Cheralite
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About Cheralite
Formula:
CaTh(PO4)2
Colour:
Grayish brown to reddish brown (on rims), pale yellow, brownish green ("brabantite")
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
5
Specific Gravity:
4.72 - 5.02
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named after Chera, an ancient kingdom in southern India, that includes the type locality.
Monazite Group. The CaTh(PO4)2-dominant member of the group. Formerly known as brabantite.
Redefined by Linthout (2007).
Not to be confused with the discredited cheralite-(Ce) (= Ca-rich monazite-(Ce)).
Compare 'UM1979-07-PO:CaFeHREESiTh'; 'UM1979-08-PO:CCaFeHREESiTh', 'UM1979-10-PO:FeHREETh' and 'UM1980-04-PO:CaHREETh'.
Redefined by Linthout (2007).
Not to be confused with the discredited cheralite-(Ce) (= Ca-rich monazite-(Ce)).
Compare 'UM1979-07-PO:CaFeHREESiTh'; 'UM1979-08-PO:CCaFeHREESiTh', 'UM1979-10-PO:FeHREETh' and 'UM1980-04-PO:CaHREETh'.
Classification of Cheralite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First Published:
1953
7/A.15-40
8.BD.50
8.AD.50
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
A : Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
A : Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
38.4.3.5
38 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, AND VANADATES
4 : AXO4
38 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, AND VANADATES
4 : AXO4
Physical Properties of Cheralite
Vitreous
Comment:
Dull or greasy ("brabantite")
Colour:
Grayish brown to reddish brown (on rims), pale yellow, brownish green ("brabantite")
Comment:
brown-gray in thin section ("brabantite")
Hardness:
5 on Mohs scale
Density:
4.72 - 5.02 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.26 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
all data for "brabantite"; measured after heating to 900oC
Optical Data of Cheralite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.779 nβ = 1.780 nγ = 1.817
2V:
Measured: 17° to 20°, Calculated: 20°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.038

Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
weak
Comments:
for "brabantite": nα = 1.691, nβ = 1.696–1.73, nγ = 1.725 2V (measured) = 44◦
Chemical Properties of Cheralite
Formula:
CaTh(PO4)2
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Si,REE
Crystallography of Cheralite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.726(1) Å, b = 6.933(5) Å, c = 6.447(12) Å
β = 103o56'(16)°
β = 103o56'(16)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.97 : 1 : 0.93
Unit Cell V:
292.93 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Comment:
Space group P21/n; data for "brabantite"
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.06 | (100) |
2.85 | (75) |
3.26 | (70) |
4.15 | (30) |
1.947 | (30) |
3.46 | (25) |
2.14 | (25) |
Comments:
data for "brabantite"
Type Occurrence of Cheralite
General Appearance of Type Material:
"brabantite": elongated crystals; aggregates to 1.5 cm; massive, fine-granular
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Institute for Mineralogy and Crystallography, Berlin Technical University, Berlin, Germany ("brabantite")
Geological Setting of Type Material:
zoned granite pegmatite ("brabantite")
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Cheralite
Relationship of Cheralite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Gasparite-(Ce) | Ce(AsO4) | |
Gasparite-(La) | LaAsO4 | Mon. |
Monazite-(Ce) | Ce(PO4) | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Monazite-(La) | La(PO4) | |
Monazite-(Nd) | Nd(PO4) | |
Monazite-(Sm) | Sm(PO4) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
Rooseveltite | Bi(AsO4) | Mon. 2/m |
Unnamed (Gd-dominant monazite) | (Gd,Y,Dy,Sm,Nd,Th,Ca)(PO4) |
Common Associates
Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
Cheralite | CaTh(PO4)2 |
Columbite-(Mn) | Mn2+Nb2O6 |
Hafnian Zircon | (Zr,Hf)SiO4 |
Huttonite | ThSiO4 |
Spodumene | LiAlSi2O6 |
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
8.AD.05 | Nahpoite | Na2HPO4 | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
8.AD.10 | Monetite | Ca(HPO4) | Tric. 1 |
8.AD.10 | Weilite | Ca(HAsO4) | Tric. 1 : P1 |
8.AD.10 | Švenekite | Ca(H2AsO4)2 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
8.AD.15 | Archerite | (K,NH4)(H2PO4) | Tet. 4 2m : I4 2d |
8.AD.15 | Biphosphammite | (NH4,K)(H2PO4) | Tet. 4 2 2 : I41 2 2 |
8.AD.20 | Phosphammite | (NH4)2(HPO4) | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
8.AD.25 | Buchwaldite | NaCa(PO4) | Orth. mm2 : Pmn21 |
8.AD.30 | Schultenite | Pb(HAsO4) | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
8.AD.35 | Chernovite-(Y) | Y(AsO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
8.AD.35 | Dreyerite | Bi(VO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
8.AD.35 | Wakefieldite-(Ce) | Ce(VO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
8.AD.35 | Wakefieldite-(Y) | Y(VO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
8.AD.35 | Xenotime-(Y) | Y(PO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
8.AD.35 | Pretulite | Sc(PO4) | Tet. |
8.AD.35 | Xenotime-(Yb) | Yb(PO4) | Tet. |
8.AD.35 | Wakefieldite-(La) | La(VO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
8.AD.35 | Wakefieldite-(Nd) | Nd(VO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
8.AD.40 | Pucherite | Bi(VO4) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
8.AD.45 | Ximengite | Bi(PO4) | Trig. |
8.AD.50 | Gasparite-(Ce) | Ce(AsO4) | |
8.AD.50 | Monazite-(Ce) | Ce(PO4) | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
8.AD.50 | Monazite-(La) | La(PO4) | |
8.AD.50 | Monazite-(Nd) | Nd(PO4) | |
8.AD.50 | Rooseveltite | Bi(AsO4) | Mon. 2/m |
8.AD.50 | Monazite-(Sm) | Sm(PO4) | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
8.AD.50 | UM2005-35-VO:CaFePSiTh | (Th,Ca)(VO4,SiO4,PO4) | |
8.AD.50 | Gasparite-(La) | LaAsO4 | Mon. |
8.AD.55 | Tetrarooseveltite | Bi(AsO4) | Tet. |
8.AD.60 | Chursinite | (Hg+2)0.5Hg2+(AsO4) | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
8.AD.65 | Clinobisvanite | Bi(VO4) | Mon. 2/m |
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)
38.4.3.1 | Monazite-(Ce) | Ce(PO4) | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
38.4.3.2 | Monazite-(La) | La(PO4) | |
38.4.3.4 | Brabantite | CaTh(PO4)2 | Mon. |
38.4.3.5 | Monazite-(Nd) | Nd(PO4) | |
38.4.3.6 | Gasparite-(Ce) | Ce(AsO4) |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Cheralite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte (1995), 344-350.
Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh & Nichols (2000), Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. IV: 105.
American Mineralogist: 38: 734.
American Mineralogist: 39: 403.
American Mineralogist (1967): 52: 13.
Mineralogical Magazine 43 (1980): 885.
Trends in Mineralogy (1992): 1: 103.
Linthout, K. (2007): Tripartite division of the system 2REEPO4 – CaTh(PO4)2– 2ThSiO4, discreditation of brabantite, and recognition of cheralite as the name for members dominated by CaTh(PO4)2. Can. Mineral. 45, 503-508.
Anthony, J.W., Bideaux, R.A., Bladh, K.W. and Nichols, M.C., Eds. Handbook of Mineralogy, Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, VA 20151-1110, USA. http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/ (2016)
Internet Links for Cheralite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-6865.html
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Localities for Cheralite
Locality List




All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| M. B. FRANCHINI, R. LIRA, L. MEINERT, M. F. POKLEPOVIC, A. IMPICCINI, H. A. MILLONE, CONICET, CIMAR, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Av. Buenos Aires 1400 (8300) Neuquén, Argentina. franchini@infovia.com.ar ; aimpicc@uncoma.edu.ar; CONICET. Museo de Mineralogía y Geología “Dr. A. Stelzner”, F.C.E.F. y N. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Av. V. Sársfield 299, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina. rlira@com.uncor.edu; fpoklepovic@com.uncor.edu; Washington State University, Pullman, Washington; meinert@wsu.edu; Gerencia de Minería de Córdoba. Celso Barrios 1665, 5016, Córdoba. gema@arnet.com.ar. |
NUEVOS DATOS MINERALOGICOS DEL PROSPECTO DE ETRL (Nb) JASIMAMPA, SIERRA DE SUMAMPA, SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO | |
Australia | |
| http://www.ga.gov.au/image_cache/GA8817.pdf, http://www.arafuraresources.com.au/nol_geo.html |
| Mills, S. J., Birch, W. D., Maas, R., Phillips, D. & Plimer, I. R. (2008) Lake Boga Granite, northwestern Victoria: mineralogy, geochemistry and geochronology, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 55(3), 281–299.; Mills, S. J. & Birch, W. D. (2010) Uranmineralien aus dem Lake-Boga-Granit, Victoria, Australien. Mineralien-Welt, 21(3), 62–67. (In German) |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch, U. (2017): 2039) Allanit-(Ce), Cerianit-(Ce), Cheralith, Chernovit-(Y), Mineralien der Pyrochlorsupergruppe, Columbit-(Fe), Columbit-(Mn), Uraninit und weitere Mineralien aus einem Pegmatit im Blocherleitengraben im Mieslingtal bei Spitz, Waldviertel, Niederösterreich. Pp. 256-259 in Walter, F. et al. (2017): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LXVI. Carinthia II, 207./127., 217-284. |
| Kolitsch, U., Löffler, E., Pristacz, H. & Brandstätter, F. (2010): 1654) Triplit und weitere Mineralien aus einem anstehenden Pegmatit im Mieslingtal bei Spitz, Waldviertel, Niederösterreich. P. 241 in Niedermayr et al. (2010): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LIX. Carinthia II, 200./120., 199-260. |
| Taucher, J. (1998); Tomazic, P. (2010): Interessante Funde von Schörl, Fluorit und weiteren Mineralien im Gneissteinbruch bei Hadersdorf im Mürztal, Steiermark. Der Steirische Mineralog, H. 24, 13-16. |
Brazil | |
| Waber (1991) |
| Baretto & Fujimori (1986) |
Canada | |
| Jennifer Pell (1994) Carbonatites, Nepheline Syenites, Kimberlites and Related Rocks in British Columbia. Brithish Columbia Ministry of Energy Bulletin 88. |
| Berger, V.I., Singer, D.A., and Orris, G.J. (2009): USGS Open-File Report 09-1139 |
China | |
| Tianren Zou, Xiangchen Zhang, Fuyi Jia, Rucong Wang, Huizhi Cao, and Boqing Wu (1986): Mineral Deposits 5(4), 34-48 |
Czech Republic | |
| Scharm, B.: Přehled minerálů nalezených v oblasti uranových koncentrací v severočeské křídě. Bulletin mineralogicko-petrografického oddělení Národního muzea v Praze, 1995, roč. 3, s. 169-172. |
| Chládek,Š.:Mineralogická charakteristika pegmatitu na Lysé hoře u Maršíkova v Hrubém Jeseníku. Bakalářská práce,Univerzita Palackého Olomouc,2011,s.1-44. |
| Pauliš P., Kopecký S., Černý P. 2007: Uranové minerály České Republiky a jejich naleziště. 1. část. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| Pauliš P., Kopecký S., Černý P. 2007: Uranové minerály České Republiky a jejich naleziště. 1. část. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| Černý P., Veselovský F.: Výskyt částečně desilikovaných pegmatitů pronikajících serpentinitem v obci Tři Studně. Minerál, 2013, roč. 21, č. 4, s. 299-304. |
Finland | |
| Vartiainen, H. 1980 The petrography, mineralogy and petrochemistry of the Sokli carbonative massif, northern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Bulletin, 313 |
Al-Ani, T.,Sarapää, O. (2009). Rare earth elements and their mineral phases in Jammi carbonatite veins and fenites on the south side of Sokli carbonatite complex, NE Finland. Geologian tutkimuskeskus, arkistoraportti, M19/4723/2009/34. 24 p. | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
France | |
| Lheur C., Peraud W., Meisser N. (2002), Résultats d'analyses concernant les arséniates et découverte de chéralite-(Ce) à la mine de Valzergues (Aveyron), Le Cahier des Micromonteurs, n°2, pp: 3-8 |
Germany | |
| Habel, M. (2011): Neufunde aus dem östlichen Bayerischen Wald (VIII). Mineralien Welt. 22 (1),80-87 |
| Dill, H. G., Melcher, F., Gerdes, A., & Weber, B. (2008). The origin and zoning of hypogene and supergene Fe–Mn–Mg–Sc–U–REE phosphate mineralization from the newly discovered Trutzhofmühle aplite, Hagendorf pegmatite province, Germany. The Canadian Mineralogist, 46(5), 1131-1157. |
| Schnorrer, G., Kronz, A. & Pascher,G. (2003): Cheralith, Monazit und Xenotim - drei neue Minerale der Xenotim-Monazit-Gruppe sowie Uranosphaerit, ein sekundäres Wismut-Uran-Mineral vom ehemaligen Phosphatpegmatit Hagendorf-Süd/Oberpfalz. Aufschluss, 54, 267-272. (in German) |
| Blass, G., Graf, HW., Kolitsch, U., Sebold, D., Über neue Mineralfunde aus der Vulkaneifel, MW 6/2005 |
| Witzke, T. (2011): Neues von Sadisdorf, Erzgebirge: Gananit, Cheralith, Grayit und Brockit. Mineralien-Welt 22 (4), 47-50. |
Greece | |
| https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anestis_Filippidis/publication/281551528_Chemical_X-ray_and_Mossbauer_investigation_of_a_turquoise_from_the_Vathi_area_volcanic_rocks_Macedonia_Greece/links/55ed72c708aeb6516268df0f/Chemical-X-ray-and-Mossbauer-investigation-of-a-turquoise-from-the-Vathi-area-volcanic-rocks-Macedonia-Greece.pdf?origin=publication_list Chemical, X-Ray and Mössbauer investigation of a turquoise from the Vathi area volcanic rocks, Macedonia, Greece. S. Sklavounos, T. Ericcson, A. Filippidis, K. Michailidis, C. Kougoulis; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anestis_Filippidis/publication/281551528_Chemical_X-ray_and_Mossbauer_investigation_of_a_turquoise_from_the_Vathi_area_volcanic_rocks_Macedonia_Greece/links/55ed72c708aeb6516268df0f/Chemical-X-ray-and-Mossbauer-investigation-of-a-turquoise-from-the-Vathi-area-volcanic-rocks-Macedonia-Greece.pdf?origin=publication_list Chemical, X-Ray and Mössbauer investigation of a turquoise from the Vathi area volcanic rocks, Macedonia, Greece. S. Sklavounos, T. Ericcson, A. Filippidis, K. Michailidis, C. Kougoulis; https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anestis_Filippidis/publication/281551528_Chemical_X-ray_and_Mossbauer_investigation_of_a_turquoise_from_the_Vathi_area_volcanic_rocks_Macedonia_Greece/links/55ed72c708aeb6516268df0f/Chemical-X-ray-and-Mossbauer-investigation-of-a-turquoise-from-the-Vathi-area-volcanic-rocks-Macedonia-Greece.pdf?origin=publication_list Chemical, X-Ray and Mössbauer investigation of a turquoise from the Vathi area volcanic rocks, Macedonia, Greece. S. Sklavounos, T. Ericcson, A. Filippidis, K. Michailidis, C. Kougoulis |
Hungary | |
| Nagy, G., (2003): Nacareniobsite in Phonolites in the Mecsek Mts. (Hungary) - Second occurrence in the world, Acta Mineralogica-Petrographica, Abstract series 1, Szeged 2003 |
| Szakáll & Gatter, 1993 |
India (TL) | |
| Bowie S H U, Horne J E T (1953) Cheralite, a new mineral of the monazite group, Mineralogical Magazine 30, 93-99 |
Italy | |
| Guastoni, A., Mazzoli, C. (2007): Age determination by μ-PIXE analysis of cheralite-(Ce) from emerald-bearing pegmatites of Vigezzo Valley (Western Alps, Italy). Mitt. Österr. Miner. Ges., 153, 279-282.; Guastoni, A. (2012): LCT (lithium, cesium, tantalum) and NYF (niobium, yttrium, fluorine) pegmatites in the Central Alps. Proxies of exhumation history of the Alpine nappe stack in the Lepontine Dome. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Padova, Dept. of Geosciences, 159 pp.; Boscardin, M., Mattioli, V., Rocchetti, I. (2013): Minerali della Valle Vigezzo. Litotipografia Alcione, Lavis (Trento), 229 pp. |
| Biagioni, C., Orlandi, P., Gini, C., Bargellini, C., Gamucci, C., Marinai, V., Nannoni, R. (2013). Botro ai Marmi. I minerali delle miniere Maffei e Montorsi. Rivista Mineralogica Italiana, 1/2013, 63-83. |
Orlandi, P. (1997): Zibaldone di mineralogia italiana. Riv. Mineral. Ital., 22, 2(2-1997), 179-185; Nannoni, R., Marinai, V. (2008): Monte Spinosa. Nuovi ritrovamenti alle miniere Maffei e Montorsi. Riv. Mineral. Ital., 32, 2 (2-2008), 98-111; Biagioni, C., Orlandi, P., Gini, C., Bargellini, C., Gamucci, C., Marinai, V., Nannoni, R. (2013): Botro ai Marmi. I minerali delle miniere Maffei e Montorsi. Riv. Mineral. Ital., 37, 1 (1-2013), 63-83. | |
Laos | |
| Sutherland, F.L., Bosshart, G., Fanning, C.M., Hoskind, P.W.O., and Coenraads, R.R. (2002): Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 20(7), 841-849. |
Madagascar | |
| Rakotondrazafy, A.F.M., Giuliani, G., Ohnenstetter, D., Fallick, A.E., Rakotosamizanany, S., Andriamamonjy, A., Ralantoarison, T., Razanatseheno, M., Offant, Y., Garnier, V., Maluski, H., Dunaigre, C., Schwarz, D., and Ratrimo, V. (2008): Ore Geology Reviews 34, 134-154. |
Morocco | |
| Khadem Allah, B. (1993) |
| Bea, F., Montero, P., Haissen, F., & El Archi, A. (2013). 2.46 Ga kalsilite and nepheline syenites from the Awsard pluton, Reguibat Rise of the West African Craton, Morocco. Generation of extremely K-rich magmas at the Archean–Proterozoic transition. Precambrian Research, 224, 242-254. |
Norway | |
| Nordrum, F.S. (2010): Nyfunn av mineraler i Norge 2009-2010. Stein 37 (2), 4-14 |
| Selbekk, R. S., Berg, H-J. and Folvik, H. O. (2009) Mineraler i monazitt-gruppen funnet i Norge. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrift 41: 43-47. |
| Grønvik, A. & Torsvik, T. (1989) On the origin and age of hydrothermal thorium-enriched carbonate veins and breccias in the Møre-Trøndelag Fault Zone, central Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift. 69:1-19 |
Poland | |
| Kucha H., Wieczorek A. 1980: Ca1-xTh1-xRE2x[PO4]2 . 2H2O, a new mineral from Lower Silesia, Poland. Mineralogia Polonica, vol. 11, No 1, 123-136 |
| Szuszkiewicz, A., Szełęg, E., Pieczka, A., Ilnicki, S., Nejbert, K., Turniak, K., ... & Michałowski, P. (2013) The Julianna pegmatite vein system at the Piława Górna Mine, Góry Sowie Block, SW Poland–preliminary data on geology and descriptive mineralogy. Geological Quarterly, 2013, 57 (3): 000–000 |
| Budzyń, B., Jastrzębski, M. (2015): Monazite alterations and geochronology in the Jawornik granitoid and host metasedimentary rocks (Sudetes Mts., SW Poland). Mineralogia Special Papers: 44: 29 |
| Pieczka, A., Evans, R. J., Grew, E. S., Groat, L. A., Ma, C., & Rossman, G. R. (2013). The dumortierite supergroup. II. Three new minerals from the Szklary pegmatite, SW Poland: Nioboholtite,(Nb0. 6⃞0. 4) Al6BSi3O18, titanoholtite,(Ti0. 75⃞0. 25) Al6BSi3O18, and szklaryite, ⃞Al6BAs33+ O15. Mineralogical Magazine, 77(6), 2841-2856. |
| Mochnacka, K., Oberc-Dziedzic, T., Mayer, W., & Pieczka, A. (2015). Ore mineralization related to geological evolution of the Karkonosze–Izera Massif (the Sudetes, Poland)—Towards a model. Ore Geology Reviews, 64, 215-238. |
Romania | |
| Paulina Hîrtopanu, Robert J. Fairhurst, Gyula Jakab, Sorin Silviu Udubaşa (2017): Monazite-(Ce) and its associations from the Ditrau alkaline intrusive massif, East Carpathians, Romania. Romanian Journal of Mineral Deposits 90, 27-40. |
Russia | |
| Igor.V. Pekov, Lyudmila R. Memetova (2008) Minerals of the Lipovka Granite Pegmatites, Central Urals, Russia. Mineralogical Almanac 13:6-45 |
Slovakia | |
| Chudík, P. & Uher, P. (2009): Mitt. Österr. Mineral. Ges. 155, 40. (Abs.) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross & Dixon (1995) 138-140. |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz. Wepf (Basel), p. 110. |
Ukraine | |
| Gurov, E. P., Shekhunova, S. B., & Permyakov, V. V. (2015). Accessory and opaque minerals in impact melt rocks of the Boltysh structure, Ukraine. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 50(6), 1139-1155. |
USA | |
| Rebecca A. Simmons (2009) "Minerals of the Grizzly Pegmatite, Marquette County, Michigan", Mineral News, 25, #4, 1 & 12-13. |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
| Gunnar Färber |
| Rocks and Minerals, (1987) 62:188-195 |
Hanson, S.L., et al (1999) Rocks and Minerals, 74, 184 | |
Minerals of the Stettin pluton, Marathon County, Wisconsin. A. Falster, Rocks & Minerals, 61(2), 1986, pp 74–78. | |
| Min.News 15(5):1, 5 - 6 |
| Dave Harris (location specified by dealer). |
Platt Pegmatite Mine, Big Creek pegmatite District, Carbon Co., Wyoming, USA