Atheneite
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About Atheneite
Formula:
Pd2As0.75Hg0.25
Colour:
Grey
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
5
Specific Gravity:
10.2
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Name:
For the Greek goddess Pallas Athena, in allusion to its palladium content.
Type Locality:
Classification of Atheneite
Approved
2/A.05-10
2.AC.05a
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
A : Alloys
C : Alloys of metalloids with PGE
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
A : Alloys
C : Alloys of metalloids with PGE
2.2.4.1
2 : SULFIDES
2 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 3:1
2 : SULFIDES
2 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 3:1
3.12.26
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
12 : Sulphides etc. of the platinum metals
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
12 : Sulphides etc. of the platinum metals
Pronounciation of Atheneite
Pronounciation:
Play | Recorded by | Country |
---|---|---|
Jolyon & Katya Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Atheneite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Grey
Hardness:
5 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=419 - 442 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Density:
10.2 g/cm3 (Measured) 10.16 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Atheneite
Anisotropism:
Distinct
Reflectivity:
400nm | R1=46.1% | R2= 48.3% |
420nm | R1=47.4% | R2= 49.8% |
440nm | R1=48.5% | R2= 50.9% |
460nm | R1=49.7% | R2= 52.4% |
480nm | R1=50.8% | R2= 53.6% |
500nm | R1=51.9% | R2= 54.8% |
520nm | R1=53.0% | R2= 55.8% |
540nm | R1=54.0% | R2= 56.7% |
560nm | R1=54.8% | R2= 57.3% |
580nm | R1=55.7% | R2= 57.8% |
600nm | R1=56.4% | R2= 58.3% |
620nm | R1=57.0% | R2= 58.5% |
640nm | R1=57.4% | R2= 58.6% |
660nm | R1=57.6% | R2= 58.7% |
680nm | R1=57.9% | R2= 59.0% |
700nm | R1=58.2% | R2= 59.1% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 59.1%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
White with a bluish tint
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
Pale yellow-white to bluish gray-white
Chemical Properties of Atheneite
Formula:
Pd2As0.75Hg0.25
IMA Formula:
Pd2(As0.75Hg0.25)
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Au,Cu,Sb
Crystallography of Atheneite
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6 m2 - Ditrigonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P62m
Setting:
P62m
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.813 Å, c = 3.4892 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.512
Unit Cell V:
140.26 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
Blebs
Comment:
The refinement of an anisotropic model led to an R index of 7.26% for 261 independent reflections
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0017797 | Atheneite | Bindi L (2010) Atheneite, [Pd2][As0.75Hg0.25], from Itabira, Minas Gerais, Brazil: Crystal structure and revision of the chemical formula The Canadian Mineralogist 48 1149-1155 | 2010 | Itabira, Minas Gerais, Brazil | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.423 Å | (vvs) |
2.246 Å | (vs) |
1.871 Å | (ms) |
1.371 Å | (s) |
1.302 Å | (s) |
1.259 Å | (s) |
1.034 Å | (ms) |
Comments:
Itabira, Brazil (ICDD 26-889). Abbreviations: m = medium, s = strong, v = very.
Type Occurrence of Atheneite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
The Natural History Museum, London, England, 1934,72, 1977,259; National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 142504.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Placer
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Atheneite
Other Language Names for Atheneite
Common Associates
Arsenopalladinite | Pd8(As,Sb)3 |
Arsenopalladinite | Pd8(As,Sb)3 |
Hematite | Fe2O3 |
Hematite | Fe2O3 |
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
2.AC. | Törnroosite | Pd11As2Te2 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.AC.05b | Vincentite | Pd3As | Tet. |
2.AC.10c | Arsenopalladinite | Pd8(As,Sb)3 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
2.AC.10b | Mertieite-II | Pd8Sb2.5As0.5 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c |
2.AC.10a | Stillwaterite | Pd8As3 | Trig. |
2.AC.15a | Isomertieite | Pd11Sb2As2 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.AC.15b | Mertieite-I | Pd11(Sb,As)4 | Hex. |
2.AC.15a | Miessiite | Pd11Te2Se2 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
2.AC.20b | Palarstanide | Pd5(Sn,As)2 | Hex. |
2.AC.20a | Stibiopalladinite | Pd5Sb2 | Hex. |
2.AC.20c | Menshikovite | Pd3Ni2As3 | Hex. 6/m : P63/m |
2.AC.25e | Majakite | PdNiAs | Hex. |
2.AC.25a | Palladoarsenide | Pd2As | Mon. 2/m : P2/m |
2.AC.25f | Palladobismutharsenide | Pd2(As,Bi) | Orth. |
2.AC.25c | Palladodymite | (Pd,Rh)2As | Orth. |
2.AC.25b | Rhodarsenide | (Rh,Pd)2As | Orth. |
2.AC.25d | Naldrettite | Pd2Sb | Orth. mm2 : Cmc21 |
2.AC.30 | UM1999-02-As:NiRh | (Rh,Ni)7As4 | |
2.AC.30 | Polkanovite | Rh12As7 | Hex. |
2.AC.35a | Genkinite | (Pt,Pd,Rh)4Sb3 | Tet. 4 2 2 |
2.AC.35b | Ungavaite | Pd4Sb3 | Tet. 4 2 2 : P41 21 2 |
2.AC.40 | Polarite | Pd(Bi,Pb) | Orth. mm2 : Cmc21 |
2.AC.45c | Borishanskiite | Pd1+x(As,Pb)2 , x = 0-0.2 | Orth. mm2 |
2.AC.45a | Froodite | α-PdBi2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
2.AC.45b | Iridarsenite | (Ir,Ru)As2 | Mon. |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
3.12.1 | Seinäjokite | (Fe,Ni)(Sb,As)2 | Orth. |
3.12.2 | Laurite | RuS2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
3.12.3 | Ruthenarsenite | (Ru,Ni)As | Orth. |
3.12.4 | Anduoite | (Ru,Os)As2 | Orth. |
3.12.5 | Ruarsite | (Ru,Os)AsS | Mon. |
3.12.6 | Xingzhongite | Pb2+Ir3+2S4 | Iso. |
3.12.7 | Rhodplumsite | Rh3Pb2S2 | Trig. |
3.12.8 | Cuprorhodsite | (Cu1+0.5Fe3+0.5)Rh3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
3.12.9 | Konderite | Cu3Pb(Rh,Pt,Ir)8S16 | Hex. 6/m : P6/m |
3.12.10 | Bowieite | (Rh,Ir,Pt)2S3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
3.12.11 | Cherepanovite | RhAs | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
3.12.12 | Hollingworthite | (Rh,Pt,Pd)AsS | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) |
3.12.13 | Vysotskite | (Pd,Ni)S | Tet. |
3.12.14 | Vasilite | (Pd,Cu)16(S,Te)7 | Iso. |
3.12.15 | Palladseite | Pd17Se15 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) |
3.12.16 | Oosterboschite | (Pd,Cu)7Se5 | Orth. |
3.12.17 | Telluropalladinite | Pd9Te4 | Mon. |
3.12.18 | Temagamite | Pd3HgTe3 | Trig. 3m : P3m1 |
3.12.19 | Sopcheite | Ag4Pd3Te4 | Orth. |
3.12.20 | Michenerite | PdBiTe | Iso. 2 3 : P21 3 |
3.12.21 | Kotulskite | Pd(Te,Bi)2-x (x ≈ 0.4) | Hex. |
3.12.22 | Telargpalite | (Pd,Ag)3(Te,Bi) | Iso. |
3.12.23 | Merenskyite | PdTe2 | Trig. 3m : P3m1 |
3.12.24 | Palladoarsenide | Pd2As | Mon. 2/m : P2/m |
3.12.25 | Stillwaterite | Pd8As3 | Trig. |
3.12.27 | Majakite | PdNiAs | Hex. |
3.12.28 | Palarstanide | Pd5(Sn,As)2 | Hex. |
3.12.29 | Arsenopalladinite | Pd8(As,Sb)3 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
3.12.30 | Vincentite | Pd3As | Tet. |
3.12.31 | Palladobismutharsenide | Pd2(As,Bi) | Orth. |
3.12.32 | Stibiopalladinite | Pd5Sb2 | Hex. |
3.12.33 | Hexatestibiopanickelite | (Pd,Ni)(Sb,Te) | Hex. |
3.12.34 | Sudburyite | PdSb | Hex. |
3.12.35 | Testibiopalladite | PdTe(Sb,Te) | Iso. |
3.12.36 | Borovskite | Pd3SbTe4 | Iso. |
3.12.37 | Isomertieite | Pd11Sb2As2 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
3.12.38 | Mertieite-I | Pd11(Sb,As)4 | Hex. |
3.12.39 | Mertieite-II | Pd8Sb2.5As0.5 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c |
3.12.40 | Sobolevskite | PdBi | Hex. |
3.12.41 | Froodite | α-PdBi2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
3.12.42 | Polarite | Pd(Bi,Pb) | Orth. mm2 : Cmc21 |
3.12.43 | Urvantsevite | Pd(Bi,Pb)2 | Tet. |
3.12.44 | Cooperite | PtS | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mmc |
3.12.45 | Braggite | (Pt,Pd,Ni)S | Tet. |
3.12.46 | Kharaelakhite | (Cu,Pt,Pb,Fe,Ni)9S8 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pmmm |
3.12.47 | Malanite | Cu1+(Ir3+Pt4+)S4 | Iso. |
3.12.48 | Moncheite | (Pt,Pd)(Te,Bi)2 | Trig. |
3.12.49 | Maslovite | PtBiTe | Iso. 2 3 : P21 3 |
3.12.50 | Sperrylite | PtAs2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
3.12.51 | Platarsite | PtAsS | Iso. |
3.12.52 | Geversite | PtSb2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
3.12.53 | Daomanite | CuPtAsS2 | Orth. |
3.12.54 | Genkinite | (Pt,Pd,Rh)4Sb3 | Tet. 4 2 2 |
3.12.55 | Stumpflite | PtSb | Hex. |
3.12.56 | Insizwaite | Pt(Bi,Sb)2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
3.12.57 | Erlichmanite | OsS2 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3 |
3.12.58 | Omeiite | (Os,Ru)As2 | Orth. |
3.12.59 | Osarsite | (Os,Ru)AsS | Mon. |
3.12.60 | Kashinite | (Ir,Rh)2S3 | Orth. |
3.12.61 | Inaglyite | Cu3Pb(Ir,Pt)8S16 | Hex. |
3.12.62 | Cuproiridsite | (Cu,Fe)Ir2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
3.12.63 | Iridarsenite | (Ir,Ru)As2 | Mon. |
3.12.64 | Irarsite | (Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS | Iso. |
3.12.65 | Tolovkite | IrSbS | Iso. |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Atheneite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
American Mineralogist: 59: 1330.
Clark, A.M., Criddle, A.J. and Fejer, E.E. (1974): Palladium arsenide–antimonides from Itabira, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mineralogical Magazine: 39: 528-543.
Cabral, A.R., Lehmann, B., Kwitko-Ribeiro, R. and Cravo Costa, C.H. (2002): Palladium and platinum minerals from the Serra Pelada Au–Pd–Pt deposit, Carajás mineral province, northern Brazil. Canadian Mineralogist, 40, 1451–1463.
Bindi, L. (2010): Atheneite, [Pd2][As0.75Hg0.25], from Itabira, Minas Gerais, Brazil: crystal structure and revision of the chemical formula. Canadian Mineralogist, 48, 1149-1155.
Internet Links for Atheneite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-409.html
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Localities for Atheneite
Locality List




All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Barnes, S. J., 1993 Partitioning of the Platinum Group Elements and Gold Between Silicate and Sulphide Magmas in the Munni Munni Complex, Western Australia Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Volume 57, p. 1277 - 1290; HOATSON,DM, WALLACE,DA, SUN,S-S, MACIAS,LF, SIMPSON,CJ and KEAYS,RR (1992) Petrology and platinum-group-element geochemistry of Archaean layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions, west Pilbara block, Western Australia. AGSO Bull. 242, 319pp. plus map. |
Brazil | |
| Handbook of Mineralogy |
Clark, A.M., Criddle, A.J., Fejer, E.E. (1974) Palladium arsenide-antimonides from habira, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mineralogical Magazine: 39(305): 528-543. | |
Kwitko, R., Cabral, A.R., Lehmann, B., Laflamme, J.G., Cabri, L.J., Criddle, A.J., Galbiatti, H.F. (2002) Hongshiite, PtCu, from itabirite-hosted Au–Pd–Pt mineralization (jacutinga), Itabira district, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The Canadian Mineralogist: 40(2): 711-723. | |
| Villas, R.N., and Dias Santos, M. (2001): Mineralium Deposita 36, 300-331; Cabral, A. R. (2006). Palladiferous gold mineralisation (ouro preto) in Brazil: Gongo Soco, Itabira and Serra Pelada. Sonderhefte Reihe D - Geol. Jahrb., Heft 8; Cabral, A.R., Lehmann, B., Kwitko-Ribeiro, R., Cravo Costa, C.H. (2002): Palladium and platinum minerals from the Serra Pelada Au-Pd-Pt deposit, Carajás Mineral Province, Northern Brazil. Can. Mineral.: 40(5): 1451-1463 |
Canada | |
| Musa Karkus (2010) |
Pakistan | |
| Miller, D., & Loucks, R. R. (1991). Platinum-group Element Mineralization in the Jijal Layered Ultramafic-mafic Complex, Pakistani Himalayas. Economic Geology, 86:1093-1102. |
Russia | |
| Handbook of Mineralogy |
| P.M. Kartashov data; Moralev, G. V., Borisov, A. V., Surenkov, S. V., Nagaeva, S. P., Tarbaev, M. B., Kuznetsov, S. K., ... & Soboleva, A. A. (2005). Distribution and modes of occurrence of REE at the Chudnoe and Nesterovskoe occurrences of Au-Pd-REE ore mineralization in the Maldynyrd Range, Nether-Polar Urals. Geochemistry International, 43(11), 1078-1097. |
Moralev, G. V., Borisov, A. V., Surenkov, S. V., Nagaeva, S. P., Tarbaev, M. B., Kuznetsov, S. K., ... & Soboleva, A. A. (2005). Distribution and modes of occurrence of REE at the Chudnoe and Nesterovskoe occurrences of Au-Pd-REE ore mineralization in the Maldynyrd Range, Nether-Polar Urals. Geochemistry International, 43(11), 1078-1097. | |
| Groshev, N.Y.; Rundkvist, T.V.; Karykowski, B.T.; Maier, W.D.; Korchagin, A.U.; Ivanov, A.N.; Junge, M. (2019) Low-Sulfide Platinum–Palladium Deposits of the Paleoproterozoic Fedorova–Pana Layered Complex, Kola Region, Russia. Minerals 9, 764. |
| Chashchin, V. V., Petrov, S. V., & Drogobuzhskaya, S. V. (2018). Loypishnyun Low-Sulfide Pt–Pd Deposit of the Monchetundra Basic Massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Geology of Ore Deposits, 60(5), 418-448. |
Chashchin, V. V., & Petrov, S. V. (2013). Low-sulfide PGE ore in the Volchetundra gabbro-anorthosite pluton, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Geology of Ore Deposits, 55(5), 357-382. | |
Chashchin, V. V., & Petrov, S. V. (2013). Low-sulfide PGE ore in the Volchetundra gabbro-anorthosite pluton, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Geology of Ore Deposits, 55(5), 357-382. | |
| Rudashevskiy N.S., Krecer D.A., Orsoev D.A., Kislov E.V. (2003) Palladium-platinum mineralization in vein Cu-Ni-ores of Yoko-Dovyrenskiy laiered massif, - DAN, 391(4), p. 519-522 (in Rus.) |
South Africa | |
| The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 43, pp. 1711-1734 (2005) |
| Handbook of Mineralogy |
Zimbabwe | |
| Oberthür, T., Weiser, T. W., Gast, L., & Kojonen, K. (2003). Geochemistry and mineralogy of platinum-group elements at Hartley Platinum Mine, Zimbabwe. Mineralium Deposita, 38(3), 327-343. |
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Itabira, Minas Gerais, Brazil