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Åkermanite

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Åkermanite

Graulay, Hillesheim, Eifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Åkermanite

Vispi Quarry, San Venanzo, Terni Province, Umbria, Italy
Åkermanite, etc.

Caspar quarry, Bellerberg volcano, Ettringen, Mayen, Eifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Åkermanite

Graulay, Hillesheim, Eifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Åkermanite

Vispi Quarry, San Venanzo, Terni Province, Umbria, Italy
Åkermanite, etc.

Caspar quarry, Bellerberg volcano, Ettringen, Mayen, Eifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Åkermanite

Graulay, Hillesheim, Eifel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Åkermanite

Vispi Quarry, San Venanzo, Terni Province, Umbria, Italy
Anders Richard Åkerman (1837-1922)
Formula:
Ca2Mg(Si2O7)
Colour:
Colorless, yellowish gray, green, brown
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
5 - 6
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Member of:
Melilite Group
Name:
First described from samples of slags from furnace iron production found at 3 furnace localities: Hofors, Löfsjöen and Mölnbo, Sweden (Vogt 1884).
Named by the Norwegian geologist, professor Johan Herman Lie Vogt (1858-1932) in honor of Anders Richard Åkerman(1837-1922), Swedish metallurgist. During his comprehensive study of the mineralogy of slag products, Vogt discovered a new Ca-Mg-silicate, and named the mineral Åkermanit. Åkerman had kindly given J.H.L.Vogt access to Stockholms Bergskolas large collection of slags. It was in samples from this collection Vogt discovered the mineral.
Gehlenite-Åkermanite Series.


Hide all sections | Show all sections

Classification of ÅkermaniteHide

IMA status:
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Strunz 8th ed.:
8/C.02-10
Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) ed.:
9.BB.10

9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
B : Sorosilicates
B : Si2O7 groups, without non-tetrahedral anions; cations in tetrahedral [4] and greater coordination
Dana 8th ed.:
55.4.1.1

55 : SOROSILICATES Si2O7 Groups,Generally with no Additional Anions
4 : Si2O7 Groups, Generally with No Additional Anions with cations in [8] and lower coordination
Hey's CIM Ref.:
14.6.9

14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
6 : Silicates of Ca with alkali or Mg or both

Physical Properties of ÅkermaniteHide

Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colorless, yellowish gray, green, brown
Comment:
in thin section, colorless to yellow
Streak:
white
Hardness:
5 - 6 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Distinct on {001} , poor on {110}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal

Optical Data of ÅkermaniteHide

Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.632 nε = 1.640
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.008
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate

Chemical Properties of ÅkermaniteHide

Formula:
Ca2Mg(Si2O7)
IMA Formula:
Ca2MgSi2O7
Elements listed:
Ca, Mg, O, Si - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of ÅkermaniteHide

Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4 2m - Scalenohedral
Space Group:
P4 21m
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.8288(8) Å, c = 5.0052(2) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.639
Unit Cell V:
306.77 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals short prismatic to thin tabular, which may resemble squashed, octahedrally-modified cubes; granular, massive.
Twinning:
On {100} and 001 , cruciform.
Comment:
Synthetic material

Synonyms of ÅkermaniteHide

Other Language Names for ÅkermaniteHide

Varieties of ÅkermaniteHide

Justite (of Hofmann-Degen)An artificial (anthropogenic) mineral found as crystals in lead furnaces in Clausthal, Harz, Germany. A ferroan zincian Åkermanite.

Relationship of Åkermanite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:
Melilite Group
Other Members of this group:
Alumoåkermanite(Ca,Na)2(Al,Mg,Fe2+)(Si2O7)Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m
Ferri-gehleniteCa2Fe3+AlSiO7
GehleniteCa2Al(AlSiO7)Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m
GugiaiteCa2Be(Si2O7)Tet.
HardystoniteCa2Zn(Si2O7)Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m
Hydroxylgugiaite(Ca,□)2(Si,Be)(Be,Si)2O5(OH)2Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m
OkayamaliteCa2B(BSiO7)Tet.
Forms a series with:
GehleniteÅkermanite-Gehlenite Series

Common AssociatesHide

DiopsideCaMgSi2O6
ForsteriteMg2SiO4
LarniteCa2SiO4
MerwiniteCa3Mg(SiO4)2
MerwiniteCa3Mg(SiO4)2
MonticelliteCaMgSiO4
SpurriteCa5(SiO4)2(CO3)
WollastoniteCaSiO3
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
Kalsilite1 photo of Åkermanite associated with Kalsilite on mindat.org.
Kottenheimite1 photo of Åkermanite associated with Kottenheimite on mindat.org.

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz GroupingHide

9.BB.10CebolliteCa5Al2(SiO4)3(OH)4Orth.
9.BB.10GehleniteCa2Al(AlSiO7)Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m
9.BB.10GugiaiteCa2Be(Si2O7)Tet.
9.BB.10HardystoniteCa2Zn(Si2O7)Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m
9.BB.10Jeffreyite(Ca,Na)2(Be,Al)(Si2O7,HSi2O7)Orth.
9.BB.10OkayamaliteCa2B(BSiO7)Tet.
9.BB.10Alumoåkermanite(Ca,Na)2(Al,Mg,Fe2+)(Si2O7)Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m
9.BB.15BaryliteBe2Ba(Si2O7)Orth.
9.BB.15Barylite-1OBe2Ba(Si2O7)Mon. m : Pm
9.BB.20AndrémeyeriteBaFe2+2(Si2O7)Mon.

Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)Hide

55.4.1.2GehleniteCa2Al(AlSiO7)Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m
55.4.1.3MeliliteCa2(Al,Mg,Fe)((Al,Si,B)SiO7)Tet.
55.4.1.5Alumoåkermanite(Ca,Na)2(Al,Mg,Fe2+)(Si2O7)Tet. 4 2m : P4 21m

Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals GroupingHide

14.6.1CombeiteNa2Ca2(Si6O18)0.5Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
14.6.2PectoliteNaCa2Si3O8(OH)Tric. 1 : P1
14.6.3Pectolite-M2abcNaCa2[HSi3O9]
14.6.4DenisoviteK14+x(Ca,Na,Mn,Fe)48[Si60O162]F16(Ox,OH4−x)·2H2OMon.
14.6.5TokkoiteK2Ca4[Si7O18(OH)](OH,F)Tric.
14.6.6MountainiteKNa2Ca2[Si8O19(OH)] · 6H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
14.6.7RhodesiteKHCa2Si8O19 · 5H2OOrth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
14.6.8MiseriteK1.5-x(Ca,Y,REE)5(Si6O15)(Si2O7)(OH,F)2 · yH2OTric.
14.6.10MonticelliteCaMgSiO4Orth.
14.6.11MerwiniteCa3Mg(SiO4)2Mon. 2/m : P21/b
14.6.12DiopsideCaMgSi2O6Mon. 2/m : B2/b
14.6.13Tremolite☐{Ca2}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2Mon. 2/m : B2/m

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Åkermanite in petrologyHide

An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.

References for ÅkermaniteHide

Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Vogt, I.H.L. (1884) Studier over slagger. I. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar: 9: 3-302.
Vogt, I.H.L. (1890) Die Mineralien der Melilithgruppe - nämlich Gehlenit, Melilith und ein neues tetragonales, nicht Al2O3-führendes (Ca,Mg)O-Silikat (Åkermanit), nebst Zwischengliedern. Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab: 13: 310-402.
Schairer, J.F. and Bowen, N.L. (1942) The binary system CaSiO3-diopside, and the relations between CaSiO3 and akermanite. American Journal of Science, 240: 10: 725-742.
Christie, O.H.J. (1961) On sub-solidus relations of silicates; IV. The system åkermanite-sodium-gehlenite and gehlenite-sodium-gehlenite. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift: 42: 31-44.
Valley, J.W., Essene, E.J. (1979) Vesuvianite, akermanite, monticellite and wollastonite equlibria and high X H2O/CO2 at Cascade slide, Mt Marcy Quad, Adirondack Mts. EOS: 60: 423.
Kimata, M., Ii, N. (1981) The crystal structure of synthetic akermanite, Ca2MgSi2O7. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte: 1981: 1-10.
Hemingway, B.S., Evans, H.T., Nord, G.L., Haselton, H.T., Robie, R.A., McGee, J.J. (1986) Åkermanite: phase transitions in heat capacity and thermal expansion, and revised thermodynamic data. The Canadian Mineralogist: 24: 425-434.
Kusaka, K., Ohmasa, M., Hagiya, K., Iishi, K., Haga, N. (1998) On variety of the Ca coordination in the incommensurate structure of synthetic iron-bearing åkermanite, Ca2(Mg0.55Fe0.45)Si2O7. Mineralogical Journal: 20: 47-58.
Courtial, P., Téqui, C., Richet, P. (2000) Thermodynamics of diopside, anorthite, pseudowollastonite, CaMgGeO4 olivine, and åkermanite up to near the melting point. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals: 27: 242-250.
Gemmi, M., Merlini, M., Cruciani, G., Artioli, G. (2007) Non-ideality and defectivity of the åkermanite-gehlenite solid solution: An X-ray diffraction and TEM study. American Mineralogist: 92: 1685-1694.
Merlini, M., Gemmi, M., Cruciani, G., Artioli, G. (2008) High-temperature behaviour of melilite: in situ X-ray diffraction study of gehlenite-åkermanite-Na melilite solid solution. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals: 35: 147-155.
Merlini, M., Gemmi, M., Hanfland, M., Crichton, W. (2009) High-pressure behavior of akermanite and gehlenite and phase stability of the normal structures in melelites. American Mineralogist: 94: 704-709.

Internet Links for ÅkermaniteHide

Localities for ÅkermaniteHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (eg from pseudomorphs.)

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Austria
 
  • Tyrol
    • North Tyrol
      • Inn valley
        • Brixlegg - Schwaz area
Kolitsch, U. (2013): 1799) Anglesit, Brochantit, Calcit, Callaghanit, Connellit, Cuprit, Diopsid, Elyit, Forsterit, Kupfer, Lithargit, Magnesiochromit, Malachit, Monohydrocalcit, Phoenicochroit, Rouait und Willemit in Schlacken der Montanwerke Brixlegg, Tirol. Pp. 111-114 in Niedermayr, G. et al. (2013): Neue Mineralfunde aus Österreich LXII. Carinthia II, 203./123., 91-146.
Canada
 
  • Newfoundland and Labrador
    • Labrador
OWENS, B.E. & KREMSER, P.T. (2010) Åkermanite breakdown to cuspidine-bearing sympectite in a calc-silicate xenolith, Kiglapait intrusion, Labrador, Canada. Canadian Mineralogist 48, 809-819.
Am Min 85:1595–1605, (2000)
  • Québec
    • Laurentides
      • Deux-Montagnes RCM
        • Oka
          • Oka complex
Sabina (1968)
Handbook of Mineralogy
        • Saint-Joseph-du-Lac
          • Oka complex
Sabina (1968)
China
 
  • Shaanxi Province
    • Hanzhong Prefecture
      • Ningqiang Co.
Xiyue Wang, Huimin Zhang, Sichao Wang, and Yuezhen Wu (1987): Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 6(4), 296-306
Czech Republic
 
  • Bohemia (Böhmen; Boehmen)
    • Central Bohemia Region
      • Kutná Hora (Kuttenberg)
        • Poličany
          • Vrchlice river valley
Pauliš P. Mineralogické lokality okolí Kutné Hory. Kuttna, Kutná Hora 1999. ISBN 80-902719-0-1.
    • Ústí Region
      • Duchcov (Dux)
Žáček V., Skála R., Chlupáčová M., Dvořák Z. 2005: Ca-Fe3+-rich, Si-undersaturated buchite from Želénky, North-Bohemian Brown Coal Basin, Czech Republic. Eur. J. Mineral., 17, 623-633
Democratic Republic of the Congo
 
  • Nord-Kivu
    • Goma
Andersen, T., Elburg, M. A., & Erambert, M. (2014). Extreme peralkalinity in delhayelite-and andremeyerite-bearing nephelinite from Nyiragongo volcano, East African Rift. Lithos, 206, 164-178.
France
 
  • Occitanie
    • Aveyron
Kruszewski, Ł., Gatel, P., Thiéry, V., Moszumańska, I., Kusy, D. (2018)(?): Lapanouse-de-Sévérac (France): an example of unique crystallochemical behaviour of slag minerals and new mineral potential. Coal and Peat Fires, vol. 5, xx-xx (in review/correction); Ł. Kruszewski EPMA/PXRD/Rietveld data
Germany
 
  • Baden-Württemberg
    • Kaiserstuhl
      • Schelingen
        • Orberg - Badberg area
Keller, J., Williams T. (1995): Niocalite and Wöhlerite from the alkaline and carbonatite rocks at Kaiserstuhl, Germany, Mineralogical Magazine, Vol.: 59, 561-566
  • Lower Saxony
    • Harz
      • Goslar
        • Astfeld
No reference listed
  • North Rhine-Westphalia
    • Aachen
      • Stolberg
Blaß, G. & Graf, H. W. (1995): Neufunde von Schlackenhalden in der nördlichen Eifel (II). Mineralien-Welt, 6 (3), 28-31.
Rolf Luetcke specimen; Blaß, G. & Graf, H. W. (1995): Neufunde von Schlackenhalden in der nördlichen Eifel (II). Mineralien-Welt, 6 (3), 28-31.
    • Sauerland
      • Iserlohn
        • Letmathe
Bender-Marl, D. & Krimmelbein-Altena, W. (1994) Aktuelle Übersicht: Mineralien der Zinkhütte Genna/Sauerland. Stand Juni 1994. Mineralien-Welt, 4/94, 10.; Blaß, G. & Graf, H.W. (1995) Neufunde von bekannten Fundstellen (13). Mineralien-Welt 6 (3), 47-51.
  • Rhineland-Palatinate
    • Eifel
      • Gerolstein
        • Roth
Aksenov, S. M., Rastsvetaeva, R. K., & Chukanov, N. V. (2014). The crystal structure of emmerichite Ва 2Na 3Fe 3+ Ti 2 (Si 2O 7) 2O 2F 2, a new lamprophyllite-group mineral. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie–Crystalline Materials, 229(1), 1-7.
      • Hillesheim
in the collection of Christof Schäfer; Chukanov, N. V., Zubkova, N. V., Pekov, I. V., Belakovskiy, D. I., Schüller, W., Ternes, B., ... & Pushcharovsky, D. Y. (2013). Hillesheimite,(K, Ca,□) 2 (Mg, Fe, Ca,□) 2 [(Si, Al) 13O23 (OH) 6](OH)· 8H2O, a new phyllosilicate mineral of the Günterblassite group. Geology of Ore Deposits, 55(7), 549-557.
      • Mayen
        • Ettringen
          • Bellerberg volcano
[Blass, G., Graf, H.W., Neue Mineralienfunde aus der Eifel und dem Siegerland, Mineralien-Welt 10/3, 23, 1999] [A. Wittern: Mineralfundorte in Deutschland, Schweizerbart (Stuttgart), 2001]
            • Southern lava flow
              • Mayener Feld
Christof Schäfer
Iraq
 
  • Iraqi Kurdistan
    • Sulaymaniyah province
      • Qala-Diz (Qala-Dizeh; Qala-Diza)
        • Hero
Israel
 
  • Negev
Gross, S. (1977): The Mineralogy of the Hatrurim Formation, Israel. Geological Survey of Israel, Bulletin no. 70, 80 pp.
Italy
 
  • Campania
    • Naples Province
      • Somma-Vesuvius Complex
[Lapis 1994:5 p.13-23,58]
  • Latium
    • Rome Province
      • Sacrofano Caldera
        • Campagnano di Roma
        • Sacrofano
Vik Vanrusselt Collection
  • Umbria
    • Perugia Province
      • Spoleto
Stoppa F., Sharygin V.V., 2009. Melilitolite intrusion and pelite digestion by high temperature kamafugitic magma at Colle Fabbri, Spoleto, Italy. Lithos, 112, 306-320.
    • Terni Province
      • San Venanzo
Joel Dyer Collection
Japan
 
  • Honshu Island
    • Chugoku region
      • Shimane Prefecture
        • Hamada City
The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) Matsubara
Morocco
 
  • Drâa-Tafilalet Region
    • Ouarzazate Province
Berger, J., Ennih, N., Mercier, J. C., Liégeois, J. P., & Demaiffe, D. (2009). The role of fractional crystallization and late-stage peralkaline melt segregation in the mineralogical evolution of Cenozoic nephelinites/phonolites from Saghro (SE Morocco). Mineralogical magazine, 73(1), 59-82.
Namibia
 
  • Oshikoto Region (Otjikoto Region)
    • Tsumeb
Ettler, V., Johan, Z., Kříbek, B., Šebek, O. & Mihaljevič, M. (2009): Mineralogy and environmental stability of slags from the Tsumeb smelter, Namibia. Applied Geochemistry 24, 1-15.
Norway
 
  • Telemark
    • Skien
Jamtveit B., Dahlgren S. and Austrheim H. (1997): High-grade contact metamorphism of calcareous rocks from the Oslo Rift, Southern Norway. American Mineralogist. 82 : 1241 - 1254
Romania
 
  • Brașov Co.
    • Racoş Commune
Szakáll, S., Kristály, F., 2010. Mineralogy of Székelyland, Eastern Transylvania, Romania. Sfântu Gheorghe-Miercurea Ciuc-Târgu Mureş. 2010.
  • Harghita Co.
    • Odorheiu Secuiesc (Székelyudvarhely; Oderhellen)
      • Racoş (Racoşu de Jos)
Szakáll, S. & Kristály, F., Eds. (2010): Mineralogy of Székelyland, Eastern Transylvania, Romania. Csík County Nature and Conservation Society, Miercurea-Ciuc, Romania, 321 pp.
Russia
 
  • Eastern-Siberian Region
    • Krasnoyarsk Territory (Krasnoyarsk Kray; Krasnoyarskii Krai)
      • Maimecha and Kotui Rivers Basin
Pavel M. Kartashov data
  • Northern Region
    • Murmanskaya Oblast'
www.koeln.netsurf.de/~w.steffens/khib.htm
Arzamastsev, A.A. [Арзамасцев, А.А.] (1990): Alkaline ultramafites in the Khibiny massif: new data and petrological implications [Щелочные ультрамафиты в Хибинском массиве: новые данные и петрологические следствия]. In: Alkaline magmatism of the north-eastern sector of the Baltic Shield [Щелочной магматизм северо-восточной части Балтийского щита]. Kola Scientific Centre, USSR Academy of Science Press [Издательство Кольского НЦ АН СССР], Apatity, pages 4-19 (in Russian); Arzamastsev, A.A., Arzamastseva, L.V., Glaznev, V.N., Raevskiy, A.B. [Арзамасцев, А.А., Арзамасцева, Л.В., Глазнев, В.Н., Раевский, А.Б.] (1998): Deep structure and composition of the bottom horizons of the Khibiny and Lovozero complexes, Kola Peninsula: petrological-geophysical model [Глубинное строение и состав нижних горизонтов Хибинского и Ловозерского комплексов, Кольский полуостров: петролого-геофизическая модель]. Petrology [Петрология], 6, 5, 478-496 (in Russian); Yakovenchuk, V.N., Ivanyuk, G.Yu., Pakhomovsky, Ya.A., Men'shikov, Yu.P. (2005): Khibiny. Laplandia Minerals Ltd. (in association with the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland), Apatity, 468 pp.
Kalinkina, E. V., Kalinkin, A. M., Forsling, W., & Makarov, V. N. (2001). Sorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide and structural changes of Ca and Mg silicate minerals during grinding: II. Enstatite, åkermanite and wollastonite. International journal of mineral processing, 61(4), 289-299.
South Africa
 
  • Mpumalanga Province
    • Eastern Bushveld Complex
      • Lydenburg
Minerals of South Africa
  • Northern Cape Province
    • Kalahari manganese field
      • Hotazel
Von Bezing, K. L. et al. (1991) The Kalahari manganese field: An Update, Mineralogical Record 22(4) 279-302;
Sweden
 
  • Medelpad
    • Timrå
Sandström, F., Binett, T., Wiklund, C. & Vikström, J. (2010): Alnöområdets geologi och mineralogi. Litiofilen. 27 (2) :14-42
UK
 
  • Northern Ireland
    • Co. Antrim
      • Glenoe
P. A. Sabine, M. T. Styles and B. R. Young (1985) The Nature and Paragenesis of Natural Bredigite and Associated Minerals from Carneal and Scawt Hill, Co. Antrim. Mineralogical Magazine 49:663-670.
      • Larne
Handbook of Mineralogy
Tindle, A.G. (2008) Minerals of Britian and Ireland
    • North West Highlands
      • Ardnamurchan
Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, & Nichols, Handbook of Mineralogy.; Agrell, S.O. (1965) Polythermal metamorphism of limestones at Kilchoan, Ardnamurchan. Mineralogical Magazine, vol. 34, n° 268, p. 1-15.; Embrey, P.G. (1978) Fourth supplementary list of British Minerals. Mineralogical Magazine, vol. 42, n° 322, p. 169-177.
USA
 
  • California
    • Riverside Co.
Handbook of Mineralogy
  • Colorado
    • Gunnison Co.
      • White Earth District (Powderhorn District)
"Minerals of Colorado, updated & revised", p. 17, by Eckel, Edwin B., 1997
  • New Mexico
    • Luna Co.
      • Tres Hermanas Mts
Handbook of Mineralogy
  • New York
    • Essex Co.
Handbook of Mineralogy
      • Keene Township
        • Cascade Mountain
EOS: 60: 423.; Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 74, 143-152 (1980)
  • Texas
    • Culberson Co.
      • Apache Peak area
Rocks & Minerals: 66(3): 196-224.
Outer Space
 
Posch, Th., Baier, A., Mutschke, H., Henning, Th. (2007): Carbonates in Space: The Challenge of Low-Temperature Data. Astrophysical Journal: 668: 993-1000
Mineral and/or Locality  
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