Pickeringite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Pickeringite
Formula:
MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
Colour:
Colourless to white, light yellow, pale pink, orange, gray; colourless in transmitted light
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
1.73 - 1.79
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named by Augustus A. Hayes in 1844 in honor of John Pickering (7 February 1777, Salem, Massachusetts, USA - 5 May 1846, Boston, Massachusetts, USA), linguist, philologist, and President of the American Academy of Sciences.
Type Locality:
Halotrichite Group; Halotrichite-Pickeringite Series.
The Mg analogue of Halotrichite.
At least a partial series entends toward Apjohnite.
The Mg analogue of Halotrichite.
At least a partial series entends toward Apjohnite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3204
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3204:5
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
e83656ab-d636-48ec-815b-4b4a9216b081
IMA Classification of Pickeringite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1844
Classification of Pickeringite
7.CB.85
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
29.7.3.1
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
7 : AB2(XO4)4·H2O
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
7 : AB2(XO4)4·H2O
25.3.18
25 : Sulphates
3 : Sulphates of Mg
25 : Sulphates
3 : Sulphates of Mg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Pkg | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Pickeringite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Colourless to white, light yellow, pale pink, orange, gray; colourless in transmitted light
Streak:
White
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Poor/Indistinct
On {010} poor.
On {010} poor.
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
1.73 - 1.79 g/cm3 (Measured) 1.84 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Pure end-member values.
Optical Data of Pickeringite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.475 nβ = 1.480 nγ = 1.483
2V:
Measured: 60° , Calculated: 80°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.008
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
none
Chemistry of Pickeringite
Mindat Formula:
MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O
Common Impurities:
Mn,Fe,Co
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
1 | |
---|---|
Al2O3 | 11.72 % |
MgO | 5.34 % |
MnO | 0.42 % |
FeO | 0.27 % |
SO3 | 36.31 % |
H2O | 45.66 % |
Total: | 99.72 % |
Sample references:
ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Franquenies, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Walloon Brabant, Wallonia, Belgium |
Crystallography of Pickeringite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Setting:
P21/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 20.8 Å, b = 24.2 Å, c = 6.18 Å
β = 95°
β = 95°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.86 : 1 : 0.255
Unit Cell V:
3,098.93 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals acicular [001]; distinctly terminated crystals rare. Radial or matted aggregates of hair-like crystals; tufted; spheroidal; as incrustations or effloresences; asbestiform. Larger crystals may be hollow or contain bubbles of liquid or gas.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0006848 | Pickeringite | Quartieri S, Triscari M, Viani A (2000) Crystal structure of the hydrated sulphate pickeringite (MgAl2(SO4)4.22H2O): X-ray powder diffraction study European Journal of Mineralogy 12 1131-1138 | 2000 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
6.08 Å | (20) |
4.97 Å | (20) |
4.82 Å | (100) |
4.32 Å | (35) |
4.122 Å | (30) |
3.510 Å | (90) |
3.791 Å | (30) |
Comments:
ICDD 12-299.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Near-surface Processes | |
21 : Chemically precipitated carbonate, phosphate, iron formations | |
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) | |
55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Geological Setting:
Common mineral formed by oxidation of pyrite in aluminous rocks, coal seams, caves, fumaroles, ore veins in arid regions.
Type Occurrence of Pickeringite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Masses, composed of long parallel fibers.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No designated type material.
Synonyms of Pickeringite
Other Language Names for Pickeringite
German:Dumreicherit
Magnesia-Alaun
Pickeringit
Seelandit
Sesqui-Magnesia-alaun
Talkerde-Alaun
Federalaun (in part)
Magnesia-Alaun
Pickeringit
Seelandit
Sesqui-Magnesia-alaun
Talkerde-Alaun
Federalaun (in part)
Italian:Picroallumogene
Russian:Пиккерингит
Simplified Chinese:镁明矾
Spanish:Pickeringita
Seelandita
Seelandita
Traditional Chinese:鎂明礬
Varieties of Pickeringite
Ferropickeringite | An iron-rich variety of pickeringite. Originally reported from Dientnergraben, Eschenau, Lend, Schwarzach, Salzburg, Austria. |
Kasparite | A Co-bearing variety of pickeringite. Originally described from Dubník, Červenica (Czerwenitza), Northern Slanské Mts, Presov Region, Slovak Republic. |
Manganese-bearing Pickeringite | Mn'' may substitute for (Mg,Fe) in at least a partial series toward Apjohnite. |
Relationship of Pickeringite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Apjohnite | Mn2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Bílinite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Dietrichite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2 : P2 |
Redingtonite | (Fe2+,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2 |
Wupatkiite | (Co,Mg,Ni)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
12 photos of Pickeringite associated with Magnesiocopiapite | MgFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
9 photos of Pickeringite associated with Kasparite | (Mg,Co)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
9 photos of Pickeringite associated with Magnesioaubertite | (Mg,Cu)Al(SO4)2Cl · 14H2O |
8 photos of Pickeringite associated with Copiapite | Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
8 photos of Pickeringite associated with Botryogen | MgFe3+(SO4)2(OH) · 7H2O |
7 photos of Pickeringite associated with Metavoltine | K2Na6Fe2+Fe3+6O2(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
6 photos of Pickeringite associated with Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
5 photos of Pickeringite associated with Hexahydrite | MgSO4 · 6H2O |
5 photos of Pickeringite associated with Tamarugite | NaAl(SO4)2 · 6H2O |
5 photos of Pickeringite associated with Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
7.CB. | Sarvodaite | Al2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
7.CB.02 | Voudourisite | CdSO4 · H2O |
7.CB.05 | Dwornikite | Ni(SO4) · H2O |
7.CB.05 | Gunningite | ZnSO4 · H2O |
7.CB.05 | Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O |
7.CB.05 | Poitevinite | (Cu,Fe)SO4 · H2O |
7.CB.05 | Szmikite | MnSO4 · H2O |
7.CB.05 | Szomolnokite | FeSO4 · H2O |
7.CB.05 | Cobaltkieserite | CoSO4 · H2O |
7.CB.07 | Sanderite | MgSO4 · 2H2O |
7.CB.10 | Bonattite | CuSO4 · 3H2O |
7.CB.12 | Belogubite | CuZn(SO4)2 · 10H2O |
7.CB.15 | Aplowite | (Co,Mn,Ni)SO4 · 4H2O |
7.CB.15 | Boyleite | (Zn,Mg)SO4 · 4H2O |
7.CB.15 | Ilesite | (Mn,Zn,Fe)SO4 · 4H2O |
7.CB.15 | Rozenite | FeSO4 · 4H2O |
7.CB.15 | Starkeyite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
7.CB.15 | Drobecite | CdSO4 · 4H2O |
7.CB.15 | Cranswickite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
7.CB.20 | Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
7.CB.20 | Jôkokuite | MnSO4 · 5H2O |
7.CB.20 | Pentahydrite | MgSO4 · 5H2O |
7.CB.20 | Siderotil | FeSO4 · 5H2O |
7.CB.25 | Bianchite | Zn(SO4) · 6H2O |
7.CB.25 | Chvaleticeite | Mn(SO4) · 6H2O |
7.CB.25 | Ferrohexahydrite | FeSO4 · 6H2O |
7.CB.25 | Hexahydrite | MgSO4 · 6H2O |
7.CB.25 | Moorhouseite | Co(SO4) · 6H2O |
7.CB.25 | Nickelhexahydrite | Ni(SO4) · 6H2O |
7.CB.30 | Retgersite | NiSO4 · 6H2O |
7.CB.35 | Bieberite | CoSO4 · 7H2O |
7.CB.35 | Boothite | CuSO4 · 7H2O |
7.CB.35 | Mallardite | MnSO4 · 7H2O |
7.CB.35 | Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O |
7.CB.35 | Zincmelanterite | (Zn,Cu,Fe)SO4 · 7H2O |
7.CB.35 | Alpersite | (Mg,Cu)(SO4) · 7H2O |
7.CB.40 | Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
7.CB.40 | Goslarite | ZnSO4 · 7H2O |
7.CB.40 | Morenosite | NiSO4 · 7H2O |
7.CB.45 | Alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O |
7.CB.45 | Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O |
7.CB.50 | Aluminocoquimbite | Al2Fe2(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
7.CB.50 | Lazaridisite | 3CdSO4 · 8H2O |
7.CB.52 | Pararaisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
7.CB.55 | Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
7.CB.55 | Paracoquimbite | Fe4(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
7.CB.55 | Rhomboclase | (H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
7.CB.55 | Raisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
7.CB.57 | Caichengyunite | Fe2+3Al2(SO4)6 · 30H2O |
7.CB.60 | Kornelite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 7H2O |
7.CB.65 | Quenstedtite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 11H2O |
7.CB.70 | Lausenite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
7.CB.75 | Lishizhenite | ZnFe2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
7.CB.75 | Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
7.CB.80 | Ransomite | CuFe2(SO4)4 · 6H2O |
7.CB.85 | Apjohnite | Mn2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
7.CB.85 | Bílinite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
7.CB.85 | Dietrichite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
7.CB.85 | Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
7.CB.85 | Redingtonite | (Fe2+,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
7.CB.85 | Wupatkiite | (Co,Mg,Ni)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
7.CB.90 | Meridianiite | MgSO4 · 11H2O |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Heated in a closed tube, yields water.
Notes:
Soluble in water, with the solution having an acid pH and an astringent taste.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Pickeringite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3204.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
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References for Pickeringite
Reference List:
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin Vol. 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.119
Bandy, Mark C. (1938) Mineralogy of three sulphate deposits of northern Chile. American Mineralogist, 23 (11) 669-760
Localities for Pickeringite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Vennum (1986) |
Argentina | |
| Notulae Naturae of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (1941) |
Juan Carlos Lodovichi | |
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
| Keith Compton collection |
| Australian J. Mineralogy 13 (2) |
| Birch (1999) |
| Sielecki (1988) |
Sielecki (1988) | |
| Rob Fitzpatrick |
| 1. Carroll 2002. +1 other reference |
| |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... |
Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... | |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... |
Government Chemical Laboratories. In: ... +1 other reference | |
| Simpson (1948) |
Austria | |
| Huber et al. (2009) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2022) |
| Kolitsch (2017) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2022) |
Goldmann et al. (2008) | |
GOLDMANN et al. (2008) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| H. Meixner et al. (1937) |
| Taucher (2012) |
| Postl et al. (2014) |
| Postl et al. (2011) |
| Exel (1993) |
| WENINGER (1968) |
| Meixner (1954) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Schwaighofer et al. (1979) |
| MEIXNER (1980) |
| Taucher et al. (1995) |
Belgium | |
| Mélon et al. (1976) +3 other references |
| Mélon et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
Mélon et al. (1976) +1 other reference | |
| Van Tassel (1944) +4 other references |
Bolivia | |
| Federico Ahlfeld and Alejandro Schneider-Scherbina (1964) |
| Wilson (2001) |
| Smith et al. (2001) |
Brazil | |
| Waber et al. (1992) +1 other reference |
| Queiroz (2016) |
Bulgaria | |
| Elena Shcherbakova (2010) |
| Kunov et al. (1997) |
| Младенова et al. (2007) |
Canada | |
| Ralph L. Rutherford (1932) |
| Geological Association of Canada (2014) |
| Zodrow (1989) |
Zodrow et al. (1978) | |
| How (1867) |
Cape Verde | |
| Universidade de Evora |
Chile | |
| SEM-EDS by Igor V. Pekov |
| Kampf +5 other references |
XRD by Joachim Lorenz | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| S. G. Gordon (1942) |
| American Journal of Science (1844) +1 other reference |
China | |
| Acta Mineral. Sinica: 21 (3) |
| Zhaolong Li et al. (1981) |
| Guangzhi Tu et al. (1964) |
| Kaiyin Bai and Zhaoxin Han (2007) |
Costa Rica | |
| Rodríguez et al. (2017) |
| Ulloa et al. (2018) |
Czech Republic | |
| Lapis 2000 (4) |
Zacek et al. (1995) | |
| Uwe Kolitsch (powder X-ray diffraction + SEM-EDS) +1 other reference |
| Velebil |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Jirásek (2001) |
| Breiter K. (1976) |
Scharm +7 other references | |
| Matýsek D. |
| Matýsek D. |
| Matýsek D. |
| Matýsek D. |
| Matýsek D. (1999) |
| Prachař +6 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Petr Pauliš |
Egypt | |
| |
Finland | |
| Vorma |
France | |
| |
| Naze-Nancy Masalehdani et al. (2009) |
Germany | |
| Manfred Früchtl collection (SEM-EDS analysed) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer (2000) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| Liebeskind et al. (1992) |
Greece | |
| |
Branko Rieck collection | |
| Branko Rieck collection |
| Lazaridis G. et al. (2011) |
| Triantafyllidis et al. (2007) |
Guatemala | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei.Mineral ... |
Szakáll et al. (2008) | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| Mineral Species of Hungary |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. +1 other reference |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. |
Iceland | |
| Lahan (2012) |
Italy | |
| D’Angeli et al. (2017) +1 other reference |
| NHM +1 other reference |
| Russo et al. (2017) |
Mormone et al. (2015, April) +1 other reference | |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
| Russo et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
Russo et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Carbone et al. (2002) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2020) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Campostrini (2001) |
| Ferrari et al. (1950) +2 other references |
| C.M. Gramaccioli (1975) |
| Scaini G. (1971) +1 other reference |
| Stara et al. (1999) |
| Gamboni et al. (2021) |
| "Giorgio Bortolozzi (visual identification) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
Stara et al. (1996) | |
Stara et al. (1994) | |
| Da Pelo et al. (2000) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| M.E. Ciriotti - 11.06.2008 - Probed |
| Renzulli +4 other references |
| Campostrini et al. (2011) |
| Campostrini et al. (2011) |
GEBHARD G. et al. (1988) | |
GEBHARD G. et al. (1988) | |
GEBHARD G. et al. (1988) | |
GEBHARD G. et al. (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Forenza et al. (2005) |
| |
| Brizzi et al. (1995) |
| J. Göske et al. (1997) |
Giorgio Bortolozzi visual identification | |
| Innocenti et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| G. D'Achiardi (picroallumogene) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| F. Millosevich (1914) |
L. Rossato | |
U. Panichi | |
| Mauro (2020) |
Mauro D. (2016) +1 other reference | |
| Orlandi P. (2005) |
| Mineralogical Record (1) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Matsubara (2002) |
| - (T. Minakawa, Univ. Ehime) |
Mexico | |
| |
| Yta et al. (2005) |
Yta et al. (2005) | |
Nicaragua | |
| Hynek et al. (2013) |
Hynek et al. (2013, March) | |
| Hynek et al. (2013) |
| Hynek et al. (2013, March) +1 other reference |
North Macedonia | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
Norway | |
| Broch (1931) |
Pakistan | |
| Niazi (2023) |
| M. Qasim Jan et al. (1985) |
Peru | |
| Ciesielczuk et al. (2013) |
Poland | |
| Marszałek +2 other references |
| Siuda (2004) +1 other reference |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Kruszewski (2013) |
Kruszewski (2013) | |
Portugal | |
| Joana Ribeiro et al. (2013) |
| |
Romania | |
| Onac (2003) |
| B. Onac et al (2009, July) |
| Edited by Szakáll-Kristály (2010) |
| Onac (2009) |
| European Journal of Mineralogy: 12: ... +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka |
[Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p163-180] +1 other reference | |
Bortnikova et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Kudrin et al. (2021) |
| Dana 7:II:502 |
Senegal | |
| Montoroi (1995) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Duda |
Koděra (1986) | |
David Parfitt collection | |
| Myšľan P. et al. (Slovenská republika) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Frias +2 other references |
| Martínez Frías et al. (1992) |
| Rewitzer et al. (part 2) |
| Romero et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Manuel Echevarria Rodriguez |
| Joan Rosell (2022) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (Joanabellacreus@gmail.com) |
| Crespo et al. (2017) |
| FMF Forum |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Ansermet et al. (2012) |
Ansermet et al. (2012) | |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
UK | |
| |
| |
Ukraine | |
| Kasatkin (2019) |
| A. Tischenko. Minerals of the Crimea - ... |
| Dobrovolskaya T.I. (2004) |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Galbraith (1959) |
Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Anatoly Kasatkin analyses |
Williams et al. (1995) | |
Grant et al. (2005) | |
| Grant et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Howard (2007) |
| Adams et al. (2014) |
Roberts et al. (1974) | |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Bob Bartsch collection +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 264. +1 other reference |
| |
Roberts et al. (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 264. +2 other references |
| Rock Currier |
| Dr. Housley +1 other reference |
Roberts et al. (1974) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 264. +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| collected by Eckhard D. Stuart +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Sullivan (1985) |
J. Zolan Collec. | |
| Harold Moritz collection |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Schooner (1958) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
Januzzi et al. (1976) | |
| Rocks & Minerals (1955) |
Ralph Lieser of Pappy’s Beryl Shop +3 other references | |
Anderson (1994) | |
| Gleba |
| Gleba |
| Gleba |
| Gleba |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Dana 6: 1083. |
| The Mineralogy of The Butte District +3 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| NBMG Bull 83 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Bowell et al. (2005) |
| R. C. Peterson et al.: Am. Min.: 90 (2005) |
| R&M 74:6 p380-390 |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Jensen (1978) |
| Environmental Geology: 45: 47. +1 other reference |
| Carlson (2002) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| |
| Carlson (2015) |
| King (n.d.) |
Ernest H. Carlson. Jerret Whitford. ... | |
| Richards et al. (2017) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Gold (2006, October) |
Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
Roberts et al. (1965) | |
Roberts et al. (1965) | |
| Wayne Osborne Collection |
| Coskren et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Plášil et al. (2013) |
SEM/EDS confirmed. | |
| Collected and analyzed by Joy Desor. |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 217 |
| Hammarstrom et al. (2000) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Kilburn et al. (1996) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Uklonskiy et al. (1964) +1 other reference |
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Faraglione Ranni, Faraglioni di Levante, Porto Levante, Vulcano Island, Lipari, Eolie Islands, Metropolitan City of Messina, Sicily, Italy