Ruthenium
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About Ruthenium
Formula:
(Ru,Ir)
Colour:
Silver-white
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
6½
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Name:
The species is defined by Harris and Cabri (1973) and described in by Urashima et al. (1974), taking the name of the element. The element, in turn, was discovered in 1844 and named after Russia.
Classification of Ruthenium
Approved
1.AF.05
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
F : Platinum group elements
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
F : Platinum group elements
Dana 7th ed.:
1.2.2.2
1.2.2.2
1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
2 : Platinum Group Metals and Alloys
1 : NATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALLOYS
2 : Platinum Group Metals and Alloys
Physical Properties of Ruthenium
Chemical Properties of Ruthenium
Formula:
(Ru,Ir)
IMA Formula:
Ru
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ir,Pt,Rh,Os,Pd,Fe,Ni,Cu
Crystallography of Ruthenium
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Cell Parameters:
a = 2.7 Å, c = 4.28 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.585
Unit Cell V:
27.02 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0011191 | Ruthenium | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Hexagonal closest packed, hcp, structure Crystal Structures 1 7-83 | 1963 | 0 | 293 | ||
0020237 | Ruthenium | Mochalov A G, Dmitrenko G G, Rudashevsky N S, Zhernovsky I V, Boldyreva M M (1998) Hexaferrum (Fe,Ru),(Fe,Os),(Fe,Ir) - a new mineral Zapiski Vserossijskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva 127 41-51 | 1998 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Type Occurrence of Ruthenium
Synonyms of Ruthenium
Platinum-Group Elements (in part)
Other Language Names for Ruthenium
Afrikaans:Rutenium
Arabic:روثينيوم
Armenian:Ռոթենիում
Basque:Rutenio
Belarusian:Рутэній
Bengali:রুথেনিয়াম
Bosnian:Rutenijum
Catalan:Ruteni
Corsican:Ruteniu
Croatian:Rutenij
Czech:Ruthenium
Danish:Ruthenium
Dutch:Ruthenium
Esperanto:Rutenio
Estonian:Ruteenium
Farsi/Persian:روتنیوم
Finnish:Rutenium
French:Ruthénium
Friulian:Ruteni
Galician:Rutenio
German:Ruthenium
Greek:Ρουθήνιο
Hebrew:רותניום
Hindi:रुथेनियम
Hungarian:Ruténium
Icelandic:Rúþen
Ido:Rutenio
Indonesian:Rutenium
Italian:Rutenio
Japanese:自然ルテニウム
Javanese:Rutenium
Kannada:ರುಥೇನಿಯಮ್
Korean:루테늄
Kurdish (Latin Script):Rûtenyûm
Latin:Ruthenium
Latvian:Rutēnijs
Lithuanian:Rutenis
Lojban:rukyjinme
Luxembourgish:Ruthenium
Malayalam:റുഥീനിയം
Manx:Rutainium
Norwegian:Ruthenium
Norwegian (Nynorsk):Ruthenium
Occitan:Rutèni
Polish:Ruten
Portuguese:Rutênio
Romanian:Ruteniu
Russian:Рутений
Serbian:Рутенијум
Serbo-Croatian:Rutenijum
Sicilian:Ruteniu
Simplified Chinese:自然钌
Slovak:Ruténium
Slovenian:Rutenij
Spanish:Rutenio
Swahili:Rutheni
Swedish:Rutenium
Tamil:ருத்தேனியம்
Tatar:Ruteni
Thai:รูทีเนียม
Turkish:Rutenyum
Ukrainian:Рутеній
Uzbek (Latin Script):Ruteniy
Vietnamese:Rutheni
Varieties of Ruthenium
Iridrhodruthenium | A variety of ruthenium rich in rhodium and iridium. It also contains minor amounts of other platinum group elements (PGE). |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
2 photos of Ruthenium associated with Laurite | RuS2 |
2 photos of Ruthenium associated with Osmium | (Os,Ir,Ru) |
2 photos of Ruthenium associated with Isoferroplatinum | Pt3Fe |
1 photo of Ruthenium associated with Palladodymite | (Pd,Rh)2As |
1 photo of Ruthenium associated with Hongshiite | PtCu |
1 photo of Ruthenium associated with Polkanovite | Rh12As7 |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)
1.2.2.1 | Osmium | (Os,Ir,Ru) | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
1.2.2.3 | Rutheniridosmine | (Ir,Os,Ru) | Hex. |
1.2.2.4 | Rhenium | Re | Hex. |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Ruthenium
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Harris, D.C., Cabri, L.J. (1973) The nomenclature of the natural alloys of osmium, iridium and ruthenium based on new compositional data of alloys from world-wide occurrences. The Canadian Mineralogist: 12: 104-112.
Urashima, Y., Wakabayashi, T., Masaki, T., Terasaki, Y. (1974) Ruthenium, a new mineral from Horakanai, Hokkaido, Japan. Mineralogical Journal: 7: 438-444.
Fleischer, M., Mandarino, J.A. (1975) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 60: 945-947.
Fleischer, M., Pabst, A., Mandarino, J.A., Chao, G.Y., Cabri, L.J. (1976) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 61: 174-186.
Page, N.J., Pallister, J.S., Brown, M.A., Smewing, J.D., Haffty, J. (1982) Palladium, platinum, rhodium, iridium and ruthenium in chromite–rich rocks from the Samail ophiolite, Oman. The Canadian Mineralogist: 20: 537-548.
Page, N.J., Talkington, R.W. (1984) Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium and iridium in peridotites and chromitites from ophiolite complexes in Newfoundland. The Canadian Mineralogist: 22: 137-149.
Harris, D.C., Cabri, L.J. (1991) Nomenclature of platinum-group-element alloys: review and revision. The Canadian Mineralogist: 29: 231-237.
Jambor, J.L., Grew, E.S. (1992) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 77: 207-213.
Proenza, J.A., Zaccarini, F., Lewis, J.F., Longo, F., Garuti, G. (2007) Chromian spinel composition and the platinum-group minerals of the PGE-rich Loma Peguera chromitites, Loma Caribe peridotite, Dominican Republic. The Canadian Mineralogist: 45: 631-648.
Internet Links for Ruthenium
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3483.html
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Localities for Ruthenium
Locality List




All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| G. A. Albertson Data |
| Butt, C.R.M., Robertson, I.D.M. (2003), Ora Banda Sill Platinum Prospect, CRC LEME, 2003 |
Austria | |
| Malitch, K. N., & Knauf, V. V. (2002). Diversity of PGM assemblages at Kraubath: a case study of mantle-derived chromitites from the Eastern Alps, Austria. In 9th International Platinum Symposium (Abstracts). |
Melcher+Mali (1998) | |
Bulgaria | |
| Цинцов, З. (1998). Състав, разпространение и транспорт на минералите на елементите от групата на платината в алувиалните седименти на Благоевградския грабен. Сп. БГД, 59(2), 59-65. |
| Tsintsov, Z. (2004): Sperrylite from alluvial placers of Vurbitsa River, SE Rhodopes. Bulgarian Geological Society, Annual Scientific Conference “Geology 2004”, 16 – 17 December 2004, abstract volume, 92-94. [http://www.bgd.bg/CONFERENCES/Conferencia_2004/pdf_files/Tsintsov.pdf] |
Canada | |
| Escayola, M., Garuti, G., Zaccarini, F., Proenza, J.A., Bédard, J.H. & Van Staal, C. (2011) Chromitite and platinum-group-element mineralization at Middle Arm Brook, Advocate Ophiolite complex, Baie Verte Peninsula, Newfoundland, Canada. Canadian Mineralogist 49, 1523-1547. |
China | |
| Peng Qiming and Xu Hong (1994): Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 13(1), 55-60. |
| Peng Qiming and Xu Hong (1994): Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 13(1), 55-60. |
| Shuihe Mao and Xuecui Zhou (1989): Acta Mineralogica Sinica 9(2), 136-140 |
| Wenji Bai, Jingsui Yang, Qingsong Fang, Binggang Yan, Zhongming Zhang, Yufeng Ren, Nicheng Shi, Zhesheng Ma, and Mingquan Dai (2004): Earth Science Frontiers 11(1), 179-187 |
Colombia | |
| Min Mag (1997) 61:367-375 |
| Robert C. Smith, II, Ph.D., P.G. My collection. Quantitative SEM/EDS. Purchased David Burgess collection |
Czech Republic | |
| Pasava, J., Malec, J., Griffin, W. L., & González Jiménez, J. M. (2015). Re–Os isotopic constraints on the source of platinum-group minerals (PGMs) from the Vestřev pyrope-rich garnet placer deposit, Bohemian Massif. |
Dominican Republic | |
| Zaccharini et al. (2009): Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen, 185, 335-349; Proenza, J. A., Zaccarini, F., Lewis, J. F., Longo, F., & Garuti, G. (2007). Chromian spinel composition and the platinum-group minerals of the PGE-rich Loma Peguera chromitites, Loma Caribe peridotite, Dominican Republic. The Canadian Mineralogist, 45(3), 631-648.; McDonald A M, Proenza J A, Zaccarini F, Rudashevsky N S, Cabri L J, Stanley C J, Rudashevsky V N, Melgarejo J C, Lewis J F, Longo F, Bakker R J (2010) Garutiite, (Ni,Fe,Ir), a new hexagonal polymorph of native Ni from Loma Peguera, Dominican Republic. European Journal of Mineralogy 22, 293-304 |
Ethiopia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov data |
France | |
| Lorand, J.-P., Ducluzaux, B., & Pont, S. (2018). Une nouvelle découverte de pépites de minéraux du groupe du platine (platine, osmium, iridium) en France : les cailloutis et alluvions de la Reyssouze (Ain). Le Règne Minéral 143, 5-16. |
| 5th International Platinum Symposium Bulletin of The Geological Society of Finland Number 61, Part 1,1989,1-64 |
Indonesia | |
| |
Japan (TL) | |
| Urashima et al (1974) Mineralogical Journal, 7, 438-444. |
| Dr Daisuke Nishio-Hamane, SEM analysis, University of Tokyo Electron Microprobe Section. |
Mexico | |
| González-Jiménez, J. M., Proenza, J. A., Martini, M., Camprubí, A., Griffin, W. L., O'Reilly, S. Y., & Pearson, N. J. (2015). Deposits associated with ultramafic–mafic complexes in Mexico: the Loma Baya case. Ore Geology Reviews. |
Mongolia | |
| http://www.dmitrenkogg.narod.ru/Mongoliy.htm |
North Macedonia | |
| Augé, T., Morin, G., Bailly, L., & Serafimovsky, T. (2017). Platinum-group minerals and their host chromitites in Macedonian ophiolites. European Journal of Mineralogy, 29(4), 585-596. |
Philippines | |
| Oberthür, T., Melcher, F., & Weiser, T. W. (2017). Detrital Platinum-Group Minerals and Gold In Placers of Southeastern Samar Island, Philippines. The Canadian Mineralogist, 55(1), 45-62. |
Russia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data 2018 |
| [AmMin 84:195] |
Zaykov, V. V., Melekestseva, I. Y., Zaykova, E. V., Kotlyarov, V. A., & Kraynev, Y. D. (2017). Gold and platinum group minerals in placers of the South Urals: Composition, microinclusions of ore minerals and primary sources. Ore Geology Reviews, 85, 299-320. | |
Zaykov, V. V., Melekestseva, I. Y., Zaykova, E. V., Kotlyarov, V. A., & Kraynev, Y. D. (2017). Gold and platinum group minerals in placers of the South Urals: Composition, microinclusions of ore minerals and primary sources. Ore Geology Reviews, 85, 299-320. | |
| Podlipsky, M. Y., Mekhonoshin, A. S., Tolstykh, N. D., Vishnevskiy, A. V., & Polyakov, G. V. (2015). Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Tartai massif, East Siberian metallogenic province. Geology of Ore Deposits, 57(3), 172-196. |
| Tolstykh, N., Sidorov, E., & Kozlov, A. (2009). Platinum-group Minerals from the Olkhovaya–1 Placers Related to the Karaginsky Ophiolite Complex, Kamchatskiy Mys Peninsula, Russia. The Canadian Mineralogist, 47(5), 1057-1074. |
www.cosis.net/abstracts/EAE03/14099/EAE03-A-14099.pdf. | |
| Tolstyk, N., Krivenko, A., Pospelova, L. (1997): New compounds of Ir, Os and Ru with selenium, arsenic and tellurium. Eur. J. Mineral.: 9: 457–465; in: Jambor, J.L., Roberts, A.C. (1997): New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 82: 1263 |
| Neradovsky, Y.N., and Savchenko, E.E. (2008): Geology of Ore Deposits 50(8), 746-748. |
| Kiseleva, O. N., Zhmodik, S. M., Damdinov, B. B., Agafonov, L. V., & Belyanin, D. K. (2014). Composition and evolution of PGE mineralization in chromite ores from the Il’chir ophiolite complex (Ospa–Kitoi and Khara-Nur areas, East Sayan). Russian Geology and Geophysics, 55(2), 259-272. |
| Jedwab J.(1990) Native ruthenium in tantalum carbide concentrates from the Ural mountains, USSR, - Miner. and Petrol., v.43, N2, pp. 137-146. |
P.M. Kartashov analytical data | |
| Johan, Z. (2006): Platinum-group minerals from placers related to the Nizhni Tagil (Middle Urals, Russia) Uralian-Alaskan-type ultramafic complex: ore-mineralogy and study of silicate inclusions in (Pt, Fe) alloys. Mineral. Petrol.: 87(1): 1-30 |
Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data, 2018 | |
| Oidup, C. K., Mongush, A. A., & Khuragan, C. M. (2012). Typomorphic features of platinum group minerals in the Kundus Placer gold (Kaakhem Ophiolite Belt, Tuva). Lithology and Mineral Resources, 47(5), 437-445. |
| Kiseleva, O.N.; Airiyants, E.V.; Belyanin, D.K.; Zhmodik, S.M. (2020) Podiform Chromitites and PGE Mineralization in the Ulan-Sar’dag Ophiolite (East Sayan, Russia). Minerals 10, 141. |
South Africa | |
| The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 43, pp. 1711-1734 (2005) |
| Melcher, F., & Lodziak, J. (2007). Platinum-group minerals of concentrates from the Driekop platinum pipe, Eastern Bushveld Complex Tribute to Eugen F. Stumpfl. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie-Abhandlungen: Journal of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 183(2), 173-195. |
| Zaccarini, F., Garuti, G., & Cawthorn, R. G. (2002). Platinum-group minerals in chromitite xenoliths from the Onverwacht and Tweefontein ultramafic pipes, eastern Bushveld Complex, South Africa. The Canadian Mineralogist, 40(2), 481-497. |
| Zaccarini, F., Garuti, G., and Cawthorn, R.G. (2002) Platinum-group minerals in chromitite xenoliths from the Onverwacht and Tweefontein ultramafic pipes, eastern Bushveld Complex. Canadian Mineralogist: 40: 481-497. |
| Zaccarini, F., Tredoux, M., Miller, D. E., Garuti, G., Aiglsperger, T., & Proenza, J. A. (2014). The occurrence of platinum-group element and gold minerals in the Bon Accord Ni-oxide body, South Africa. American Mineralogist, 99(8-9), 1774-1782. |
Spain | |
| Gervilla, F., Gutiérrez-Narbona, R., & Fenoll-Hach-Alí, P. (2002). The origin of different types of magmatic mineralizations from small-volume melts in the lherzolite massifs of the Serranía de Ronda. Boletín de la Sociedad Espanola de Mineralogía, 25, 79-96. |
Turkey | |
| Uysal, İ., Tarkian, M., Sadiklar, M. B., Zaccarini, F., Meisel, T., Garuti, G., & Heidrich, S. (2009). Petrology of Al-and Cr-rich ophiolitic chromitites from the Muğla, SW Turkey: implications from composition of chromite, solid inclusions of platinum-group mineral, silicate, and base-metal mineral, and Os-isotope geochemistry. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 158(5), 659-674. |
USA | |
| Howard, 1987. Mineral Species of Arkansas, addenda |
| Min Mag (1997) 61:367-375 |
| Sjoberg, J. and Gomes, J.M. (1980) Platinum-group minerals in California alluvial deposits. US Bureau of Mines, Reno Research Center, unpublished manuscript: 15, figure 1; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 45. |
| Tony Nikischer |
| Alfredo Petrov collection; Excalibur Mineral Co. analyses |
| Sjoberg, J. and Gomes, J.M. (1980) Platinum-group minerals in California alluvial deposits. US Bureau of Mines, Reno Research Center, unpublished manuscript: 15; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 45. |
| Lyon, I.C., Tamana, H., Vaughan, D.J., Criddle, A.J., Saxton, J.M., van Lierde , P. (1997) Techniques and methodology used in a mineralogical and osmium isotope study of platinum group minerals from alluvial deposits in Colombia, California, Oregon and Alaska. Mineralogical Magazine: 61: 367-375. |
Kagawa, Tomamae, Tomamae District, Rumoi Subprefecture, Hokkaidō Prefecture, Japan