tet. |
| 5.8.12 | Tučekite | Ni9Sb2S8 | Tet. |
| 5.8.13 | Bismutohauchecornite | Ni9Bi2S8 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/mmm |
| 5.8.15 | Hauchecornite | Ni9BiSbS8 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/mmm |
| 5.8.16 | Tellurohauchecornite | Ni9Bi(Te,Bi)S8 | Tet. |
| 5.8.17 | Lapieite | NiCuSbS3 | Orth. |
| 5.8.18 | Mückeite | NiCu(Bi,Sb)S3 | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
| 5.8.19 | Vozhminite | (Ni,Co)4(As,Sb)S2 | Hex. |
Other Information
Magnetism:
Non-Magnetic
Electrical:
Good electrical conductor
Notes:
Etch reactions: HNO3, blackens instantly; HCl, negative; KCN, negative; FeCl3, blackens instantly; KOH, negative; HgCl2,
stains iridescent.
stains iridescent.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Parkerite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
SCHOLZ, D.L. (1937): The magmatic nickeliferous ore deposits of East Griqualand and Pondoland I. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 39, 83-212.
MICHENER, C.E. (1940): Minerals Associated with Large Sulphide Bodies of the Sudbury Type. Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.
MICHENER, C.E. & PEACOCK, M.A. (1943): Parkerite (Ni3Bi2S2) from Sudbury, Ontario: redefinition of the species. American Mineralogist 28, 343-355.
FLEET, M.E. (1973): The crystal structure of parkerite (Ni3Bi2S2). American Mineralogist 58, 435-439.
BROWER, W.S., PARKER, H.S. & ROTH, R.S. (1974): Re-examination of synthetic parkerite and shandite. Am. Mineral. 59, 296-301.
PETRUK, W., HARRIS, D.C. & STEWART, J.M. (1969): Langisite, a new mineral, and the rare minerals cobalt pentlandite, siegenite, parkerite and bravoite from the Langis mine, Cobalt-Gowganda area, Ontario. Canadian Mineralogist 9, 610-612.
Goryachev, N. A.; Gamyanin, G. N.; Zayakina, N. V.; Popova, S. K.; Sidorov, V. A. (2004): The first find of Sb-parkerite in the Russian northeast. Doklady Earth Sciences 399A, 1260-1263.
Internet Links for Parkerite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3122.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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Localities for Parkerite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Nickel Mineralisation in Western Australia by R.J. Marston 1984. |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch, U. & Brandstätter, F. (2010): 1666) Ein vorläufiger Bericht über seltene Ni- und Cr-Mineralien vom Kirchdorftunnel der Brucker Schnellstraße, Steiermark. Pp. 250-252 in Niedermayr et al. (2010): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LIX. Carinthia II, 200./120., 199-260. |
| A. Strasser: Die Minerale Salzburgs (1989) |
| Auer, Ch. (2019): 2136) Seltene Erzeinschlüsse vom Manganvorkommen bei Dürnstein in der Steiermark - ein Vorbericht. p. 298-301 in Walter, F. et al. (2019): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LXVIII. Carinthia II, 209./129., 237-326. |
Canada | |
| Manor, M.J., Scoates, J.S., Nixon,G.T., and Ames, D.E., 2014. Platinum-group mineralogy of the Giant Mascot Ni-CuPGE deposit, Hope, B.C. In: Geological Fieldwork 2013, British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines, British Columbia Geological Survey Paper 2014-1, pp. 141-156. |
| Huminicki, M. A. E., Sylvester, P. J., Lastra, R., Cabri, L. J., Evans-Lamswood, D., & Wilton, D. H. C. (2008). First report of platinum-group minerals from a hornblende gabbro dyke in the vicinity of the Southeast Extension Zone of the Voisey’s Bay Ni-Cu-Co deposit, Labrador. Mineralogy and Petrology, 92(1-2), 129-164. |
| Badham, J. P. N. and Muda, M. M. Z, 1980, Mineralogy and Paragenesis of Hydrothermal Mineralizations in the East Arm of Great Slave Lake, Economic Geology, 75:1220-1238. |
| Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990 | |
| ; Ames, D.E., Kjarsgaard, I.M., and Douma, S.L., 2003, Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE Ore Mineralogy Compilation: Sudbury Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI): Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1787 |
| Ames, D.E., Kjarsgaard, I.M., and Douma, S.L., 2003, Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE Ore Mineralogy Compilation: Sudbury Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI): Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1787 |
| Szentpeteri, K., Molnar, Watkinson & Jones (2003) Geology and high grade hydrothermal PGE mineralization of the Vermilion quartz diorite offset dike, Sudbury, Canada, |
| Ames, D.E., Kjarsgaard, I.M., and Douma, S.L., 2003, Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE Ore Mineralogy Compilation: Sudbury Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI): Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1787 |
| Ames, D.E., Kjarsgaard, I.M., and Douma, S.L., (2003), Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE Ore Mineralogy Compilation: Sudbury Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI): Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1787 |
| Ames, D.E., Kjarsgaard, I.M., and Douma, S.L., 2003, Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE Ore Mineralogy Compilation: Sudbury Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI): Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1787 | |
| Springer (1989) Canadian Mineralogist 27, 311-313; Ames, D.E., Kjarsgaard, I.M., and Douma, S.L., 2003, Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE Ore Mineralogy Compilation: Sudbury Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI): Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1787 | |
| Springer, G. (1989): Chlorine-bearing and other uncommon minerals in the Strathcona deep copper zone, Sudbury District, Ontario. Canadian Mineralogist: 27: 311-313 | |
| Ames, D.E., Kjarsgaard, I.M., and Douma, S.L., (2003), Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE Ore Mineralogy Compilation: Sudbury Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI): Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1787 |
| Ames, D.E., Kjarsgaard, I.M., and Douma, S.L., 2003, Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE Ore Mineralogy Compilation: Sudbury Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI): Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1787 |
| SCHOLZ, D.L. (1937): The magmatic nickeliferous ore deposits of East Griqualand and Pondoland I. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 39, 83-212. MICHENER, C.E. (1940): Minerals Associated with Large Sulphide Bodies of the Sudbury Type. Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. MICHENER, C.E. & PEACOCK, M.A. (1943): Parkerite (Ni3Bi2S2) from Sudbury, Ontario: redefinition of the species. American Mineralogist 28, 343-355. FLEET, M.E. (1973): The crystal structure of parkerite (Ni3Bi2S2). American Mineralogist 58, 435-439. PETRUK, W., HARRIS, D.C. & STEWART, J.M. (1969): Langisite, a new mineral, and the rare minerals cobalt pentlandite, siegenite, parkerite and bravoite from the Langis mine, Cobalt-Gowganda area, Ontario. Canadian Mineralogist 9, 610-612. |
| Ames, D.E., Kjarsgaard, I.M., and Douma, S.L., 2003, Sudbury Ni-Cu-PGE Ore Mineralogy Compilation: Sudbury Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI): Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 1787 |
| Grice, Joel D. (1989) Sudbury: Nickel Capital of the World. In: Famous mineral localities of Canada. Published by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited & the National Museum of Natural Sciences, 190 pages: 79-84; 157-158. | |
| Dana's New Mineralogy; Grice, Joel D. (1989) Cobalt: the Silver City. In: Famous mineral localities of Canada. Published by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited & the National Museum of Natural Sciences, 190 pages: 85-91; 159-161. |
| Canadian Mineralogist (1969): 9: 597-605.; Can Mineral December 1971 v. 11 no. 1 p. 108-139; Ann P. Sabina (1974) Rocks and Minerals for the Collector: Cobalt-Belleferre-Timmins; Ontario and Quebec. Canadian Geological Survey Paper 73-13 |
| Dana's New Mineralogy | |
China | |
| Chengmu Fan and Chongyao Cao (1991): Acta Mineralogica Sinica 11(3), 234-242 |
| Nansheng Chen (1996), In: Tu Guangzhi (ed.): "Geochemistry of Strata-Bound Deposits in China", Science Press (Beijing), 528-548 |
| Nansheng Chen (1996), In: Tu Guangzhi (ed.): "Geochemistry of Strata-Bound Deposits in China", Science Press (Beijing), 528-548 | |
| Nansheng Chen (1996), In: Tu Guangzhi (ed.): "Geochemistry of Strata-Bound Deposits in China", Science Press (Beijing), 528-548 |
| Jingwen Mao, Yumin Qiu, Goldfarb, R.J., Zhaochong Zhang, Garwin, S., and Ren Fengshou (2002): Mineralium Deposita 37(3/4), 352-377; Zuoheng Zhang, Jingwen Mao, and Xiaofeng Li (2004): Mineral Deposits 23(2), 241-252; Xishun Hu (2009): Gold Science and Technology 17(2), 17-22, 27 |
| Qiu, Z. J., Fan, H. R., Liu, X., Yang, K. F., Hu, F. F., & Cai, Y. C. (2017). Metamorphic PTt evolution of Paleoproterozoic schist-hosted Cu deposits in the Zhongtiao Mountains, North China Craton: Retrograde ore formation during sluggish exhumation. Precambrian Research, 300, 59-77. |
| Wang, C., and Zhou, M.-F. (2006): Mineralium Deposita 41(8), 771-783 |
| Nansheng Chen (1996), In: Tu Guangzhi (ed.): "Geochemistry of Strata-Bound Deposits in China", Science Press (Beijing), 528-548 |
| Nansheng Chen (1996), In: Tu Guangzhi (ed.): "Geochemistry of Strata-Bound Deposits in China", Science Press (Beijing), 528-548 |
Czech Republic | |
| Ondruš P, Veselovský F, Gabašová A, Hloušek J, Šrein V, Vavrín I, Skála R, Sejkora J, Drábek M (2003) Primary minerals of the Jáchymov ore district, Journal of the Czech Geological Society 48, 19-147 |
| Sejkora J., Litochleb J., Susser C.: Výskyt parkeritu v uranovém rudním revíru Horní Slavkov (Česká republika). Bulletin Mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 2009, roč. 17, č. 1, s. 29-32. |
| Fojt B., Dobeš P., Malý K., Škoda R., 2008 : Ore minerals from dolomitic veins in the serpertinite rocks of the letovice crystalline complex . Acta Mus. Moraviae, Sci. geol., 93, 3-18 |
Egypt | |
| Helmy, H. M., Stumpfl, E. F., & Kamel, O. A. (1995). Platinum-group minerals from the metamorphosed Abu Swayel Cu-Ni-PGE deposit, South Eastern Desert, Egypt. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 90(8), 2350-2360. |
Finland | |
| Kojonen K: K., Isomäki O.-P. 2005. PGEE-minerals and tarkianite (Cu,Fe)(Re,Mo)4S8 a new mineral species from Hitura mine, Nivala, Central Finland. 10th International Platinum Symposium: Platinum-group elements from genesis to benefication and enviromental impact, August 6-11 , 2005 Finland.; Geological Survey of Finland 2006 Hitura - NICKEL Database |
Germany | |
| Schnorrer, G. and Latsch, H. (1997) Die Mineralien der Grube Grüneau bei Schutzbach im Siegerland (Teil I). Lapis 22 (12), 18ff. (in German). |
| Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001 |
India | |
| Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990 |
Ivory Coast | |
| Gouedji, F., Picard, C., Coulibaly, Y., Audet, M. A., Auge, T., Goncalves, P., ... & Ouattara, N. (2014). The Samapleu mafic-ultramafic intrusion and its Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization: an Eburnean (2.09 Ga) feeder dyke to the Yacouba layered complex (Man Archean craton, western Ivory Coast). Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 185(6), 393-411. |
Japan | |
| Haruna, Makoto et al. (2002) Mineralogical and oxygen isotope constraints on the origin of the contact-metamorphosed bedded manganese deposit at Nagasawa, Japan. The Canadian Mineralogist, 40, 1069-1089. |
North Macedonia | |
| Đorđević, T., Kolitsch, U., Tasev, G., Serafimovski, T. & Boev, B. (2017): Anomalous As-enrichment in gersdorffite in a realgar-rich environment: Lojane, Macedonia. Mitt. Österr. Mineral. Ges. 163, 38 (abs.). |
Russia | |
| Shvedov, G. I., & Barkov, A. Y. (2017). Primary and alteration assemblages of platinum-group minerals from the Ognit complex, Irkutskaya oblast, Eastern Sayans, Russia. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie-Abhandlungen: Journal of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 194(1), 35-48.; Mekhonoshin, A. S., Tolstykh, N. D., Podlipsky, M. Y., Kolotilina, T. B., Vishnevsky, A. V., & Benedyuk, Y. P. (2013). PGE mineralization of dunite-wehrlite massifs at the Gutara-Uda interfluve, Eastern Sayan. Geology of Ore Deposits, 55(3), 162-175.; Ognitite, NiBiTe, a new mineral species, and cobaltian maucherite from the Ognit ultramafic complex, Eastern Sayans, Russia (electronic preprint) |
| (2014) 12th International Platinum Symposium p320 |
| Pavel M. Kartashov collection; Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow; Geology of Ore Deposits (2009) 50:755-762 |
| Neradovskii, Y.N. & Kuznetsova, A.S. & Pakhomovskii, Y.A.. (1982). Native bismuth and other minerals in the Karik'yavr copper- nickel ore deposit (Kola Peninsula). Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva. 111. 552-556. |
| Chashchin, V. V., Petrov, S. V., & Drogobuzhskaya, S. V. (2018). Loypishnyun Low-Sulfide Pt–Pd Deposit of the Monchetundra Basic Massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Geology of Ore Deposits, 60(5), 418-448. |
| Anatoly Kasatkin analytical data |
| [World of Stones 95:5-6, p64] | |
| Koroteev, V.A., Popov, M.P., Erokhin, Yu.V., Khiller, V.V. (2017): Parkerite and Bismutohauchecornite in Chromitites of the Urals: Example of the Uralian Emerald Mines. Doklady Earth Sciences, 473, 438-440 |
| Palyanova, G. A., Murzin, V. V., Zhuravkova, T. V., & Varlamov, D. A. (2018). Au-Cu-Ag mineralization in rodingites and nephritoids of the Agardag ultramafic massif (southern Tuva, Russia). Russian Geology and Geophysics, 59(3), 238-256. |
South Africa (TL) | |
| Am Min 59 (1974), 296; Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 19, pp. 607-618 (1981) |
| Hutchinson, D., & Kinnaird, J. A. (2005). Complex multistage genesis for the Ni–Cu–PGE mineralisation in the southern region of the Platreef, Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Applied Earth Science, 114(4), 208-224. |
Spain | |
| Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990; Econ Geol (1990) 85:112-132 |
| Econ Geol (1990) 85:112-132 |
| Gervilla, F., Gutiérrez-Narbona, R., & Fenoll-Hach-Alí, P. (2002). The origin of different types of magmatic mineralizations from small-volume melts in the lherzolite massifs of the Serranía de Ronda. Boletín de la Sociedad Espanola de Mineralogía, 25, 79-96. | |
| I. S. Oen, C. Kieft, E.A.J. Burke, A.B. Westerhof : "Orcelite and associated minerals in the Ni-Fe-As-S system in chromitites and orthopyroxenites of Nebral, Malaga, Spain", Bull. Minéral., 1980, 103, 198-208 |
| Lopez Ciriano,A. Yuste Oliete,A.y Fernandez Nieto,C. (1997). Aspectos estructurales y mineralógicos de los filones polimetálicos de Loscos (norte de Teruel, Cadena Ibérica Oriental). Boletin de la Sociedad Española de Mineralogía, 20, 89-114. |
Sweden | |
| Bjärnborg, K. (2009): The copper sulphide mineralization of the Zinkgruvan deposit, Bergslagen, Sweden. Examensarbeten i Geologi vid Lunds Universitet- Bergrundsgeologi NR 24,1-6 |
| Dobbe, R. T. M. (1991): Tellurides, Selenides and Associated Minerals in the Tunaberg Copper Deposits, SE Bergslagen, Central Sweden. Mineralogy and Petrology. 44:89-106 |
| Dobbe, Rene T. M. (1991): Tellurides, selenides, and associated minerals in the Tunaberg copper deposits, SE Bergslagen, central Sweden. Mineralogy and Petrology 44, 89-106 | |
Tanzania | |
| Maier, W. D., Barnes, S. J., Sarkar, A., Ripley, E., Li, C., & Livesey, T. (2010). The Kabanga Ni sulfide deposit, Tanzania: I. Geology, petrography, silicate rock geochemistry, and sulfur and oxygen isotopes. Mineralium Deposita, 45(5), 419-441. |
UK | |
| UKJMM Vol.25 p.19; UKJMM Vol.29 p.49-52 |
USA | |
| McSwiggen, P. L. (1999) Platinum-palladium group minerals, gold, silver, and cobalt in the Minnamax copper-nickel sulfide deposit, Duluth Complex, northeastern Minnesota. Minnesota Geological Survey Report of Investigations 54 |
Vietnam | |
| Can Min 39, (2), 2001, 573-589 |
Oktyabrsky Mine, Talnakh Cu-Ni Deposit, Noril'sk, Putoran Plateau, Taimyr Peninsula, Taymyrskiy Autonomous Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia