Biotite
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Jean Baptiste Biot [April 21, 1774 Paris, France - February 3, 1862 Paris, France]
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1847 by Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hausmann in honour of the French physicist, mathematician, meteoriticist, astronomer, and mineralogist, Jean-Baptiste Biot [April 21, 1774, Paris, France - February 3, 1862, Paris, France], who studied the optical properties of the micas. Biot and his associate, Félix Savart, discovered that an electric current in a wire produced a magnetic field. Biot received many awards in his lifetime in recognition of the value of his scientific researches.
A series or subgroup of the Mica Group.
The CNMMN Subcommittee on Nomenclature of the Micas (1998, 1999) has recommended that the name biotite be used for a series between the joins Annite-Phlogopite and Siderophyllite-Eastonite, and is therefore no longer to be regarded as a species name. Fluorophlogopite and Fluorotetraferriphlogopite should be included. The name is most commonly used for the micas on the Fe-rich end of the series, including Annite, Fluorannite, Tetra-ferri-annite and Siderophyllite.
The name "biotite" is also used as a generic field term for any incompletely analysed dark mica.
The CNMMN Subcommittee on Nomenclature of the Micas (1998, 1999) has recommended that the name biotite be used for a series between the joins Annite-Phlogopite and Siderophyllite-Eastonite, and is therefore no longer to be regarded as a species name. Fluorophlogopite and Fluorotetraferriphlogopite should be included. The name is most commonly used for the micas on the Fe-rich end of the series, including Annite, Fluorannite, Tetra-ferri-annite and Siderophyllite.
The name "biotite" is also used as a generic field term for any incompletely analysed dark mica.
Classification of Biotite
Notes:
Redefined by the IMA
Pronounciation of Biotite
Pronounciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon & Katya Ralph | United Kingdom |
Age information
Age range:
Paleoarchean to Quaternary : 3366 Ma to 1.34 ± 0.05 Ma - based on data given below.
Sample ages:
| Sample ID | Recorded age | Geologic Time | Dating method |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1.34 ± 0.05 Ma | Pleistocene | K-Ar |
| 2 | 16.2 ± 0.4 Ma | Miocene | K-Ar |
| 3 | 20.4 ± 0.6 Ma | Miocene | K-Ar |
| 4 | 25.2 ± 0.8 Ma | Oligocene | K-Ar |
| 5 | 30.09 ± 0.17 Ma | Oligocene | 40Ar/39Ar |
| 6 | 32.31 ± 0.09 Ma | Oligocene | 40Ar/39Ar |
| 7 | 35.1 ± 1 Ma | Eocene | K-Ar |
| 8 | 69.2 ± 1.4 Ma | Late Cretaceous | K-Ar |
| 9 | 89 ± 4 Ma | Late Cretaceous | K-Ar |
| 10 | 102 ± 8 Ma | Early Cretaceous | Rb-Sr |
| 11 | 129.5 Ma | Early Cretaceous | K-Ar |
| 12 | 133.1 ± 1.1 Ma | Early Cretaceous | Ar-Ar |
| 13 | 137.2 ± 8.5 Ma | Early Cretaceous | Ar-Ar |
| 14 | 245.5 ± 1.2 Ma | Middle Triassic | Ar-Ar |
| 15 | 301 ± 5 Ma | Pennsylvanian | K-Ar |
| 16 | 366.9 ± 0.9 Ma | Late Devonian | Ar-Ar |
| 17 | 377 ± 19 Ma | Late Devonian | K-Ar |
| 18 | 383 ± 7 Ma | Middle Devonian | U-Pb |
| 19 | 414 ± 12 Ma | Early Devonian | K-Ar |
| 20 | 1493 ± 2 Ma | Calymmian | 40Ar/30Ar |
| 21 | 3366 Ma | Paleoarchean | 207Pb/206Pb |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Far Southeast Cu-Au deposit, Bato Tabio, Mancayan mineral district, Benguet Province, Cordillera Administrative Region, Luzon, Philippines | Arribas, A., Hedenquist, J. W., Itaya, T., Okada, T., Concepción, R. A., & Garcia, J. S. (1995) Contemporaneous formation of adjacent porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au deposits over 300 ka in northern Luzon, Philippines. Geology,23(4), 337-340. |
| 2 | Tonopah District, San Antonio Mts, Nye Co., Nevada, USA | Silberman, M. L., Bonham, H. F. Jr., Garside, L. J., Ashley, R. P. (1978) Radiometric ages of volcanic and plutonic rocks and hydrothermal alteration-mineralization in the Tonopah Mining District and vicinity, Nye and Esmerelda Counties, Nevada. United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-841. 1-48. |
| 3 | " " | " " |
| 4 | " " | " " |
| 5 | Molly Kathleen Mine, Cripple Creek, Cripple Creek District, Teller Co., Colorado, USA | Kelley K D, Romberger S B, Beaty D W, Pontius J A, Snee L W, Stein H J, Thompson T B (1998) Geochemical and geochronological constraints on the genesis of Au-Te deposits at Cripple Creek, Colorado. Economic Geology (93) 981-1012. |
| 6 | Cripple Creek, Cripple Creek District, Teller Co., Colorado, USA | " " |
| 7 | Huitzuco de los Figueroa, Mun. de Huitzuco, Guerrero, Mexico | Morán-Zenteno D J, Alba-Aldave L A, Solé J, Iriondo A (2004) A major resurgent caldera in southern Mexico: the source of the late Eocene Tilzapotla ignimbrite, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 136, 97-119 |
| 8 | Lone Mountain District, Esmeralda Co., Nevada, USA | Silberman, M. L., Bonham, H. F. Jr., Garside, L. J., Ashley, R. P. (1978) Radiometric ages of volcanic and plutonic rocks and hydrothermal alteration-mineralization in the Tonopah Mining District and vicinity, Nye and Esmerelda Counties, Nevada. United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-841. 1-48. |
| 9 | Granite Mountain area, Little Rock, Pulaski Co., Arkansas, USA | Zartman, R.E., Brock, M.R., Heyl, A.V., and Thomas, H.H. (1967) K-Ar and Rb-Sr ages of some alkalic intrusive rocks from central and eastern United States. American Journal of Science, vol. 265, pp. 848-870. |
| 10 | Magnet Cove, Hot Spring Co., Arkansas, USA | " " |
| 11 | Itanhaém, São Paulo, Brazil | Orris, G. J., Grauch, R. I. (2002) Rare Earth element mines, deposits, and occurenes. USGS Open-File Report 02-189, 1-174. |
| 12 | Erongo Mountain, Erongo Region, Namibia | Wigand, M., Schmitt, A. K., Trumbull, R. B., Villa, I. M., Emmermann, R. (2004) Short-liived magmatic activity in an anorogenic subvolcanic complex: 40Ar/39Ar and ion microprobe U-Pb zircon dating of the Erongo, Damaraland, Namibia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 130 (3-4) 285-305. |
| 13 | " " | " " |
| 14 | Gulinskii massif, Maimecha and Kotui Rivers Basin, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Eastern-Siberian Region, Russia | Dalrymple, G.B., Czamanske, G. K., Fedorenko, V. A., Simonov, O. N., Lanphere, M. A., & Likhachev, A. P. (1995) A reconnaissance 40Ar39Ar geochronologic study of ore-bearing and related rocks, Siberian Russia. Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 59(10), 2071-2083. |
| 15 | Seiffen, Erzgebirge, Saxony, Germany | Förster, H. -J., Rhede, D., (2006) The Be-Ta-rich granite of Seifen (Eastern Erzgebirge, Germany): accessory mineral chemistry, composition and age of a late-Variscan Li-F granite of A-type affinity. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 182, 307-321. |
| 16 | Lake Boga granite quarry, Lake Boga, Swan Hill Rural City, Victoria, Australia | Mills, S. J., Birch, W. D., Maas, R., Phillips, D., Plimer, I. R. (2008) Lake Boga Granite, northerwestern Victoria: mineralogy, geochemistry and geochronology. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 55(3), 281-299. |
| 17 | Avon diatreme, St. Genevieve Co., Missouri, USA | Zartman, R.E., Brock, M.R., Heyl, A.V., and Thomas, H.H. (1967) K-Ar and Rb-Sr ages of some alkalic intrusive rocks from central and eastern United States. American Journal of Science, vol. 265, pp. 848-870. |
| 18 | Khibiny Massif, Kola Peninsula, Murmanskaja Oblast', Northern Region, Russia | Arzamastsev, A. A., & Wu, F. Y. (2014) U-Pb geochronology and Sr-Nd isotopic systematics of minerals from the ultrabasic-alkaline massifs of the Kola province. Petrology, 22(5), 462-479. |
| 19 | Nueva Esperanza vein, Capillitas Mine, Andalgalá Department, Catamarca, Argentina | McBride, S. L., Caelles, J. C., Clark, A. H., & Farrar, E. (1976) Palaeozoic radiometric age provinces in the Andean basement, latitudes 25°–30° S. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 29(2), 373-383. |
| 20 | Ernest Henry Cu-Au deposit, Cloncurry, Cloncurry Shire, Queensland, Australia | Perkins C, Wyborn L A I (1998): Age of Cu-Au mineralisation, Cloncurry district, eastern Mt Isa Inlier, Queensland, as determined by 40Ar/39Ar dating. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 45 (2), 233-246. |
| 21 | Watersmeet, Gogebic Co., Michigan, USA | Peterman, Z. E., Zartman, R. E., & Sims, P. K. (1980) Tonalitic gneiss of early Archean age from northern Michigan. Geological Society of America Special Papers, 182, 125-134. |
Crystallographic forms of Biotite
Crystal Atlas:
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Biotite no.7 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Synonyms of Biotite
Other Language Names for Biotite
Catalan:Biotita
Czech:Biotit
Dutch:Biotiet
Estonian:Biotiit
Finnish:Biotiitti
French:Biotite
Galician:Biotita
Hebrew:ביוטיט
Italian:Biotite
Japanese:黒雲母
Korean:흑운모
Lithuanian:Biotitas
Polish:Biotyt
Portuguese:Biotita
Romanian:Biotit
Russian:Биотит
Serbian (Cyrillic Script):Биотит
Simplified Chinese:黑云母
Slovak:Biotit
Turkish:Biyotit
Ukrainian:Біотит
Varieties of Biotite
| Anomite | Mica group. A variety of Biotite which has its optic axial plane perpendicular to (010). |
| Barian-Titanian Biotite | A barium- and titanium-bearing biotite mica. |
| Chromian Biotite | A Chromian Biotite |
| Eastonite (of Winchell) | A name for the Biotite end-member. |
| Heterophyllite | Designation for a uniaxial biotite from Mangualde, Portugal. |
| Manganophyllite | A Mn-rich variety of Biotite. |
| Mg(T) Mica | An Aluminium-poor Biotite group mica. |
| Natronbiotite | A biotite with Na partially replacing K |
| Oxybiotite | An oxidized biotite (?). Name not mentioned in the mica report. |
| Rubellan | Oxidized and dehydrogenated Biotite. |
| Titanbiotite | Ti-bearing variety of biotite; occurs in volcanic rocks. |
| Titanian Biotite | Ti variety of Biotite |
Relationship of Biotite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Aluminoceladonite | K(Mg,Fe2+)Al(Si4O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Anandite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3((Si,Al,Fe)4O10)(S,OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Annite | KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Aspidolite | NaMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Balestraite | KLi2V5+Si4O12 | Mon. 2 : B2 |
| Bityite | LiCaAl2(AlBeSi2O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Boromuscovite | KAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Brammallite | (Na,H3O)(Al,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Celadonite | K(Mg,Fe2+)Fe3+(Si4O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Chernykhite | (Ba,Na)(V3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Chromceladonite | K(Mg,Fe2+)(Cr,Al)(Si4O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Chromphyllite | K(Cr,Al)2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Clintonite | Ca(Mg,Al)3(Al3SiO10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Eastonite | KMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Ephesite | LiNaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 | Tric. |
| Ferroaluminoceladonite | K(Fe2+,Mg)(Al,Fe3+)(Si4O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Ferroceladonite | K(Fe2+,Mg)(Fe3+,Al)(Si4O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Ferrokinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH,F)2 | Mon. |
| Fluorannite | KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 | Mon. |
| Fluorophlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Ganterite | (Ba,Na,K)(Al,Mg)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Garmite | CsLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 | Mon. |
| Glauconite | (K,Na)(Mg,Fe2+,Fe3+)(Fe3+,Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Hendricksite | K(Zn,Mg,Mn2+)3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Illite | K0.65Al2.0[Al0.65Si3.35O10](OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Kinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Mn2+,Al)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Lepidolite | A Li-rich mica in, or close to, the so-called Polylithionite-Trilithionite series. | Mon. |
| Luanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5□0.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH,F)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Manganiceladonite | KMgMn3+Si4O10(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Margarite | CaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Masutomilite | (K,Rb)(Li,Mn3+,Al)3(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 | Mon. |
| Montdorite | (K,Na)2(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)5(Si4O10)2(OH,F)4 | |
| Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Nanpingite | CsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 | Mon. |
| Natro-glauconite | (Na,K)(Fe3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 | |
| Norrishite | KLiMn3+2(Si4O10)O2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Oxykinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(O,OH,F)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Oxyphlogopite | K(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Phengite | KAl1.5(Mg,Fe)0.5(Al0.5Si3.5O10)(OH)2 | |
| Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Polylithionite | KLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Preiswerkite | NaMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Roscoelite | K(V3+,Al)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Shirokshinite | KNaMg2(Si4O10)F2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Shirozulite | K(Mn2+,Mg)3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Siderophyllite | KFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Sokolovaite | CsLi2Al(Si4O10)F2 | Mon. |
| Suhailite | (NH4)Fe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Tainiolite | KLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 | Mon. |
| Tetraferriannite | KFe2+3((Fe3+,Al)Si3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2 | |
| Tobelite | (NH4,K)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Trilithionite | K(Li1.5Al1.5)(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| UM1988-22-SiO:AlCaFFeHKLiMg | KLiMgAl2Si3O10F2 | Mon. |
| Voloshinite | Rb(LiAl1.5□1.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10F2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Wonesite | (Na,K)(Mg,Fe,Al)6((Al,Si)4O10)2(OH,F)4 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Yangzhumingite | KMg2.5(Si4O10)F2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Zinnwaldite | KLiFe2+Al(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 | Mon. |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| Quartz | 97 photos of Biotite associated with Quartz on mindat.org. |
| Almandine | 75 photos of Biotite associated with Almandine on mindat.org. |
| Corundum | 53 photos of Biotite associated with Corundum on mindat.org. |
| Microcline | 53 photos of Biotite associated with Microcline on mindat.org. |
| Calcite | 50 photos of Biotite associated with Calcite on mindat.org. |
| Albite-Anorthite Series | 31 photos of Biotite associated with Albite-Anorthite Series on mindat.org. |
| Feldspar Group | 30 photos of Biotite associated with Feldspar Group on mindat.org. |
| Muscovite | 30 photos of Biotite associated with Muscovite on mindat.org. |
| Zircon | 29 photos of Biotite associated with Zircon on mindat.org. |
| Kyanite | 28 photos of Biotite associated with Kyanite on mindat.org. |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Biotite in petrology
An essential component of (items highlighted in red)
- Igneous rock
- Metamorphic rock
Common component of (items highlighted in red)
- Igneous rock
- Normal crystalline igneous rock
- Exotic crystalline igneous rock
- Sedimentary rock and sediment
- Metamorphic rock
Accessory component of (items highlighted in red)
References for Biotite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Parry, W.T., Nackowski, M.P. (1963) Copper, lead, and zinc in biotites from Basin and Range quartz monzonites. Economic Geology: 58: 1126-1144.
Dodge, F.C.W., Smith, V.C., May, R.E. (1969) Biotites from the granitic rocks of the central Sierra Nevada batholith. Journal of Petrology: 10: 250-271.
Lovering, T.G., Cooper, J.R., Drewes, H.D., Cone, G.C. (1970) Copper in biotite from igneous rocks in southern Arizona as an ore indicator. USGS Professional Paper 700-B: 1-8.
Giardini, A.A., Hurst, V.J., Melton, C.E., John, C., Stormer, J. (1974) Biotite as a primary inclusion in diamond: Its nature and significance. American Mineralogist: 59: 783-789.
Kesler, S.E., Issigonis, M.J., Brownlow, A.H., Damon, P.E., Moore, W.J., Northcote, K.E., Preto, V.A. (1975) Geochemistry of biotites from mineralized and barren intrusive systems. Economic Geology: 70: 559-567.
Rehrig, W.A., McKinney, C.N. (1976) The distribution and origin of anomalous copper in biotite. Mining Engineering: 27, 68 pp.
Ohta, T., Takeda, H., Takéuchi, Y. (1982) Mica polytypism: similarities in the crystal structures of coexisting 1M and 2M 1 oxybiotite. American Mineralogist: 67: 298-310.
Dymek, R.F. (1983) Titanium, aluminium and interlayer cation substitution in biotite from high-grade gneisses, West Greenland. American Mineralogist: 68: 880-899.
Banfield, J.F., Eggleton, R.A. (1988) Transmission electron microscope study of biotite weathering. Clays and Clay Minerals: 36: 47-60.
Walmsley, J.C., Lang, A.R. (1992) Oriented biotite inclusions in diamond coat. Mineralogical Magazine: 56: 108-111.
Rieder, M., Cavazzani, G., D'Yakonov, Y.S., Frank-Kamenetskii, V.A., Gottardi, G., Guggenheim, S., Koval, P.V., Müller, G., Neiva, A.M.R., Radaslovich, E.W., Robert, J.-L., Sassi, F.P., Takeda, H., Weiss, Z., Wones, D.R. (1998) Nomenclature of the micas. The Canadian Mineralogist: 36: 905-912.
Rieder, M., Cavazzani, G., D'Yakonov, Y.S., Frank-Kamenetskii, V.A., Gottardi, G., Guggenheim, S., Koval, P.V., Müller, G., Neiva, A.M.R., Radaslovich, E.W., Robert, J.-L., Sassi, F.P., Takeda, H., Weiss, Z., Wones, D.R.(1999) Nomenclature of the Micas. Mineralogical Magazine: 63: 267-267.
Li, G., Peacor, D.R., Essene, E.J. (1998) The formation of sulfides during alteration of biotite to chlorite-corrensite. Clays and Clay Minerals: 46: 649-657.
Ibhi, A., Nachit, H (2000) The substitution mechanism of Ba and Ti into phyllosilicate phases: the example of barium-titanium biotite. Annals of Chim. Sci. Mat. 25, 627-634.
Parry, W.T., Wilson, P.N., Moser, D., Heizler, M.T. (2001) U-Pb dating of zircon and 40Ar/39Ar dating of biotite at Bingham, Utah. Economic Geology: 96: 1671-1683.
Machev, P., Klain, L., Hecht, L. (2004) Mineralogy and chemistry of biotites from the Belogradchik pluton - some petrological implications for granitoid magmatism in north west Bulgaria. Bulgarian Geological Society conference paper, Annual Scientific Conference “Geology 2004”, pp. 48-50. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255591087_MINERALOGY_AND_CHEMISTRY_OF_BIOTITES_FROM_THE_BELOGRADCHIK_PLUTON_-_SOME_PETROLOGICAL_IMPLICATIONS_FOR_GRANITOID_MAGMATISM_IN_NORTH_WEST_BULGARIA)
Internet Links for Biotite
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