Bischofite

Bischofite

Inder B deposit and salt dome, Inder, Atyrau Region, Kazakhstan

Bischofite

Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka Krai, Russia

Bischofite

Stassfurt, Stassfurt Potash deposit, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany

Bischofite

Inder B deposit and salt dome, Inder, Atyrau Region, Kazakhstan

Bischofite

Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka Krai, Russia

Bischofite

Stassfurt, Stassfurt Potash deposit, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany

Bischofite

Inder B deposit and salt dome, Inder, Atyrau Region, Kazakhstan

Bischofite

Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka Krai, Russia

About BischofiteHide

Classification of BischofiteHide

Physical Properties of BischofiteHide

Optical Data of BischofiteHide

Type:

Biaxial (+)

RI values:

n_α = 1.495 n_β = 1.507 n_γ = 1.528

2V:

Measured: 79° , Calculated: 76°

Max Birefringence:

δ = 0.033

Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.

Surface Relief:

Low

Dispersion:

r > v, weak

Chemical Properties of BischofiteHide

Crystallography of BischofiteHide

Crystallographic forms of BischofiteHide

Crystal Atlas:

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Bischofite no.2 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Bischofite no.3 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by www.smorf.nl.

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0010001	Bischofite	Agron P A, Busing W R (1985) Magnesium dichloride hexahydrate, MgCl2*6H2O, by neutron diffraction Acta Crystallographica C41 8-10		1985	synthetic	0	293
0018111	Bischofite	Andress K, Gundermann J (1934) Die Struktur von Magnesiumchlorid- und Magnesiumbromidhexahydrat. _cod_database_code 1011249 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 87 345-369		1934		0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to closedata_global _chemical_name_mineral 'Bischofite' loop_ _publ_author_name 'Agron P A' 'Busing W R' _journal_name_full 'Acta Crystallographica, Section C' _journal_volume 41 _journal_year 1985 _journal_page_first 8 _journal_page_last 10 _publ_section_title ; Magnesium dichloride hexahydrate, MgCl2*6H2O, by neutron diffraction ; _database_code_amcsd 0010001 _chemical_compound_source 'Synthetic' _chemical_formula_sum 'Mg Cl2 O6 H12' _cell_length_a 9.8607 _cell_length_b 7.1071 _cell_length_c 6.0737 _cell_angle_alpha 90 _cell_angle_beta 93.758 _cell_angle_gamma 90 _cell_volume 424.736 _exptl_crystal_density_diffrn 1.590 _symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'C 1 2/m 1' loop_ _space_group_symop_operation_xyz 'x,y,z' '1/2+x,1/2+y,z' 'x,-y,z' '1/2+x,1/2-y,z' '-x,y,-z' '1/2-x,1/2+y,-z' '-x,-y,-z' '1/2-x,1/2-y,-z' loop_ _atom_site_label _atom_site_fract_x _atom_site_fract_y _atom_site_fract_z _atom_site_U_iso_or_equiv Mg 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.02533 Cl 0.31760 0.00000 0.61220 0.03546 O1 0.20190 0.00000 0.10950 0.04433 O2 -0.04290 0.20670 0.22330 0.04939 H1 0.23720 0.00000 0.25830 0.06333 H2 0.26930 0.00000 0.00830 0.08866 H3 0.02090 0.29970 0.27840 0.05699 H4 -0.11610 0.19840 0.31510 0.07472 loop_ _atom_site_aniso_label _atom_site_aniso_U_11 _atom_site_aniso_U_22 _atom_site_aniso_U_33 _atom_site_aniso_U_12 _atom_site_aniso_U_13 _atom_site_aniso_U_23 Mg 0.02260 0.02950 0.02450 0.00000 0.00180 0.00000 Cl 0.03120 0.04070 0.03590 0.00000 0.00520 0.00000 O1 0.02560 0.06890 0.03790 0.00000 -0.00170 0.00000 O2 0.04530 0.04970 0.05380 -0.01000 0.01960 -0.02310 H1 0.04860 0.08610 0.05270 0.00000 -0.01170 0.00000 H2 0.04480 0.14180 0.08010 0.00000 0.01780 0.00000 H3 0.06610 0.04900 0.05590 -0.00650 0.00170 -0.01440 H4 0.06470 0.09470 0.07020 0.00320 0.03190 -0.01640

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Geological EnvironmentHide

Type Occurrence of BischofiteHide

Synonyms of BischofiteHide

Other Language Names for BischofiteHide

Varieties of BischofiteHide

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz GroupingHide

Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)Hide

Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals GroupingHide

Other InformationHide

References for BischofiteHide

Internet Links for BischofiteHide

Localities for BischofiteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (eg from pseudomorphs.)

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.

Asia
ⓘ Aral Sea	Crétaux, J. F., Létolle, R., & Calmant, S. (2009). Investigations on Aral Sea regressions from Mirabilite deposits and remote sensing. Aquatic geochemistry, 15(1-2), 277-291.
Australia
Western Australia Menzies Shire Davyhurst Goldfield Mulwarrie ⓘ Ularring Westralia Gold Mine (Mount Higgins Proprietary)	Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 1, p236
Belarus
Minsk Region Pripyat Depression ⓘ Starobin	USGS MRDS database potash: https://mrdata.usgs.gov/potash/show-potash.php?rec_no=55
Canada
Saskatchewan ⓘ North lngebright Lake	Shang, Y. (2000). Mineralogy, lithostratigraphy and geochemistry of North Ingebright Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada. PhD thesis University of Manitoba.
Rocanville ⓘ PCS mine	G. W. Robinson, V. King (1993) Whats New in Minerals. Mineralogical Record 24:381-395
China
Qinghai Hainan ⓘ Qinghai Lake (Lake Koko Nor)	Sun Da-peng, Li Bing-xiao, Ma Yua-hua, and Lin Qun-zhu (2002): Journal of Salt Lake Research 10(4), 1-12.
Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Da Qaidam (Dachaidan Co.) ⓘ Da Qaidam salt lake (Dachaidan salt lake)	Shaoxiu Yang (1991): Journal of Lake Sciences 3(1), 1-10
ⓘ Mahai lake	Xiyu Zheng (1994): Journal of Lake Sciences 6(3), 267-275
Golmud City (Ge'ermu Co.) ⓘ Qarhan salt lake (Chaerhan salt lake)	Dongsheng Hu (1990): Scientia Geologica Sinica 3(7), 259-268; Xiyu Zheng (1994): Journal of Lake Sciences 6(3), 267-275
ⓘ Dabieletan salt lake	Botao Li, Yuanyi Zhao, Zuohua Qian, Pengcheng Jiao, Chenglin Liu, and Shijun Wang (2010): Mineral Deposits 29(4), 669-683
ⓘ Dabsan salt lake (Dabuxun salt lake)	Shaoxiu Yang (1991): Journal of Lake Sciences 3(1), 1-10
Mangnai City (Mangya Co.) ⓘ Dalangtan lake	Shaoxiu Yang (1991): Journal of Lake Sciences 3(1), 1-10; Mily Wang, Yijie Wang, Chenglin Liu, and Yongzhi Chen (1993): Acta Geoscientica Sinica 15(1)
Lenghu Co. ⓘ Kunteyi salt lake	Shaoxiu Yang (1991): Journal of Lake Sciences 3(1), 1-10; Mianping Zheng and Xifang Liu (2010): Acta Geologica Sinica 84(11), 1585-1600
Xinjiang Tulufan Prefecture (Turfan Prefecture; Turpan Prefecture) Gaochang District Turfan basin (Turpan basin) ⓘ Aydingkol salt lake (Aiding salt lake)	Bingxiao Li (1992): Journal of Lake Sciences 4(1), 48-55
Czech Republic
Moravian-Silesian Region Karviná District Orlová ⓘ ČSA Mine ?	Matýsek D., Jirásek J., Osovský M., Skupien P.. Minerals formed by the weathering of sulfides in mines of the Czech part of the Upper Silesian Basin. Mineralogical Magazine, 2014, 78, 5, 1265-1286.
Ethiopia
Afar Region Danakil depression ⓘ Lake Asele (Lake Karum)	Hovland, Martin & Rueslatten, Hakon & Johnsen, Hans. (2019) Salt Formation, Accumulation, and Expulsion Processes During Ocean Rifting—New Insight Gained from the Red Sea. 10.1007/978-3-319-99408-6_11.
Germany
Hesse Kassel Region Fulda Neuhof ⓘ Neuhof-Ellers Potash Works	S. Weiß: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
Hersfeld-Rotenburg Heringen ⓘ Wintershall Potash Works	Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
Phillippsthal ⓘ Hattorf Potash Works	Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
Lower Saxony Celle District Wathlingen ⓘ Niedersachsen Potash Works	Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990
Goslar District Goslar Vienenburg ⓘ Vienenburg Potash Works	Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 47; Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 59
Hanover Region Uetze Hänigsen ⓘ Riedel Potash Works	Bode "Mineralien und Fundstellen BRD" from 1989 ISBN 3-925094-24-5 Pg.9
Saxony-Anhalt Stassfurt Potash deposit ⓘ Aschersleben	Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 59
Egeln Tarthun ⓘ Brefeld	No reference listed
Stassfurt ⓘ Berlepsch Mine	Dana 6:A3:14,43,46; Dana 7:II:430; Zr. Kr.:50(1911):139.
ⓘ Leopoldshall (TL)	C. Ochsenius (1877): Die Bildung der Steinsalzlager und ihrer Mutterlaugensalze unter specieller Berücksichtigung der Flötze von Douglashall in der Egeln´schen Mulde.- Halle, Verlag Pfeffer, 172 p.; Palache, C., Berman, H., & Frondel, C. (1951), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume II: 47.
Thuringia Wartburg District Krayenberggemeinde ⓘ Merkers mine	XRD analysis (T. Witzke)
Hungary
Heves County Recsk ⓘ Recsk Mine (Deep Level)	No reference listed
Italy
Campania Naples Somma-Vesuvius Complex Mt Vesuvius ⓘ Vesuvius fumaroles (Vesuvian fumaroles) ?	Russo, M., and Punzo, I. (2004) I Minerali del Somma-Vesuvio. AMI Associazione Micro-mineralogica Italiana, Tipografia Fantigrafica s.r.l., Cremona, 320 pp.
Sicily Agrigento Province Racalmuto Racalmuto saliferous deposit ⓘ Montedoro Mine (Montedoro potash mine)	Adamo S., Ramberti L. (1979): L'industria estrattiva del potassio in Italia. L'Industria Mineraria, 30, maggio-giugno 1979, 161-170.
ⓘ Racalmuto potash mine	Adamo S., Ramberti L. (1979): L'industria estrattiva del potassio in Italia. L'Industria Mineraria, 30, maggio-giugno 1979, 161-170
Caltanissetta Province Caltanissetta ⓘ Santa Caterina Mine (Santa Caterina I Mine)	AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work.
San Cataldo (San Cattaldo) ⓘ San Cataldo potash mine	Adamo, S., and Ramberti, L. (1979) L'industria estrattiva del potassio in Italia. L'Industria Mineraria, 30, maggio-giugno 1979, 161-170.
Enna Province Enna (Castrogiovanni) ⓘ Pasquasìa Mine	Adamo, S., Ramberti, L. (1979) L'industria estrattiva del potassio in Italia. L'Industria Mineraria, 30, maggio-giugno 1979, 161-170; Montrasio, A., Sciesa, E., Vignola, P. (1996) Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work Italiana Editrice, Bresso (Milano), 800 pp.
Kazakhstan
Aktobe Region Shalkar Aksai Valley ⓘ Chelkar salt dome	Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow; ERCOSPAN (2011) Independent Geological Report on the Zhilianskoe and Chelkar Potash Deposits in Kazakhstan EGB 11-012
Atyrau Region Inder ⓘ Inder B deposit and salt dome	Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 59; Evseev, A. A. (1995) Kazaknstan and Middle Asia. A brief Mineralogical Guide. World of Stone 8:24-30; Pekov, I. V. & Abramov, D. V. (1993): Boron deposit of the Inder and its minerals. World of Stones, 1, 23-30.
Netherlands
Groningen ⓘ Veendam Municipality	T.G. Nijland, J.C. Zwaan, D. Visser, J. Leloux - De mineralen van Nederland - 2007
Peru
Lima Cañete Province Raúl-Condestable Mine ⓘ Raul Mine	P. Andresen collection, obtained from A. Robbemond, 2004.
Poland
Greater Poland Voivodeship Koło County Gmina Kłodawa ⓘ Kłodawa salt deposit	Jirásek, J.: Solný důl Kłodawa (Polsko). Minerál, 2004, roč. 12, č. 2, s. 98-102. ISSN 1213-0710 (excerpted from unpublished thesis Hanczke, T.: Mineralogia i petrografia soli czechstyńskich kopalni "Kłodawa". Doktroská práce, Uniwersytet Jagiellonski, Instytut nauk geologicznych, 1967.); Wachowiak, J., Pieczka, A. (2016): Motukoreaite from the Kłodawa Salt Dome, Central Poland. Mineralogical Magazine, 80, 277-289
Silesian Voivodeship Wodzisław County Radlin ⓘ Marcel mine heap	Łukasz Kruszewski (2012) Unique chloride assemblage of exhalative origin from burning coal-mining dump in Radlin (Rybnik Coal Area, S Poland). Mineralogical Society of Poland Special Papers 40
Republic of the Congo
Kouilou Department ⓘ Mengo mine area	Henry Rauche (2009) Updated Reserve and Resource Estimate for MagMinerals Kouilou Potash Project, Republic of Congo
ⓘ Pointe-Noire Department	Milesi, J. P., Toteu, S. F., Deschamps, Y., Feybesse, J. L., Lerouge, C., Cocherie, A., ... & Nicol, N. (2006). An overview of the geology and major ore deposits of Central Africa: Explanatory note for the 1: 4,000,000 map “Geology and major ore deposits of Central Africa”. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 44(4-5), 571-595.
Russia
Crimea Krasnoperekopsk Area ⓘ Staroye ozero (Old Lake)	Geologiya SSSR. Poleznye iskopaemye (The geology of USSR. Commercial mineral) - Nedra (Moscou), 1974, vol. VIII, 205 p.
Kamchatka Krai ⓘ Tolbachik volcano	Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow
Great Fissure eruption (Main Fracture) Northern Breakthrough (North Breach) ⓘ Second scoria cone	Vergasova L P, Filatov S K, Starova G L, Matusevich Z L, Filosofova T M (1996) Vlodavetsite, AlCa2(SO4)2F2Cl·4H2O, a new mineral from volcanic exhalations, Transactions (Doklady) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Earth science sections, 343, 173-176 abstract Am Min 81:768
USA
New Mexico ⓘ Carlsbad Potash District	Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd. rev. ed. (1996)
Otero Co. ⓘ Tularosa Basin ?	2008 New Mexico Mineral Symposium abstracts
Utah Tooele Co. ⓘ Salduro	UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah
ⓘ Wendover	UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah