Wüstite
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About Wüstite
Formula:
FeO
Colour:
Black
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
5 - 5½
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
Named after Ewald Wüst (1875-1934), geologist and palaeontologist, University of Kiel (Germany).
Classification of Wüstite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
4/A.04-20
4.AB.25
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
A : Metal: Oxygen = 2:1 and 1:1
B : M:O = 1:1 (and up to 1:1.25); with small to medium-sized cations only
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
A : Metal: Oxygen = 2:1 and 1:1
B : M:O = 1:1 (and up to 1:1.25); with small to medium-sized cations only
4.2.1.6
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
2 : AX
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
2 : AX
7.20.1
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
20 : Oxides of Fe
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
20 : Oxides of Fe
Physical Properties of Wüstite
Chemical Properties of Wüstite
Formula:
FeO
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Wüstite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fm3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.296 Å
Unit Cell V:
79.29 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Comment:
Modulated structure.
Type Occurrence of Wüstite
Synonyms of Wüstite
Other Language Names for Wüstite
Varieties of Wüstite
Magnesiowüstite | Fe-bearing variety of periclase. Used synonymously with ferropericlase. |
Relationship of Wüstite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Bunsenite | NiO | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
Manganosite | MnO | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
Periclase | MgO | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
7 photos of Wüstite associated with Kamacite | (Fe,Ni) |
3 photos of Wüstite associated with Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
2 photos of Wüstite associated with Schreibersite | (Fe,Ni)3P |
2 photos of Wüstite associated with Taenite | (Fe,Ni) |
1 photo of Wüstite associated with Iron | Fe |
1 photo of Wüstite associated with Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
1 photo of Wüstite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
1 photo of Wüstite associated with Aragonite | CaCO3 |
1 photo of Wüstite associated with Elyite | Pb4Cu(SO4)O2(OH)4 · H2O |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
4.AB. | Carbon Monoxide Ice | CO | |
4.AB.05 | Crednerite | CuMnO2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
4.AB.10 | Tenorite | CuO | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
4.AB.15 | Delafossite | CuFeO2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) |
4.AB.15 | Mcconnellite | CuCrO2 | Trig. |
4.AB.20 | Bromellite | BeO | Hex. 6mm : P63mc |
4.AB.20 | Zincite | ZnO | Hex. 6mm : P63mc |
4.AB.25 | Bunsenite | NiO | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
4.AB.25 | Lime | CaO | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) |
4.AB.25 | Manganosite | MnO | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
4.AB.25 | Monteponite | CdO | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
4.AB.25 | Periclase | MgO | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
4.AB.30 | Palladinite | PdO | Tet. |
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)
4.2.1.1 | Periclase | MgO | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
4.2.1.2 | Bunsenite | NiO | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
4.2.1.3 | Manganosite | MnO | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
4.2.1.4 | Monteponite | CdO | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
4.2.1.5 | Lime | CaO | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) |
4.2.1.7 | Hongquiite | TiO |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
7.20.2 | Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
7.20.3 | Maghemite | (Fe3+0.67◻0.33)Fe3+2O4 | Iso. 4 3 2 : P41 3 2 |
7.20.4 | Hematite | Fe2O3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c |
7.20.5 | Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
7.20.6 | Akaganeite | (Fe3+,Ni2+)8(OH,O)16Cl1.25 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m |
7.20.7 | Feroxyhyte | Fe3+O(OH) | Hex. |
7.20.8 | Lepidocrocite | γ-Fe3+O(OH) | Orth. mm2 : Cmc21 |
7.20.9 | Ferrihydrite | Fe3+10O14(OH)2 | Trig. |
7.20.10 | Amakinite | Fe2+(OH)2 | Trig. |
7.20.11 | Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
7.20.12 | Muskoxite | Mg7Fe4O13 · 10H2O | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) |
7.20.13 | Srebrodolskite | Ca2Fe3+2O5 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
7.20.14 | Hercynite | Fe2+Al2O4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
7.20.15 | Brownmillerite | Ca2(Al,Fe3+)2O5 | Orth. mm2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Wüstite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Brun (1924) Arch. sc. phys. nat.: 6: 253 (as Iozite).
Brun (1924) C.R. soc. phys. hist. nat. Genève: 41: 94.
Brun (1924) Schweiz. min. Mitt.: 4: 355.
Palache, C., Berman, H., Frondel, C. (1944) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 503 (as Iozite).
Walenta, K. (1960) Natürliches Eisen(II)-Oxyd (Wüstit) aus der vulkanischen Tuffbreccie von Scharnhausen bei Stuttgart. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte: 150-159 (in German with English abstract).
Chandy, K.C. (1965) Short communications: An occurrence of wüstite. Mineralogical Magazine: 35: 664-666.
Yamamoto, A. (1982) Modulated structure of wüstite (Fe1-xO) (three-dimensional modulation). Acta Crystallographica: B38: 1451-1456.
Hazen, R.M., Jeanloz, R. (1984) Wüstite (Fe1-xO): a review of its defect structure and physical properties. Reviews of Geophysics: 22: 37-46.
Stølen, S., Glöckner, R., Grønvold, F., Atake, T., Izumisawa, S. (1996) Heat capacity and nearly stoichiometric wüstite from 13 to 450 K. American Mineralogist: 81: 973-981.
de Faria, D.L.A., Silva, S.V., de Oliveira, M.T. (1997): Raman microspectroscopy of some iron oxides and oxyhydroxides. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 28, 873-878.
Hanesch, M. (2009): Raman spectroscopy of iron oxides and (oxy)hydroxides at low laser power and possible applications in environmental magnetic studies. Geophys. J. Int. 177, 941-948.
Welberry, T.R., Goossens, D.J., Heerdegen, A.P. (2014) Local order in wüstite using a pair distribution function (PDF) approach. Mineralogical Magazine: 78: 373-385.
Internet Links for Wüstite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4316.html
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Localities for Wüstite
Locality List




All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Merkel, S., Bräutigam, B., Klein, S., & Hauptmann, A. (2013). The Analysis of Slag from the Panjhır Mining Region, Afghanistan: An Investigation of (Medieval) Silver Production Technology. Archäologische Mitteilungen, 45, 231-250. |
Algeria | |
| Buchwald, V. F. (1975) Handbook of Iron Meteorites, vol 2: 632-634. University of California Press. |
Antarctica | |
| Kimura, M. & Ikeda, Y. (1992). Mineralogy and Petrology of an unusual Belgica-7904 Carbonaceous Chondrite: Genetic Relationships among the Components. Proc. NIPR Symp. Antarct. Meteorites 5: 74-119. (March 1992) |
Argentina | |
| http://rruff.info/doclib/hom/wustite.pdf |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Bortnikov, N. S., Vikentyev, I. V., Apollonov, V. N., Stavrova, O. O., Bogdanov, Y. A., Lein, A. Y., ... & Ikorskii, S. V. (2001). The Rainbow serpentinite-related hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 36 14′ N: mineralogical and geochemical features. In Proc. Joint Sixth Meeting. Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21st Century, Krakow, 26–29 August (pp. 265-268). |
Australia | |
| Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIV (2003); American Mineralogist, Volume 84, pages 267–271, 1999 |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch, U., Brandstätter, F., Schreiber, F., Fink, R. & Auer, C. (2013): Die Mineralogie der weltweit einzigartigen Schlacken von Waitschach, Kärnten. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 115, 19-87 (in German). |
| peter neschen collection |
Azerbaijan | |
| Novgorodova M.I., Mamedov Yu.G.. Native aluminium from mud volcano at the Bulla island (caspian Sea), - Lithology and Mineral Resourses,1996,N4,p. 339-349 |
| Buchwald, V. F. (1975) Handbook of Iron Meteorites, vol 3. University of California Press. |
Brazil | |
| Kaminsky, F. V., Wirth, R., & Schreiber, A. (2015). A microinclusion of lower-mantle rock and other mineral and nitrogen lower-mantle inclusions in a diamond. The Canadian Mineralogist, 53(1), 83-104.; Kaminsky, F. V., Ryabchikov, I. D., & Wirth, R. (2015). A primary natrocarbonatitic association in the Deep Earth. Mineralogy and Petrology, 1-12.; Kaminsky, F.V., Wirth, R., Schreiber, A. (2015): A microinclusion of lower-mantle rock and other minerals and nitrogen lower-mantle inclusions in a diamond. Canadian Mineralogist: 53(1): 83-104 |
Burkina Faso | |
| Buchwald, V. F. (1975) Handbook of Iron Meteorites. University of California Press. 1418 pages. |
China | |
| Kuiren Wang (1987): Acta Mineralogica Sinica 7(2), 107-112 |
| Zuxiang Yu (1984): Acta Petrologica Mineralogica et Analytica 3(3), 231-240 |
| [AmMin 85:1564] |
| Jingsui Yang, Zhiqin Xu, Wenji Bai, Qingsong Fang, and Zhongming Zhang (2006): 3rd Annual Meeting of the Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS), July 10-14, 2006, Abstract 59-SE-A0643. |
| Sharp, T. G., Chen, M., & El Goresy, A. (1996) Microstructures of High-Pressure Minerals in Shocked Chondrites: Constraints on the Duration of Shock Events. Journal: Meteoritics & Planetary Science, vol. 31, page A127 |
| Wenji Bai, Jingsui Yang, Qingsong Fang, Binggan Yan, and Zhongming Zhang (2001): Earth Science Frontiers 8(3), 111-121 |
| Xiangzhen, X., Jingsui, Y., Songyong, C., Qingsong, F., Wenji, B., & Dengzhu, B. (2009). Unusual mantle mineral group from chromitite ore body Cr-11 in Luobusa ophiolite of Yarlung-Zangbo suture zone, Tibet. Journal of Earth Science, 20(2), 284-302. |
| Yongheng Chen and Daode Wang (1989): Acta Mineralogica Sinica 9(2), 119-125 |
Croatia | |
| Buchwald, V. F. (1975) Handbook of Iron Meteorites. University of California Press. 1418 pages. |
Czech Republic | |
| Janíčková, K., Dolníček, Z., Malý, K. (2012) Fázové složení strusek po tavbě stříbrných rud na Havlíčkobrodsku [Phase composition of slags produced by silver metallurgy in the Havlíčkův Brod Ore District]. Geologické výzkumy na Moravě a ve Slezsku, 19(1-2), 186-189. |
| Pauliš P. Mineralogické lokality okolí Kutné Hory. Kuttna, Kutná Hora 1999. ISBN 80-902719-0-1. |
| Buchwald, V. F. (1975) Handbook of Iron Meteorites. University of California Press. 1418 pages. |
| Seifert, W.; Thomas, R.; Rhede, D.; Förster, H.-J. (2010): Origin of coexisting wustite, MgFe and REE phosphate minerals in graphite-bearing fluorapatite from the Rumburk granite. European Journal of Mineralogy 22, 495-507. |
Denmark | |
| Ulff-Møller, F. (1985): Solidification History of the KitdlÎt Lens: Immiscible Metal and Sulphide Liquids from a Basaltic Dyke on Disko, Central West Greenland Journal of Petrology. 26,64-91. |
Estonia | |
| Marini, F., Raukas, A., & Tiirmaa, R. (2004). Magnetic fines from the Kaali impact-site (Holocene, Estonia): Preliminary SEM investigation. Geochemical Journal, 38(2), 107-120. |
France | |
| Vernay, R. (1997): Le Crozet (Loire, France). Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, 55(1), 9-22. |
| Germain C., Leydet J-C., Saget Ph. (1990), Les minéraux de néoformation de Huelgoat (Finistère), Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, n°3, 3-16 |
| Ambert, P., Balestro, F., Laroche, M., Figueroa, V. and Rovira, S. (2014) Technological aspects of the earliest metallurgy in France: ‘furnaces’ and slags from La Capitelle du Broum (Péret, France). Historical Metallurgy 47(1), 60-74. |
| No reference listed |
Germany | |
| K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992 |
| Walenta, K.: Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte (1960): 150-159. |
| Buchwald, V. F. (1975) Handbook of Iron Meteorites. University of California Press. 1418 pages. |
| Bender, D. and Krimmelbein, W. (1994) Aktuelle Übersicht: Mineralien der Zinkhütte Genna/Sauerland. Stand Juni 1994. Mineralien-Welt, 4/94, 10.; http://www.mg-mineralien-fossilien.de/?Rpage=sauerland/?Rpage=letmathe1.html |
| A. Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", Schweizerbart (Stuttgart), 2001 |
Greece | |
| Stephan Wolfsried specimen |
India | |
| Buchwald, V. F. (1975) Handbook of Iron Meteorites. University of California Press. 1418 pages. |
| Buchwald, V. F. (1975) Handbook of Iron Meteorites. vol 3: University of California Press. 1418 pages. |
| Buchwald, V. F. (1975) Handbook of Iron Meteorites. University of California Press. 1418 pages. |
| Bapna, V. S., Sharma, P. N., Sathe, M. D., Mathur, K. N. & Dwivedi, G. L. (1991) The Raghunathpura iron meteorite from Alwar, India: Meteoritics 26 (1): 65-67. (March 1991) |
Italy | |
| Gordon, J. (2004): Mineral notes from Italy: Servette Mine and Strahlers' Display. Bulletin of the Mineralogical Society of Southern California, 74, 12; http://www.mineralsocal.org/bulletin/2004/2004_dec.htm; Tumiati, S., Casartelli, P., Mambretti, A., Martin, S., Frizzo, P., Rottoli, M. (2005): The ancient mine of Servette (Saint-Marcel, Val d' Aosta, western Italian Alps): A mineralogical, metallurgical and charcoal analysis of furnace slags. Archaeometry, 47, 317-340. |
| E. K. Zinner, C. Caillet & A. El Goresy (1991). Evidence for extraneous origin of a magnesiowüstite-metal Fremdling from the Vigarano CV3 chondrite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 102, #33-34, 252-264. |
| Franzini, M., Perchiazzi, N. (1992): I minerali delle scorie ferrifere etrusche di Baratti (Livorno). Atti della Società Toscana di Scienze Naturali, Memorie, Serie A, 99, 43-77; Franzini, M., Perchiazzi, N., Bartoli, M.L., Chiappino, L. (1992): Baratti (LI): una nuova località mineralogica italiana analoga al Laurion. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 15, 1 (1-1992), 1-14 [1a parte]; Benvenuti, M., Mascaro, I., Costagliola, P., Tanelli, G., Romualdi, A. (2000): Iron, copper and tin at Baratti (Populonia): smelting processes and metal provenances. Historical Metallurgy, 34, 2, 67-76. |
| Carapezza, M., Nuccio, P.M. & Valenza, M. (1975) Piancaldoli meteorite: chemistry and mineralogy: Meteoritics 10: p.379. (Dec 1975). |
Libya | |
| Masaaki Miyahara1, Eiji Ohtani, Shin Ozawa, Makoto Kimura, Ahmed El Goresy, Takeshi Sakai1, Toshiro Nagase1, Kenji Hiraga, Naohisa Hirao, Yasuo Ohishi (2011) Dissociation of olivine to silicate-perovskite and magesiowustite in the shocked Martian meteorite DaG 735. Japan Geooscience Union Meeting Makuhari, Chiba Japan. |
Mexico | |
| Buchwald, V. F. (1975) Handbook of Iron Meteorites. University of California Press. 1418 pages. |
| Handbook of Iron Meteorites, vol 2: 808—813. University of California Press. |
Morocco | |
| Ma, C., Tschauner, O., Liu, Y., Beckett, J. R., Rossman, G. R., Zuravlev, K., ... & Taylor, L. A. (2014, March). Discovery of Ahrensite gamma-Fe2SiO4 and Tissintite (Ca, Na, □) AlSi2O6: Two New High Pressure Minerals from the Tissint Martian Meteorite. In Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (Vol. 45, p. 1222). |
Myanmar | |
| Shi, G. H., Zhu, X. K., Deng, J., Mao, Q., Liu, Y. X., & Li, G. W. (2011). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 75(6), 1608-1620 |
Shi, G.-H., Zhu, X.-K., Deng, J., Mao, Q., Liu, Y.-X, & Li, G.-W. (2011). Spherules with pure iron cores from Myanmar jadeitite: Type-I deep-sea spherules? Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 75, 1608-1620. | |
Namibia | |
| Ettler, V., Johan, Z., Kříbek, B., Šebek, O. & Mihaljevič, M. (2009): Mineralogy and environmental stability of slags from the Tsumeb smelter, Namibia. Applied Geochemistry 24, 1-15. |
Oman | |
| D.D. Badjukov et al. , Lunar and Planetary Science, XXXVI (2005), 1684.pdf |
Pakistan | |
| Buchwald, V. F. (1975) Handbook of Iron Meteorites. University of California Press. 1418 pages. |
Poland | |
| Ref.: Kucha H., Jędrzejczyk B. 1995: Primary minerals of mining and metallurgical Zn-Pb dumps at Bukowno, Poland, and their stability during weathering. Mineralogia Polonica, vol. 26, No 2, 75-99 |
Portugal | |
| Buchwald, V. F. (1975) Handbook of Iron Meteorites, vol 2. University of California Press. |
Romania | |
| Hirtopanu, P. (2006). One hundred minerals for one hundred years (dedicated to the Centennial of the Geological Institute of Romania). In 3rd Conference on Mineral Sciences in the Carpathians, Miskolc Hungary. Acta Mineralogica–Petrographica, Abstract series (Vol. 5, p. 86). |
| http://minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu; Hîrtopanu, P. (2006) One Hundred Minerals For One Hundred Years (dedicated To The Centennial Of The Geological Institute Of Romania) Acta Mineralogica-Petrographica, Abstract Series 5, Szeged, p38; Hirtopanu, P. (2006). One hundred minerals for one hundred years (dedicated to the Centennial of the Geological Institute of Romania). In 3rd Conference on Mineral Sciences in the Carpathians, Miskolc Hungary. Acta Mineralogica–Petrographica, Abstract series (Vol. 5, p. 86). |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov, B., Kotrly, M. and Nisanbajev, T. (1998): Brennende Abraumhalden und Aufschlüsse im Tscheljabinsker Kohlenbecken - eine reiche Mineralienküche. Mineralien-Welt, 9 (3), 54-63 (in German). |
| L. N. Novoselova, A. Yu. Lyul (1986) Geochemical characteristics of iron silicides from Lower Cambrian reefal limestones, Krasnoyarsk. International Geology Review 28:114-118 |
| P.M. Kartashov data |
| Pavel M. Kartashov data |
| Buchwald, V. F. (1975) Handbook of Iron Meteorites. University of California Press. 1418 pages. |
| Pavel M. Kartashov data |
| www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2003/pdf/5072.pdf. |
| [World of Stones 12:49] |
| Skvortsova V, Samoylovich M, Belyanin A (2014) Iron containing surfaces of contact of diamond with kimberlite. 21 st meeting of the International Mineralogical Association. |
| 6th orogenic lherzolite conference 2014 Morocco; Yang, J., Meng, F., Xu, X., Robinson, P. T., Dilek, Y., Makeyev, A. B., ... & Cliff, J. (2015). Diamonds, native elements and metal alloys from chromitites of the Ray-Iz ophiolite of the Polar Urals. Gondwana Research, 27(2), 459-485. |
Sierra Leone | |
| Haggerty, S. E., Hargraves, R. B., & Tompkins, L. A. (1990). Oxide mineralogy and magnetic properties of the Koidu kimberlite complex, Sierra Leone, west Africa. Geophysical Journal International, 100(2), 275-283. |
South Africa | |
| Buchwald, V. F. (1975) Handbook of Iron Meteorites. University of California Press. 1418 pages. |
| Minerals of South Africa |
Spain | |
| Groznova M.V., Kogarko L.N.. Senin V.G. (2001) Mineral composition of silicocarbonatites from Fuertaventura Island. in Abstracts – GEODE field workshop 8-12th July 2001 on ilmenite deposits in the Rogaland anorthosite province, S. Norway. |
Sudan | |
| Mariam Horstmann, M. Humayun, D. Harries, F. Langenhorst, N. L. Chabot & Addi Bischoff (2012). 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, held March 19-23, 2012 at The Woodlands, Texas. LPI Contribution No. 1659, id.1876. |
Turkey | |
| Buchwald, V. F. (1975) Handbook of Iron Meteorites. University of California Press. 1418 pages.; http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10524/35874/vol3-Ri-Ro(LO).pdf#page=14 |
UK | |
| Buchwald, V. F. (1975) Handbook of Iron Meteorites. University of California Press. 1418 pages.; http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10524/35874/vol3-Ri-Ro(LO).pdf#page=14 |
USA | |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 129, 273, 427. |
| Buchwald, V. F. (1975) Handbook of Iron Meteorites. University of California Press. 1418 pages. |
| Buchwald, V. F. (1975) Handbook of Iron Meteorites. University of California Press. 3 volumes, 1418 pages. |
| Kaplan, Jenna(2016) "Mineralogy and environmental geochemistry of slag in Lower Area One, Butte, Montana." |
| Smith and Barnes (2011) Pennsylvania Geology v. 41, no. 3/4. |
| Smith and Barnes (2011) Pennsylvania Geology Fall/Winter 2011 |
The Moon | Frondel, J.W. (2009) Lunar Mineralogy, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 332 pages. |
Sikhote-Alin meteorite, Paseka, Primorsky Krai, Russia