Grootfonteinite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Grootfonteinite
Formula:
Pb3O(CO3)2
Colour:
Colorless
Lustre:
Adamantine
Hardness:
2
Specific Gravity:
6.856 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Name:
Named after the Grootfontein district, that includes the type locality.
Structurally related to hydrocerussite and plumbonacrite. Chemically related to shannonite and UM1995-03-CO:Pb.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
46809
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:46809:7
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
292b2e90-655a-4722-b354-690ba751dfe6
IMA Classification of Grootfonteinite
Approved
Approval year:
2015
First published:
2018
Type description reference:
Siidra, Oleg I., Jonsson, Erik, Chukanov, Nikita V., Nekrasova, Diana O., Pekov, Igor V., Depmeier, Wulf, Polekhovsky, Yury S., Yapaskurt, Vasiliy O. (2018) Grootfonteinite, Pb3O(CO3)2, a new mineral species from the Kombat Mine, Namibia, merotypically related to hydrocerussite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 30 (2) 383-391 doi:10.1127/ejm/2018/0030-2723
Classification of Grootfonteinite
5.BE.40
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
E : With Pb, Bi
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
E : With Pb, Bi
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Gtf | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Grootfonteinite
Adamantine
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colorless
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN20=48.7 - 66.1 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
(0 0 1)
(0 0 1)
Parting:
Not observed
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
6.856 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Could not be measured
Optical Data of Grootfonteinite
Anisotropism:
Weak, ΔR(589nm)=2.1%, masked by internal reflections
Bireflectance:
Very weak
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R1 | R2 |
---|---|---|
400nm | 11.7% | 13.9% |
420nm | 11.4% | 13.6% |
440nm | 11.1% | 13.3% |
460nm | 10.9% | 13.1% |
470nm | 10.8% | 13.0% |
480nm | 10.7% | 12.9% |
500nm | 10.6% | 12.8% |
520nm | 10.5% | 12.7% |
540nm | 10.5% | 12.6% |
546nm | 10.5% | 12.6% |
560nm | 10.4% | 12.6% |
580nm | 10.4% | 12.5% |
589nm | 10.3% | 12.5% |
600nm | 10.3% | 12.4% |
620nm | 10.3% | 12.4% |
640nm | 10.2% | 12.3% |
650nm | 10.2% | 12.3% |
660nm | 10.2% | 12.2% |
680nm | 10.2% | 12.2% |
700nm | 10.2% | 12.1% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 13.9%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
Grey
Internal Reflections:
White
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Grootfonteinite
Mindat Formula:
Pb3O(CO3)2
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Grootfonteinite
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6mm - Dihexagonal Pyramidal
Space Group:
P63mc
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.303(1) Å, c = 13.770(2) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.597
Unit Cell V:
334.88 ų
Z:
2
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
4.353 Å | (9) |
3.441 Å | (8) |
3.244 Å | (100) |
2.652 Å | (30) |
2.627 Å | (12) |
2.294 Å | (21) |
2.267 Å | (5) |
2.053 Å | (39) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] |
Type Occurrence of Grootfonteinite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Platy grains up to 1 mm across and up to 0.2 mm thick.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Cotype material is deposited in the mineralogical collections of the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden, catalogue number 20080176.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Complex, banded assemblage from a Mn(-Fe) oxide ore unit. May have formed by regional metamorphism of a primary, Pb-Mn-(As-Ba)-rich, chemically heterogeneous, volcanic-hydrothermal assemblage.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Siidra, O.I., Jonsson, E., Chukanov, N.V., Nekrasova, D.O., Pekov, I.V., Depmeier, W., Polekhovsky, Y.S., Yapaskurt, V.O. (2018) Grootfonteinite, Pb3O(CO3)2, a new mineral species from the Kombat Mine, Namibia, merotypically related to hydrocerussite. European Journal of Mineralogy: 30(2): 383-391.
Synonyms of Grootfonteinite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
5.BE.X | Abellaite | NaPb2(CO3)2(OH) |
5.BE.05 | Shannonite | Pb2O(CO3) |
5.BE.10 | Hydrocerussite | Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
5.BE.15 | Plumbonacrite | Pb5O(OH)2(CO3)3 |
5.BE.20 | Phosgenite | Pb2CO3Cl2 |
5.BE.25 | Bismutite | (BiO)2CO3 |
5.BE.30 | Kettnerite | CaBiCO3OF |
5.BE.35 | Beyerite | Ca(BiO)2(CO3)2 |
5.BE.45 | Somersetite | Pb8O2(OH)2(CO3)5 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Grootfonteinite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-46809.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Grootfonteinite
Reference List:
Hålenius, U., Hatert, F., Pasero, M., Mills, S. J. (2015) New minerals and nomenclature modifications approved in 2015, CNMNC Newsletter No 27. Mineralogical Magazine, 79 (5) 1223-1230 doi:10.1180/minmag.2015.079.5.16
Siidra, Oleg I., Jonsson, Erik, Chukanov, Nikita V., Nekrasova, Diana O., Pekov, Igor V., Depmeier, Wulf, Polekhovsky, Yury S., Yapaskurt, Vasiliy O. (2018) Grootfonteinite, Pb3O(CO3)2, a new mineral species from the Kombat Mine, Namibia, merotypically related to hydrocerussite. European Journal of Mineralogy, 30 (2) 383-391 doi:10.1127/ejm/2018/0030-2723
Siidra, Oleg, Nekrasova, Diana, Depmeier, Wulf, Chukanov, Nikita, Zaitsev, Anatoly, Turner, Rick (2018) Hydrocerussite-related minerals and materials: structural principles, chemical variations and infrared spectroscopy. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials, 74 (2). 182-195 doi:10.1107/s2052520618000768
Localities for Grootfonteinite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Namibia (TL) | |
| Hålenius et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
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Kombat Mine, Kombat, Otavi Constituency, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia