Penfieldite
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Samuel Lewis Penfield
Formula:
Pb2Cl3(OH)
Colour:
Colourless, white, yellowish or bluish tints
Lustre:
Adamantine, Greasy
Hardness:
3 - 4
Specific Gravity:
5.82 - 6.61
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Name:
For US mineralogist, Samuel Lewis Penfield (Catskill, New York, January 16, 1856 - August 12, 1906, at South Woodstock, Connecticut), Yale University.
Soluble in water, leaving a yellowish white lead oxychloride residue.
Classification of Penfieldite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
3/D.10-70
3.DC.15
3 : HALIDES
D : Oxyhalides, hydroxyhalides and related double halides
C : With Pb (As,Sb,Bi), without Cu
3 : HALIDES
D : Oxyhalides, hydroxyhalides and related double halides
C : With Pb (As,Sb,Bi), without Cu
10.4.1.1
10 : OXYHALIDES AND HYDROXYHALIDES
4 : A2(O,OH)Xq
10 : OXYHALIDES AND HYDROXYHALIDES
4 : A2(O,OH)Xq
8.8.9
8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
8 : Halides of Pb
8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
8 : Halides of Pb
Pronounciation of Penfieldite
Pronounciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon & Katya Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Penfieldite
Adamantine, Greasy
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colourless, white, yellowish or bluish tints
Hardness:
3 - 4 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {0001}.
On {0001}.
Density:
5.82 - 6.61 g/cm3 (Measured) 6.00 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Penfieldite
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 2.130() nε = 2.210(1)
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.080
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Chemical Properties of Penfieldite
Formula:
Pb2Cl3(OH)
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Penfieldite
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6 - Trigonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P6
Cell Parameters:
a = 11.28 Å, c = 48.65 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 4.313
Unit Cell V:
5,360.83 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Morphology:
Crystals usually prismatic [0001] with {1010} or steeply pyramidal; also tabular {0001}. Crystals tiny and commonly grouped in parallel position.
Twinning:
1. Twin axis [2130] with (0001) as composition face. Twinned crystals having [0001] in common but turned 21°47' to each other. 2. Twin plane {4154} with the twinned crystals having c and c' almost at right angles.
Comment:
Strongly pronounced subcell: a = 11.393, c = 4.024 A (Merlino et al., 1995)
Crystallographic forms of Penfieldite
Crystal Atlas:
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Penfieldite no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Type Occurrence of Penfieldite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Seawater modified slag deposits
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Penfieldite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| Boleite | 9 photos of Penfieldite associated with Boleite on mindat.org. |
| Pseudoboleite | 3 photos of Penfieldite associated with Pseudoboleite on mindat.org. |
| Cotunnite | 2 photos of Penfieldite associated with Cotunnite on mindat.org. |
| Laurionite | 1 photo of Penfieldite associated with Laurionite on mindat.org. |
| Hydrocerussite | 1 photo of Penfieldite associated with Hydrocerussite on mindat.org. |
| Cuprite | 1 photo of Penfieldite associated with Cuprite on mindat.org. |
| Diaboleite | 1 photo of Penfieldite associated with Diaboleite on mindat.org. |
| Unnamed (Orthorhombic dimorph of Barstowite) | 1 photo of Penfieldite associated with Unnamed (Orthorhombic dimorph of Barstowite) on mindat.org. |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
| 3.DC.05 | Laurionite | PbCl(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 3.DC.05 | Paralaurionite | PbCl(OH) | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| 3.DC.10 | Fiedlerite | Pb3FCl4(OH) · H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| 3.DC.20 | Laurelite | Pb7F12Cl2 | Hex. 6 : P6 |
| 3.DC.25 | Bismoclite | (BiO)Cl | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm |
| 3.DC.25 | Daubréeite | (BiO)(OH,Cl) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm |
| 3.DC.25 | Matlockite | PbFCl | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm |
| 3.DC.25 | Rorisite | CaFCl | Tet. |
| 3.DC.25 | Zavaritskite | (BiO)F | Tet. |
| 3.DC.25 | Zhangpeishanite | BaFCl | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm |
| 3.DC.30 | Nadorite | PbSbClO2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm |
| 3.DC.30 | Perite | PbBiClO2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmcm |
| 3.DC.35 | Aravaipaite | Pb3AlF9 · H2O | Tric. |
| 3.DC.37 | Calcioaravaipaite | PbCa2AlF9 | Tric. 1 |
| 3.DC.40 | Thorikosite | Pb3Cl2(OH)(SbO3,AsO3) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4/mmm |
| 3.DC.45 | Mereheadite | Pb47Cl25(OH)13O24(CO3)(BO3)2 | Mon. m |
| 3.DC.50 | Blixite | Pb2(O,OH)2Cl | Orth. |
| 3.DC.55 | Pinalite | Pb3WO5Cl2 | Orth. |
| 3.DC.60 | Symesite | Pb10(SO4)O7Cl4 · H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| 3.DC.65 | Ecdemite | Pb6Cl4(As2O7) | Tet. |
| 3.DC.65 | Heliophyllite | Pb6Cl4(As2O7) | Orth. |
| 3.DC.70 | Mendipite | Pb3Cl2O2 | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
| 3.DC.75 | Damaraite | Pb3Cl(OH)O2 | Orth. mm2 : Pmc21 |
| 3.DC.80 | Onoratoite | Sb8Cl2O11 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| 3.DC.85 | Cotunnite | PbCl2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 3.DC.90 | Pseudocotunnite | K2PbCl4 | Orth. |
| 3.DC.95 | Barstowite | Pb4Cl6(CO3) · H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
| 8.8.1 | Abhurite | Sn21Cl16(OH)14O6 | Trig. |
| 8.8.2 | Matlockite | PbFCl | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm |
| 8.8.3 | Laurelite | Pb7F12Cl2 | Hex. 6 : P6 |
| 8.8.4 | Cotunnite | PbCl2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 8.8.5 | Mendipite | Pb3Cl2O2 | Orth. 2 2 2 : P21 21 21 |
| 8.8.6 | Damaraite | Pb3Cl(OH)O2 | Orth. mm2 : Pmc21 |
| 8.8.7 | Laurionite | PbCl(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 8.8.8 | Paralaurionite | PbCl(OH) | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| 8.8.10 | Fiedlerite | Pb3FCl4(OH) · H2O | Mon. 2/m |
| 8.8.11 | Blixite | Pb2(O,OH)2Cl | Orth. |
| 8.8.12 | Pseudocotunnite | K2PbCl4 | Orth. |
| 8.8.13 | Diaboleite | Pb2CuCl2(OH)4 | Tet. 4mm : P4mm |
| 8.8.14 | Pseudoboleite | Pb31Cu24Cl62(OH)48 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4/mmm |
| 8.8.15 | Chloroxiphite | Pb3CuO2Cl2(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| 8.8.17 | Bideauxite | Pb2AgCl3(F,OH)2 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| 8.8.18 | Boleite | KPb26Ag9Cu24(OH)48Cl62 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Pm3m |
| 8.8.19 | Aravaipaite | Pb3AlF9 · H2O | Tric. |
| 8.8.20 | Yedlinite | Pb6Cr3+Cl6(O,OH,H2O)8 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 8.8.21 | Kolarite | PbTeCl2 | Orth. |
| 8.8.22 | Hematophanite | Pb4Fe3O8(OH,Cl) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) |
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in dilute HNO3. Decomposed by water, rendering a yellow-white precipitate of lead oxychloride.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Penfieldite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Genth F A (1892) On penfieldite, a new species. American Journal of Science 144, 260-261
Penfield (1894) American Journal of Science: 48: 114.
Goldschmidt (1897): 260.
Larsen, E.S. (1921) The Microscopic Determination of the Nonopaque Minerals, First edition, USGS Bulletin 679: 118.
American Mineralogist (1941): 26: 293.
Gordon (1941) Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, Not. Nat., no. 69.
Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 66-67.
Cesbron, F. & Schubnel, H. J. (1968): Penfieldite. Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, 91, 407-408 (in French).
Merlino, S., M. Pasero, N. Perchiazzi, and A. Gianfagna (1995): X-ray and electron diffraction study of penfieldite: average structure and multiple cells. Mineral. Mag., 59, 341-347.
Internet Links for Penfieldite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3146.html
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Localities for Penfieldite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Merkel, S., Bräutigam, B., Klein, S., & Hauptmann, A. (2013). The Analysis of Slag from the Panjhır Mining Region, Afghanistan: An Investigation of (Medieval) Silver Production Technology. Archäologische Mitteilungen, 45, 231-250. |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch, U., Brandstätter, F., Schreiber, F., Fink, R. & Auer, C. (2013): Die Mineralogie der weltweit einzigartigen Schlacken von Waitschach, Kärnten. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 115, 19-87 (in German). |
Chile | |
| Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 67. |
| Brugger J, Meisser N, Ansermat S, Krivovichev S V, Kahlenberg V, Belton D, Ryan C G (2012) Leucostaurite, Pb2[B5O9]Cl·0.5H2O, from the Atacama Desert: The first Pb-dominant member of the hilgardite group, and micro-determination of boron minerals by PIGE. American Mineralogist 97, 1206-1212 |
| Freundlich, B. F., Imel, A., Imel, L., Sperber, D., Sperber, P., Steele-Sperber, L., ... & McGrath, B. 39th Rochester Mineralogical Symposium.; maurizio dini collection - analysed material | |
Czech Republic | |
| C.Auer (2017) |
Greece | |
| Kolitsch, U., Rieck, B., Brandstätter, F., Schreiber, F., Fabritz, K. H., Blaß, G. & Gröbner, J. (2014): Neufunde aus dem altem Bergbau und den Schlacken von Lavrion (I). Mineralien-Welt 25 (1), 60-75 (in German). [identification announced; no description given yet] |
| Smith, G. F. H. (1899): On some lead minerals from Laurium, namely, laurionite, phosgenite, fiedlerite, and (new species) paralaurionite. Mineralogical Magazine, 12, 102-110.; American Mineralogist (1941): 26: 293; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 67; Cesbron, F. & Schubnel, H. J. (1968): Penfieldite. Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, 91, 407-408 (in French).; Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet and Rewitzer, Christian, Laurion: The Minerals in the Ancient Slags; Grolig, H. & Grolig, E. (1978): Lavrion in Attika. Lapis, 3 (5), 16-25; 40 (in German). | |
| Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet, and Rewitzer, Christian (1996) Laurion: The Minerals of the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands |
| Fritz Schreiber Collection |
| Laurion The minerals in the ancient slags,page 115 | |
| Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet and Rewitzer, Christian, (1996) Laurion: The Minerals in the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands | |
| Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet and Rewitzer, Christian (1996) Laurion: The Minerals in the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands |
| Lacroix, A. & De Schulten, A. (1908): Note sur des minéraux plombifères des scories athéniennes du Laurion. Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, 31, 79-90 (in French).; Gelaude, Piet, van Kalmthout, Piet, and Rewitzer, Christian (1996) Laurion: The Minerals in the Ancient Slags, Janssen Print, Nijmegen, The Netherlands |
Italy | |
| Palombi, S., Bellatreccia, F. & Pucci, R. (2009): Le scorie metallurgiche di Tor Caldara, Anzio - RM. Il Cercapietre, no. 1-2, 44-56. [http://www.gminromano.it/Cercapietre/rivista09/art03.pdf] |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 2 (Avril/Juin), 175-188. |
| http://www.comune.pisa.it/apsn/Articoli/Scorie/Capattoli.htm |
| Cerutti, G. and Preite, D. (1995): Mineralien der etruskischen Schlacken von Baratti, Toskana. Lapis, 20 (4), 13-18; 50 (in German). |
South Africa | |
| Barkov, A. Y., Martin, R. F., Kaukonen, R. J., & Alapieti, T. T. (2001). The occurrence of Pb–Cl–(OH) and Pt–Sn–S compounds in the Merensky reef, Bushveld layered complex, South Africa. The Canadian Mineralogist, 39(5), 1397-1403. |
Tunisia | |
| Kutzke, H., Barbier, B., Becker, P. & Eggert, G. (1997): Barstowite as a corrosion product on a lead object from the Mahdia shipwreck. Studies in Conservation 42, 176-180. |
UK | |
| BMS Newsletter 79, March 2010 (http://britishmicromountsociety.homestead.com/Gannell-Smelter.html) |
USA | |
| R&M 70:4 pp 242-263 |
Vietnam | Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2011) |
Margarita Mine, Caracoles, Sierra Gorda District, Antofagasta Province, Antofagasta Region, Chile