Bismite
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About Bismite
Formula:
Bi2O3
Colour:
Greyish green, greenish yellow to bright yellow
Lustre:
Sub-Adamantine, Dull, Earthy
Hardness:
4½
Specific Gravity:
8.64 - 9.22
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
For Bismuth in its composition.
A polymorph of Sphaerobismoite
NOTE: Numerous localities for bismuth oxides have been reported, but modern confirmation is required, as most have proven to be carbonates, etc.
NOTE: Numerous localities for bismuth oxides have been reported, but modern confirmation is required, as most have proven to be carbonates, etc.
Classification of Bismite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
4/C.02-30
4.CB.60
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
C : Metal: Oxygen = 2: 3,3: 5, and similar
B : With medium-sized cations
4.3.10.2
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A2X3
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
3 : A2X3
7.13.12
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
13 : Oxides of As, Sb and Bi
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
13 : Oxides of As, Sb and Bi
Physical Properties of Bismite
Sub-Adamantine, Dull, Earthy
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Greyish green, greenish yellow to bright yellow
Streak:
Grey to yellow
Hardness:
4½ on Mohs scale
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
8.64 - 9.22 g/cm3 (Measured) 10.4 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Bismite
Type:
Biaxial
RI values:
n = 2.42
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.000
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
High
Chemical Properties of Bismite
Formula:
Bi2O3
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Bismite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.851 Å, b = 8.169 Å, c = 7.513 Å
β = 112.94°
β = 112.94°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.716 : 1 : 0.92
Unit Cell V:
330.70 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals microscopic, rare; earthy to pulverulent, compact granular, massive.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.232 | (10) |
| 2.676 | (9) |
| 1.670 | (8) |
| 1.640 | (8) |
| 1.951 | (7.5) |
| 1.740 | (7.5) |
| 1.167 | (7) |
Comments:
Recorded on material from Colavi, Bolivia
Type Occurrence of Bismite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA (No. 97831)
Geological Setting of Type Material:
An oxidation product of bismuth
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Bismite
Other Language Names for Bismite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| Bismuthinite | 15 photos of Bismite associated with Bismuthinite on mindat.org. |
| Quartz | 13 photos of Bismite associated with Quartz on mindat.org. |
| Pucherite | 9 photos of Bismite associated with Pucherite on mindat.org. |
| Bismutite | 8 photos of Bismite associated with Bismutite on mindat.org. |
| Bismuth | 7 photos of Bismite associated with Bismuth on mindat.org. |
| Protojoséite | 4 photos of Bismite associated with Protojoséite on mindat.org. |
| Beyerite | 3 photos of Bismite associated with Beyerite on mindat.org. |
| Bismoclite | 2 photos of Bismite associated with Bismoclite on mindat.org. |
| Muscovite | 2 photos of Bismite associated with Muscovite on mindat.org. |
| Walpurgite | 2 photos of Bismite associated with Walpurgite on mindat.org. |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
| 4.CB.05 | Brizziite | NaSb5+O3 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Corundum | Al2O3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c |
| 4.CB.05 | Ecandrewsite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)TiO3 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Eskolaite | Cr2O3 | Trig. |
| 4.CB.05 | Geikielite | MgTiO3 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Hematite | Fe2O3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c |
| 4.CB.05 | Ilmenite | Fe2+TiO3 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Karelianite | V3+2O3 | Trig. |
| 4.CB.05 | Melanostibite | Mn2+(Sb5+,Fe3+)O3 | Trig. |
| 4.CB.05 | Pyrophanite | Mn2+TiO3 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 4.CB.05 | Akimotoite | (Mg,Fe2+)SiO3 | Trig. |
| 4.CB.05 | Unnamed (Auroantimonate) | AuSbO3 | |
| 4.CB.05 | UM1998-11-O-AuHSb | Au+2Sb3+O2(OH) | |
| 4.CB.05 | Tistarite | Ti3+2O3 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c |
| 4.CB.10 | Avicennite | Tl2O3 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Ia3 |
| 4.CB.10 | Bixbyite | Mn3+2O3 | Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Ia3 |
| 4.CB.15 | Armalcolite | (Mg,Fe2+)Ti2O5 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 4.CB.15 | Pseudobrookite | Fe2TiO5 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 4.CB.20 | Zincohögbomite-2N2S | [(Zn,Al,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+,Ti)8O15(OH)]2 | Hex. 6mm : P63mc |
| 4.CB.20 | Zincohögbomite-2N6S | [(Zn,Mg)7(Al,Fe3+,Ti)16O31(OH)]2 | Hex. 6mm : P63mc |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-6N6S | [(Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Ti,Fe3+)8O15(OH)]6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-2N3S | [(Mg,Fe2+,Zn)4(Al,Ti,Fe3+)10O19(OH)]2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3 1m |
| 4.CB.20 | Magnesiohögbomite-2N2S | [(Mg,Fe2+)3[Al7(Ti,Fe3+)]O15(OH)]2 | Hex. 6mm : P63mc |
| 4.CB.20 | Ferrohögbomite-6N12S | [(Fe2+,Mg,Zn)5(Al,Ti,Fe3+)12O23(OH)]6 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| 4.CB.25 | Pseudorutile | Fe2Ti3O9 | Hex. |
| 4.CB.25 | Kleberite | FeTi6O11(OH)5 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 4.CB.30 | Berdesinskiite | V3+2TiO5 | Mon. |
| 4.CB.30 | Oxyvanite | V3+2V4+O5 | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| 4.CB.35 | Olkhonskite | (Cr,V)2Ti3O9 | Mon. |
| 4.CB.35 | Schreyerite | V3+2Ti3O9 | Mon. |
| 4.CB.40 | Kamiokite | Fe2Mo3O8 | Hex. |
| 4.CB.40 | Nolanite | (V3+,Fe3+,Fe2+,Ti)10O14(OH)2 | Hex. |
| 4.CB.40 | Rinmanite | Zn2Sb2Mg2Fe4O14(OH)2 | Hex. 6 : P63 |
| 4.CB.40 | Iseite | Mn2Mo3O8 | Hex. 6mm : P63mc |
| 4.CB.40 | Majindeite | Mg2Mo3O8 | Hex. 6mm : P63mc |
| 4.CB.45 | Claudetite | As2O3 | Mon. 2/m |
| 4.CB.45 | Stibioclaudetite | AsSbO3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| 4.CB.50 | Arsenolite | As2O3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| 4.CB.50 | Senarmontite | Sb2O3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| 4.CB.55 | Valentinite | Sb2O3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pccn |
| 4.CB.65 | Sphaerobismoite | Bi2O3 | Tet. |
| 4.CB.70 | Sillénite | Bi12SiO20 | Iso. 2 3 : I2 3 |
| 4.CB.75 | Kyzylkumite | V3+Ti2O5(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 4.CB.80 | Tietaiyangite | Fe3+4Fe2+TiO9 | Hex. |
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)
| 4.3.10.1 | Claudetite | As2O3 | Mon. 2/m |
| 4.3.10.3 | Stibioclaudetite | AsSbO3 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
| 7.13.1 | Arsenolite | As2O3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| 7.13.2 | Claudetite | As2O3 | Mon. 2/m |
| 7.13.3 | Senarmontite | Sb2O3 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| 7.13.4 | Valentinite | Sb2O3 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pccn |
| 7.13.5 | Cervantite | Sb3+Sb5+O4 | Orth. |
| 7.13.6 | Stibiconite | Sb3+Sb5+2O6(OH) | |
| 7.13.7 | Bahianite | Al5Sb3O14(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| 7.13.8 | Cualstibite-1M | (Cu,Al)3(OH)6[Sb5+(OH)6] | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 7.13.9 | Bismutostibiconite | Bi(Sb5+,Fe3+)2O7 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| 7.13.107.13.11 | Stibivanite | Sb2VO5 | Orth. |
| 7.13.13 | Sillénite | Bi12SiO20 | Iso. 2 3 : I2 3 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Bismite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
References for Bismite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Frondel, C. (1943) Mineralogy of the oxides and carbonates of bismuth. American Mineralogist 28, 521-535.
Palache, C., Berman, H. and Frondel, C. (1944) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (New York), 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 599-601.
Corria Neves, J. M., Lopes Nunes, J. E., Sahama, T. G., Lehtinen, M. and von Knorring, O. (1974) Bismuth and antimony minerals in the graphite pegmatites of northern Mozambique. Rev. Cienc. Geol., Ser. A, 7, 1-37. - Chemical Abstracts (1975), 83, 190 (abstract).
Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997) Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 60.
Internet Links for Bismite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-682.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
Localities for Bismite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Márquez-Zavalía, M. F., Galliski, M. Á., Černý, P., & Chapman, R. (2012). An Assemblage Of Bismuth-Rich, Tellurium-Bearing Minerals In The El Quemado Granitic Pegmatite, Nevados De Palermo, Salta, Argentina. The Canadian Mineralogist, 50(6), 1489-1498. |
Australia | |
| Gilligan, L.B., Suppel, D.W. (1993) Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets: Nymagee 1:250 000 Metallogenic Map (SI/55-2). Geological Survey of New South Wales, Sydney, 171 pages. |
| Rankin, J., Lawrence, L.J., Sharpe, J.L., Williams, P.A. (2002) Rare secondary bismuth, tungsten and molybdenum minerals from Elsmore, New England district of New South Wales. Australian Journal of Mineralogy, 8:1, 55-60. |
| Sharpe, J.L., & Williams P.A. (2004) - Secondary bismuth and molybdenum minerals from Kingsgate, New England district of New South Wales.- Australian Journal of Mineralogy, vol.10, n°1. |
| Leverett, P., McKinnon, A. R., Sharpe, J. L. and Williams, P. A. (2005): Secondary minerals from the central Cobar mines. Australian Journal of Mineralogy, 11, 75-82. |
| D.I. Cendón, I.T. Graham, D.M Colchester, R.E. Pogson and D. Austen. (2005): Smoky quartz and associated minerals from Blue Hill quarry, Oberon, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Mineralogy 10, 47-52 |
| Ryan, G.R. (1961), The Geology and Mineral Resources of the Hatches Creek Wolfram Field. Northern Territory, Department of National Development/Bureau of Mineral Resources Geology and Geophysics, Commonwealth of Australia, Bulletin No. 6, 1961 |
| Ryan, G.R. (1961), The Geology and Mineral Resources of the Hatches Creek Wolfram Field. Northern Territory, Department of National Development/Bureau of Mineral Resources geology and Geophysics, Commonwealth Government, Bulletin No. 6, 1961 | |
| E. Stevens & R. Bottrill |
| Qld Dept of Mines,- mines records ; Den, B. E. (1977) Lady Elliot Island Fraser Island. Field Conference Geological Society of Australia Incorporated, Queensland Division |
| Noble R.J., Just J. and Johnson J. E., (1983), Catalogue of South Australian Minerals-1983, Government Printer, Adelaide, South Australia. |
| Brown, H.Y.L., (1899), Record of The Mines of South Australia , 3rd ed., Government Printer, Adelaide. |
| Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania |
| Bottrill & Baker (in prep) Catalogue of minerals of Tasmania |
| |
| Bridge, P.J., Pryce, M.W. (1974) Clinobisvanite, monoclinic BiVO₄, a new mineral from Yinnietharra, Western Australia. Mineralogical Magazine 39:308, 847-849. |
| Hodge, L.C.(1970): Russellite- a second occurrence, Mineralogical Magazine, 1970: 37: 705-707 |
| Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 1, p237 |
| Calderwood, M.A., Grguric;, B.A., Jacobson, M.I., (2007): Guidebook to the Pegmatites of Western Australia; Hesperian Press, Perth, 2007. |
Austria | |
| |
| G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995 |
| Indra |
| G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995 | |
| G. Niedermayr, I. Praetzel: Mineralien Kärntens, 1995 |
| Exel, R. (1993) |
Bolivia | |
| Federico Ahlfeld y Jorge Munoz Reyes (1955) Las Especies Minerales de Bolivia. (Banco Minero de Bolivia) |
| Hatløy, S. (2013). From cold to hot: post-Hirnantian sedimentary basins in Bolivia-A source rock for hydrocarbon deposits in the Andes?–A case study of the Uncía and Catavi formations. MS Thesis University of Stavanger. |
| Jiménez-Franco, A., Alfonso Abella, M. P., Canet Miquel, C., & Trujillo, J. E. (2018). Mineral chemistry of In-bearing minerals in the Santa Fe mining district, Bolivia. Andean Geology, 45(3), 410-432. |
| Jiménez-Franco, A., Alfonso Abella, M. P., Canet Miquel, C., & Trujillo, J. E. (2018). Mineral chemistry of In-bearing minerals in the Santa Fe mining district, Bolivia. Andean Geology, 45(3), 410-432. | |
| Ahlfeld 1955 |
| [MinRec 32:481] |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) Los Minerales de Bolivia y sus Parajes. (Santa Cruz) | |
| Mineralogical Record: 32: 474.;Hyrsl, J. & A. Petrov (2006): Famous Mineral Localities: Llallagua, Bolivia. Mineralogical Record. 37: 117-162 |
Brazil | |
| Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J., 2009, Carbonatites of the world, explored deposits of Nb and REE; database and grade and tonnage models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1139, 17 p. and database. |
| Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J., 2009, Carbonatites of the world, explored deposits of Nb and REE; database and grade and tonnage models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1139, 17 p. and database. |
| Neto, J.A.S., Legrand, J.M., Volfinger, M., Pascal, M.-L., and Sonnet, P. (2008): Mineralium Deposita 43, 185-205. |
Canada | |
| Trail,R.J. 1980, Catalogue of Canadian Minerals, GSC Paper 80-18 ; Hugh S. Spence (1930) Pegmatite minerals of Ontario and Quebec. American Mineralogist 15:430-450 |
| Canadian Museum of Nature specimens XRD confirmed |
China | |
| Huan Hu, Rucheng Wang, Jianjun Lu, and Guanghua Liu (2001): Mineral Deposits 20(1), 86-98 |
| Chunlian Xiao (2008): Express Information of Mining Industry 6(6), 70-72 |
| Zhiping Li, and S.G. Peters (1998): USGS Open-File Report 98-466. |
| Yingchen Ren, Minqing Cheng, and Cunchang Wang (1986): Mineral Deposits 5(2), 63-74 |
| Xu Yong, and Zhu Xinyou (2000): Cobalt Deposits in the Central China Orogenic Belt. Acta Geologica Sinica 74(3), 540-543; Youchang Yi, Gejun Jiao, and Fenying Zhang (2006): Geology and Prospecting 42(3), 30-35 |
| Liangsheng Ge, Hanguang Li, Keqiang Wang, Yilin Zou, Zhihua Wang, Xuejun Zhang, Shisong Yuan, and Junbing Xing (2006): Mineral Deposits 25(suppl.), 345-348; Zhihua Wang, Xingquan Wu, Keqiang Wang, Wanqiang Yu, Hui Huang, and Dexi Ma (2007): Geology and Prospecting 43(3), 6-10 |
| Chen, J., Halls, C., and Stanley, C.J. (1992): Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 11(2), 140-155. |
Czech Republic | |
| Jiří Zachariáš, Petr Morávek, Petr Gadas, Jaroslava Pertoldová (2014): The Mokrsko-West gold deposit, Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic: Mineralogy, deposit setting and classification. Ore Geology Reviews 58, 238-263. |
| Journal of Geosciences 54:15-56 |
| Lapis 2002(7/8), 63-65 |
| No reference listed |
| Sejkora, J., Ondruš, P., Fikar, M., Veselovský, F., Mach, Z., Gabašová, A., Skoda, R. & Beran, P. (2006): Supergene minerals at the Huber stock and Schnöd stock deposits, Krásno ore District, the Slavkovský les area, Czech Republic. Journal of the Czech Geological Society 51, 57-101. |
| Pauliš P. Nejzajímavější mineralogická naleziště Čech. Kuttna 2000. Kutná Hora. |
| Roman Gramblička collection |
| Lapis 23(4), 18-34 (1998) |
DR Congo | |
| |
Finland | |
| Tuisku, Pekka 2010. Heavy minerals from gold sluicing in Lapland Gold Rush area and their bearing on the origin of gold bearing tills. Res Terrae, Ser A, N:o 31. Proceedings of the Nordic Mineralogical Network V annual Meeting. |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
France | |
| G. Aubert : "Les coupoles granitiques de Montebras et d'Echassières (Massif Central Français) et la genèse de leur minéralisations (BRGM, 1969) |
| G. Aubert : "Les coupoles granitiques de Montebras et d'Echassières (Massif Central Français) et la genèse de leur minéralisations (BRGM, 1969) | |
| |
| P. Devismes : "Atlas photographique des minéraux d'alluvions", BRGM, 1978. |
| Wittern, Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen", von Loga (Cologne), 1997; Wittern, Journée: "Mineralien finden in den Vogesen", von Loga (Cologne), 1997 |
| Patrice Queneau Collection |
| GAYRAUD, L. (2010): Gisement de phosphates de Castelnau-de-Brassac aux environs de Fumade (Tarn), Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, 107, 12-17. |
Germany | |
| No reference listed |
| Lapis, 18 (2), 13-24 |
| Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992 |
| No reference listed |
| No reference listed |
| K. Walenta: "Die Mineralien des Schwarzwaldes", Weise (Munich), 1992 | |
| [Lapis 1992, 11, p.13-20] |
| No reference listed |
| Habel, M. (2009): Der Granodioritbruch der Fa. Josef Uhrmann OHG, Steinerleinbach bei Röhrnbach. Mineralien-Welt 20 (2), 66-86. |
| Habel, M. (1995). Neufunde aus dem 'Östlichen Bayrischen Wald'. Mineralien-Welt, Jg.6, Nr.1, S.44-46. |
| Dill, H.G., Weber, B. (2009), Pleystein-City on Pegmatite, 4th International Symposium on Granitic Pegmatites, Recife, Brazil. |
| http://www.berthold-weber.de/h_miner.htm |
| S. Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990 |
| S. Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990 |
| Magma 1984(2), 43-49 |
| Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990 |
| Weiss: "Mineralfundstellen, Deutschland West", Weise (Munich), 1990; - Dreyer, G. and Tillmanns, E. (1981): Dreyerit: ein natürliches, tetragonales Wismutvanadat von Hirschhorn/Pfalz, N. Jb. Miner. Mh. Jg. 1981, H.4, 151-154. |
| Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001 |
| Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001 |
| Hajek, W. (2010): Kristallwelten Marienberg. Weise Verlag, München. |
| Lapis 30(7/8):41-70 (2005) |
| Mineralien-Welt, (2), 17-39. |
| http://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/Deutschland/Sachsen/Chemnitz%2C%20Direktionsbezirk/Zwickau%2C%20Landkreis/Wolkenburger%20Bergbaurevier |
| Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in Deutschland", 2001 |
| T. Witzke et al.: Lapis 2001(12), 13-27 |
Greece | |
| Voudouris, P., Melfos, V, Spry, P.G., Bonsall, T.A., Tarkian, M. & Solomon, Ch. (2008): Carbonate-replacement Pb-Zn-Ag+/-Au mineralization in the Kamariza area, Lavrion, Greece: Mineralogy and thermochemical conditions of formation. Mineralogy & Petrology 94, 85-106. |
| Solomos, C., Voudouris, P. & Katerinopoulos, A. (2004): Mineralogical studies of bismuth-gold-antimony mineralization at the area of Kamariza, Lavrion. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, Proceedings of the 10th International Congress, Thessaloniki, Greece, 387-396 (in Greek with English abstract). |
| Schnorrer, G. & Breitenbach, H. (1999): Neue Minerale von den alten Lagerstätten Lavrions/Griechenland. Aufschluss 50, 207-209. [bismite and bismuth describe therein are from the Jean Baptiste mine - Branko Rieck pers. comm. to Uwe Kolitsch 2012]; Rieck, B., Kolitsch, U., Voudouris, P., Giester, G. and Tzeferis, P. (2018): Weitere Neufunde aus Lavrion, Griechenland. Mineralien-Welt 29 (5), 32-77 (in German). | |
India | |
| Viladkar, S. G. Graphite-bearing dolomite carbonatites in Newania, Western India. |
Iran | |
| Nezafatis, N. (2006): Au-Sn-W-Cu Mineralization in the Astaneh-Sarband Area, West Central Iran. PhD thesis, University of Tübingen (Germany), 116 pp. |
Italy | |
| AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work. |
| Ghizzoni, S. & Mazzoleni, G. (2005): Itinerari mineralogici in val Codera. Geologia Insubrica, Ed., Milano, 316 pp. |
| Ghizzoni, S. & Mazzoleni, G. (2005): Itinerari mineralogici in val Codera. Geologia Insubrica, Ed., Milano, 316 pp. | |
| Ghizzoni, S. & Mazzoleni, G. (2005): Itinerari mineralogici in val Codera. Geologia Insubrica, Ed., Milano, 316 pp. | |
| Ghizzoni, S. & Mazzoleni, G. (2005): Itinerari mineralogici in val Codera. Geologia Insubrica, Ed., Milano, 316 pp. | |
| Ghizzoni, S. & Mazzoleni, G. (2005): Itinerari mineralogici in val Codera. Geologia Insubrica, Ed., Milano, 316 pp. | |
| Ambrino, P., Brizio, P., Ciriotti, M.E., Finello, G., Marello, B. (2009). Minerali della pietra di Luserna. AMI. CD-ROM (in italian and in english) |
| Piccoli, G.C., Maletto, G., Bosio, P., Lombardo, B. (2007). Minerali del Piemonte e della Valle d'Aosta. Associazione Amici del Museo "F. Eusebio" Alba, Ed., Alba (Cuneo) 607 pp. |
| - Orlandi, P., Gelosa, M., Bonacina, E., Caboni, F., Mamberti, M., Tanca, G., A. et Vinci, A. (2013) : Sardignaite, gelosaite et tancaite-(Ce) : trois nouveaux minéraux de Su Seinargiu, Sarroch, Sardaigne, Italie. Le Règne Minéral, 112, 39-52.; Orlandi P., Gelosa M., Bonacina E., Caboni F., Mamberti M., Tanca G.A., Vinci A. (2015): Sette nuove specie mineralogiche della Sardegna. I minerali della mineralizzazione a molibdeno e bismuto di Su Seinargiu (CA). Riv. Mineral. Ital., 39, 2, 84-115. |
| AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work. |
| Caboni, F., Mamberti, M., Tanca, G.A., Vinci, A., Bittarello, E., Marengo, A., Brizio, P., Bracco, R., Baralis, L., Desor, J., Ciriotti, M.E. (2018): Arseniati, arseniuri e altre novità di Pira Inferida - Fenugu Sibiri, Gonnosfanadiga, Sud Sardegna. Micro, 16, 110-156 (in Italian with abstracts in English, French and German). |
| -Bortolozzi G., Blass G., Boscardin M., Rocchetti I. and Ferretti P. (2013): La Miniera di Cinquevalli (Valsugana, Trentino-Alto Adige): aggiornamento sulle specie accertate negli ultimi anni. Studi Trent. Sci. Nat., 93, pagg. 149-165. |
Japan | |
| Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 60; 浜地忠男, & 谷正巳. (1961). 岐阜県苗木地方ウラン調査報告. 纐纈山および西大洞地区の砂鉱. 地調月報, 11, 34-40. |
| Harada, S., Suzuki, Y., Miyawaki, R., Momma, K., Shigeoka, M., Matsubara, S. (2017) Bi-bearing minerals at the Jishakuyama ore deposit of the Akagane mine, Iwate Prefecture, Japan. |
| Hori Mineralogy, Tokyo |
| Ryoichi SADANAGA and Michiaki BUNNO (1974) THE WAKABAYASHI MINERAL COLLECTION Bulletin No. 7 The University Museum, The University of Tokyo |
Kazakhstan | |
| Chen Xuanhua, Qu Wenjun, Han Shuqin, Seitmuratova, E., Yang Nong, Chen Zhengle, Zeng Fagang, Du Andao, and Wang Zhihong (2010): Geoscience Frontiers 1(1), 115-124 |
Madagascar | |
| Besairie, H. (1966): Les Gites Minéraux de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar, Tananarive, 34, p. 62 |
| Michel Arliguie collection |
| Behier, J. (1959): Travaux mineralogiques. Rapport Annuel du Service géologique pour 1959. Republique Malgache. pp 237-250 [p. 241] |
| Behier, J. (1960): Contribution á la mineralogie de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar XXIX, Tananarive. p.21; - Behier, J. (1963): Carte mineralogique de Madagascar. Archive Service Géologique Madagascar. A 1871 |
| Ungemach, M.H. (1916) Contribution á la Minéralogie de Madagascar. Bulletin de la Société française de minéralogie. 39: 5-38 |
| Behier, J. (1960): Contribution á la Minéralogie de Madagascar. Annales Géologiques de Madagascar XXIX, Tananarive, p 21 |
| Behier, J. (1957): Mineraux nouvellement trouves dans les pegmatites de Madagascar. in Commision de Coopération Technique en Afrique au Sud du sahara (C.C.T.A.). Geologie. Comités regionaux Centre, Est et Sud. Conférence de Tananarive Avril 1957. I, 135-138 |
| Ranorosoa, N. (1986): Etude mineralogique des pegmatites du champ de la Sahatany, Madagascar. These de Doctorat de l`Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse. |
| Behier, J. (1960): Travaux mineralogiques. In Rapport Annuel du Service Geologique pour 1960. Republique Madagascar, Tananarive. 181-199 |
Mexico | |
| Panczner(1987):114,116. |
Myanmar | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data, Sieghard Ellenberger specimens |
Namibia | |
| P. Keller and O. von Knorring, Eur. J. Mineral. , 1989, 1, pp. 567-593. |
| |
| Jahn, S. & Bast, R. (2006): Der Krantzberg bei Omaruru, Namibia, und die Mineralvorkommen in seiner Umgebung. Mineralien-Welt 17 (3), 32-48.; - Bezing, L. von, Bode, R. & Jahn, S. (2007): Namibia. Minerals and Localities. Edition Schloss Freudenstein, Bode Verlag, Haltern (in English) |
| Bezing, L. von, Bode, R. & Jahn, S. (2008): Namibia Minerals and Localities. Edition Schloss Freudenstein, Bode Verlag GmbH, Haltern, 383 pp. (in English) |
| Dunning, G.E. & Cooper. J.F. (1998): Namibite, a summary of world occurrences. Mineralogical Record. 29: 163-166 |
Norway | |
| Frigstad, O.F. (1968): En undersøkelse av cleavelandittsonerte pegmatittganger i Iveland-Evje, Nedre Setesdal. Hovedfagsoppgave (Thesis), University of Oslo, p. 147; Neumann (1985) : Norges mineraler. Norges geologiske undersøkelse Skrifter 68, p. 59 |
| Frigstad, O.F. (1968): En undersøkelse av cleavelandittsonerte pegmatittganger i Iveland-Evje, Nedre Setesdal. Hovedfagsoppgave (Thesis), University of Oslo, p. 147; Neumann (1985) : Norges mineraler. Norges geologiske undersøkelse Skrifter 68, p. 59 |
| Frigstad, O.F. (1968): Den förste norske forekomst av mineralet bismit. in Geologisk Museum. Interne notater 1961-1990. Published by Geologisk Museums Venner, Oslo 1991, p 18. | |
| Revheim, O. (2007): Slobrekka, Iveland. [Del 2]. STEIN 34 (1), 3-5 |
| Knut Eldjarn collection |
| Kristiansen, R. (2014): Nye mineralfunn fra Herrebøkasa, Aspedammen, Østfold. Stein- 41 (3),30-33 |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Eos Trans. AGU, 81 (48), Fall Meet. Suppl., 2000 |
| Astakhova, N. V. (2008, October). Noble, rare-earth, and nonferrous metals in ferromanganese crusts from submarine volcanoes of the Sea of Japan. In Doklady Earth Sciences (Vol. 422, No. 1, pp. 1161-1166). SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica. |
Poland | |
| Szełęg E., Szuszkiewicz A., Pieczka A., Nejbert K., Turniak K., Łodziński M., Ilnicki S., Banach M., Michałowski P. & Różniak R. 2010: Geology of the Julianna pegmatite vein system from the Piława Górna quarry (Dolnośląskie Surowce Skalne S.A.), Sowie Mts Block, SW Poland. Mineralogia - Special Papers, vo.l. 37, 111 |
| Szuszkiewicz, A., Szełęg, E., Pieczka, A., Ilnicki, S., Nejbert, K., Turniak, K., ... & Michałowski, P. (2013) The Julianna pegmatite vein system at the Piława Górna Mine, Góry Sowie Block, SW Poland–preliminary data on geology and descriptive mineralogy. Geological Quarterly, 2013, 57 (3): 000–000 | |
| Kozłowski, A., & Matyszczak, W. (2018). Oxygenic bismuth minerals in the NE part of the Karkonosze pluton (West Sudetes, SW Poland). Acta Geologica Polonica, 68(4). |
| Kozłowski, A., & Matyszczak, W. (2018). Oxygenic bismuth minerals in the NE part of the Karkonosze pluton (West Sudetes, SW Poland). Acta Geologica Polonica, 68(4).; Mochnacka, K., Oberc-Dziedzic, T., Mayer, W., & Pieczka, A. (2015). Ore mineralization related to geological evolution of the Karkonosze–Izera Massif (the Sudetes, Poland)—Towards a model. Ore Geology Reviews, 64, 215-238. | |
| Mochnacka, K., Oberc-Dziedzic, T., Mayer, W., Pieczka, A., & Góralski, M. (2009). New insights into the mineralization of the Czarnów ore deposit (West Sudetes, Poland). Geologia Sudetica, 41(3-100), 43-56.; Mochnacka, K., Oberc-Dziedzic, T., Mayer, W., & Pieczka, A. (2015). Ore mineralization related to geological evolution of the Karkonosze–Izera Massif (the Sudetes, Poland)—Towards a model. Ore Geology Reviews, 64, 215-238. |
| Domańska, J.: Rędziny. Otoczak, nr. 29, p. 38-52. |
Romania | |
| www.minerals-of-the carpathians.eu (2009) |
Russia | |
| Potseluev, A.A., Babkin, D.I., and Kotegov, V.I. (2006): Geology of Ore Deposits 48(5), 384-401. |
| Sandimirova, E. I., Sidorov, E. G., Chubarov, V. M., Ibragimova, E. K., & Antonov, A. V. (2014). Native metals and intermetallic compounds in heavy concentrate halos of the Ol’khovaya-1 River, Kamchatsky Mys Peninsula, eastern Kamchatka. Geology of Ore Deposits, 56(8), 657-664. |
| Alekseev, V. I., & Marin, Y. B. (2015). Composition and evolution of accessory mineralization of Li–F granites in the Far East as indicators of their ore potential. Geology of Ore Deposits, 57(8), 635-644. |
| Voloshin A.V., Pakhomovskii Ya.A. [Волошин А. В., Пахомовский Я. А.] (1986): Minerals and evolution of mineral formation in amazonite pegmatites of the Kola Peninsula [Минералы и эволюция минералообразования в амазонитовых пегматитах Кольского полуострова]. Nauka, Leningrad, 168 pp. (in Russian). |
| Alekseev, V. I., & Marin, Y. B. (2015). Composition and evolution of accessory mineralization of Li–F granites in the Far East as indicators of their ore potential. Geology of Ore Deposits, 57(8), 635-644. |
| Ivashchenko, V. I., Valkama, M., Sundblad, K., Golubev, A. I., & Alekseev, V. Y. (2011, September). New data on mineralogy and metallogeny of scarns in the Pitkyaranta ore region. In Doklady Earth Sciences (Vol. 440, No. 1, pp. 1307-1311). SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2012) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p |
| Števko M., Uher P., Ozdín D. (2012) Bizmut a jeho alteračné produkty: akcesorické minerály granitového pegmatitu berylového typu na lokalite Bratislava-Švábsky vrch (Malé Karpaty, Slovensko). Bull. mineral.-petrolog. Odd. Nár. Muz. (Praha), 20, 2, 226-229 (in Slovak with English abstract) |
| Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p |
South Africa | |
| Minerals of South Africa |
Spain | |
| Rewitzer, C., Calvo, M. Hochleitner, R., and Utrera, C. (2018). Adamite, austinite, schlegelite, dugganite and other uncommon minerals in the “Cogolla Alta” claim,Belalcázar, Córdoba, Spain. Mineral Up, 5 (2), 50-77. |
| -Mata Perelló, J.M. (1991)"Itinerari Mineralógic per Andalucia Oriental", Mineralogistes de Catalunya Vol.nº2, pag.63-64 |
| M. Ruiz Montes, notes IGME 1973.; M. Ruiz Montes (1973), Instituto Geominero de España (IGME) notes. | |
| Romero Silva,JC; Martos J; Navarro Garcia,JM (2012). La Mina Conchita de Estepona (Malaga). un raro yacimiento de metales complejos en Sierra Bermeja. Edita Anuario de Estudios sobre Ronda y la Serrania Takurunna nº2; año 2012 pag.9. |
| Ref: Jiménez R., Jordá L., Jordá R., Prado P. (2004) - Madrid: la minería metálica desde 1417 hasta nuestros días. Bocamina, n°14 |
| Tanago, J. G., Lozano, P. L., Larios, A. , La Iglesia, A. (2012) Stokesite crystals from La Cabrera, Madrid, Spain. Mineralogical Record 43:499-508 | |
| - González del Tánago, J. and González del Tánago, J. (2002): Minerales y Minas de Madrid | |
| Calvo, M. (2009). Minerales y Minas de España. Vol. IV, Óxidos e Hidróxidos. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Minas de Madrid - Fundación Gómez Pardo. 752 pp. |
Sweden | |
| |
| No reference listed | |
| Kjell Gatedal |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Verlag Wepf & Co. (Basel), p. 79; Ansermet, S. (2012): Mines et minéraux du Valais - II. Anniviers et Tourtemagne. With contributions by N. Meisser, Ed. Porte-plumes (Ayer) |
Tajikistan | |
| Novgorodova, M.I., Generalov, M.Ye., Gorshkov, A.I., Sivtsov, A.V., Uspenskiy, Ye.I (1991) Association of native gold with bismuthyl carbonates and tellurates. Izvestiya Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol.: 4: 102-108 (in Russian); in: Jambor, J.L., Grew, E.S. (1993): New mineral Names. :merican Mineralogist: 78: 234 |
Uganda | |
| von Knorring, O. (1972): The occurrence of bismuth minerals in some African pegmatites. Annu. Rep. Res. Inst. African Geol., Univ. Leeds: 16: 53-55; in: Fleischer, M. (1974): New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 59: 1139-1141 |
UK | |
| Collins, J.H. (1892): "A Handbook to the Mineralogy of Cornwall and Devon", 2nd ed., D. Bradford Barton Ltd. (Truro, UK), pp. 108. |
| Collins, J.H. (1871): A Handbook to the Mineralogy of Cornwall and Devon. D. Bradford Barton Ltd. (Truro, UK), 108 pp. |
| Collins, J.H. (1892): "A Handbook to the Mineralogy of Cornwall and Devon", 2nd ed., D. Bradford Barton Ltd. (Truro, UK), pp. 108. |
| Collins, J.H. (1892): A Handbook to the Mineralogy of Cornwall and Devon, 2nd ed., D. Bradford Barton Ltd. (Truro, UK), 108 pp. | |
| http://www.mineral-paradise.net/Cornwall_and_Devon.html (specimens #19 & 20) |
| Collins, J.H. (1892): "A Handbook to the Mineralogy of Cornwall and Devon", 2nd ed., D. Bradford Barton Ltd. (Truro, UK), pp. 108. |
| Cooper, M.P. and Stanley, C.J. (1991) Famous Mineral Localities: Pyromorphite Group Minerals from the Caldbeck Fells, Cumbria, England. Mineralogical Record, 22(2), 105-121. |
| Goodchild, J.G. (1882) Contributions towards a list of minerals occurring in Cumberland and Westmorland [part 1]. Transactions of the Cumberland Association for the Advancement of Literature and Science, 7 (for 1881-1882), 101-126.; Davidson, W.F. and Thomson, N. (1951) Some notes on the minerals of Westmorland and Cumberland. North West Naturalist, 23 (for 1948), 136-154.; Hartley, J. (1984) A list of minerals associated with the ore deposits of the Caldbeck Fells, Cumbria. Transactions of the Leeds Geological Association, 10(3), 22-39.; Cooper, M.P. and Stanley, C.J. (1990) Minerals of the English Lake District: Caldbeck Fells. Natural History Museum Publications, London, 160 pp. (referring to Goodchild, 1882, Davidson & Thomson, 1951 and Hartley, 1984).; BMS Database |
| UKJMM Vol.25 p.19; UKJMM Vol.29 p.49-52 |
USA | |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1225. |
| [MinRec 24:421] |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 138; Graeme, R. (1993), Bisbee revisited, Min.Rec.: 24: 421-436. | |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 139. |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 139. |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 138; Galbraith, F.W. & Brennan (1959), Minerals of Arizona: 33. |
| Meeves, H., et al (1966), Reconnaissance of beryllium-bearing pegmatite deposits in six western states, US Bur. Mines Info. Circ. 8298: 20 (Table A-1). |
| Meeves, H., et al (1966), Reconnaissance of beryllium-bearing pegmatite deposits in six western states, US Bur. Mines Info. Circ. 8298: 21 (Table A-1). |
| Anthony, J.W., et al (1995), Mineralogy of Arizona, 3rd.ed.: 138, 139; Lindgren, W. (1926), USGS Bull. 782: 28, 184-185; Galbraith, F.W. (1947), Minerals of Arizona, AZ Bur. Mines Bull. 153: 22; Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 33, 44. |
| Galbraith, F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 33. |
| Mineralogical Record (1998): 29: 165. |
| Dunning, G.E., Cooper, J.F. (2005) Mineralogy of the Spring Creek area, Last Chance mining district, Plumas County, California. Axis: 1: 1-30. | |
| Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 60 |
| Jahns, Richard Henry & Wright, Lauren A. (1951), Gem and lithium-bearing pegmatites of the Pala district, San Diego County, California. California Division of Mines Special Report 7-A: p. 31. |
| Jahns, R. H. and Wright, L. A. (1951), Gem and Lithium-bearing pegmatites of the Pala District, San Diego County, California. California Division of Mines special report 7A: 40; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 186. | |
| Jahns, R.H. and Wright, L.A. (1951), Gem and Lithium-bearing pegmatites of the Pala District, San Diego County, California. California Division of Mines special report 7A: 38; Pemberton, H. Earl (1983), Minerals of California; Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 186. | |
| Foord, Eugene E. et al (1989), Mineralogy and Paragenesis of the Little Three Mine Pegmatites, Ramona District, San Diego County, California. Mineralogical Record, 20(2): p. 121; Mineralogical Magazine (1996), 60: 387-388. |
| Anthony, J. W. et al. (1997): Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 60 |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. | |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. |
| Januzzi, 1976. Mineral Localities of CT and Southeastern NY State |
| Januzzi, 1976. Mineral Localities of CT and Southeastern NY State, p.273 | |
| Eric Quinter collection |
| Schooner, Richard. (1958), The Mineralogy of the Portland-East Hampton-Middletown-Haddam Area in Connecticut (With a few notes on Glastonbury and Marlborough). Published by Richard Schooner; Ralph Lieser of Pappy’s Beryl Shop, East Hampton; and Howard Pate of Fluorescent House, Branford, Connecticut.; Huff, R. C., R. G. Huff, J. Vajdak. (1996), An Occurrence of Bismutoferrite in Portland, Connecticut. Rocks & Minerals: 71(3): 197.; Rocks & Minerals (1955) 30:351-358 |
| Schooner, Richard. (1955): 90 Minerals from 1 Connecticut Hill. Rocks & Minerals: 30(7-8): 351-8. |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada | |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada | |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada | |
| |
| Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 26, pp. 355-376(1988) |
| Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. |
| NMBMMR Bull 83 Mineral Deposits of Western Grant County, New Mexico |
| Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. |
| Jahns, R. H. and Ewing, R. C. (1977): The Harding mine, Taos County, New Mexico. Mineralogical Record, 8 (2): 115-126. |
| Dana 6:1076; Dana 7:I:163. |
| Genth,F.A and Kerr, W.C. 1881, Mineral and Mineral Localities of North Carolina , Geological Survey | |
| SDSMT Bull 18 Roberts and Rapp "Mineralogy of the Black Hills" |
| SDSMT Bull 18 Roberts and Rapp "Mineralogy of the Black Hills" |
| UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah |
| UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah | |
| UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah; Means, A H "Some New Mineral Occurences From The Tintic District, Utah" American Journal of Science Vol 41, Noi 241 (1916) pp 125-30; Means, A H "Some New Mineral Occurences From The Tintic District, Utah" American Journal of Science Vol 41, Noi 241 (1916) pp 125-30 |
| UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah |
| Calkins, F. C.; Butler, B. S.; Heikes, V. C. (1943) Geology and ore deposits of the Cottonwood-American Fork area, Utah, with sections on history and production. USGS Professional Paper: 201 | |
| Collected by and in the collection of Brent Thorne. EDS analyzed by Excalibur Minerals. |
| UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah | |
| UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah; U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1024, |
Zimbabwe | |
| Brother Juan Salvador collection, traded from American Museum of Natural History (New York), 12-1-1978. |
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San Nicolás Mine, Valle de la Serena, Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain