Akhtenskite
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Formula:
ε-Mn4+O2
Colour:
Light grey to black
Specific Gravity:
4.78 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Member of:
Name:
Named after its discovery locality in Russia.
Type Locality:
Polymorph of:
Synthetic akhtenskite coupled with goethite may be used in arsenic removal (Shih et al., 2015).
Classification of Akhtenskite
Approved
Approval Year:
1982
4/D.10-15
4.DB.15b
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
4.4.10.1
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX2
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX2
7.18.5
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
18 : Oxides of Mn
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
18 : Oxides of Mn
Physical Properties of Akhtenskite
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Light grey to black
Streak:
black
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
on {001}
on {001}
Density:
4.78 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Akhtenskite
Type:
Uniaxial
Chemical Properties of Akhtenskite
Crystallography of Akhtenskite
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) - Dihexagonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P63/mmc
Cell Parameters:
a = 2.84 Å, c = 4.6 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.62
Unit Cell V:
32.13 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Morphology:
as microscopic crystals, flaky to platy on {001}, in parallel aggregates, sometimes in rows at 120°, probably due to replacement of an earlier hexagonal mineral;
as flaky polycrystalline aggregates
as flaky polycrystalline aggregates
Comment:
Handbook of Mineralogy gives range: a = 2.83–2.85, c = 4.47–4.88 Å.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 1.42 | ( |
| 1.65 | ( |
| 2.15 | ( |
| 2.45 | ( |
Comments:
Material from Mount Zarod, Russia; XRD pattern calculated from an electron diffraction pattern
Type Occurrence of Akhtenskite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mining Institute, St Petersburg, Russia
Geological Setting of Type Material:
in "psilomelane" with other manganese oxides in an iron oxide deposit, probably bacterially altered from a previous mineral
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Akhtenskite
Other Language Names for Akhtenskite
Relationship of Akhtenskite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Nsutite | (Mn4+,Mn2+)(O,OH)2 | Hex. |
| Paramontroseite | V4+O2 | Orth. |
| Ramsdellite | Mn4+O2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| Cryptomelane | 2 photos of Akhtenskite associated with Cryptomelane on mindat.org. |
| Nsutite | 2 photos of Akhtenskite associated with Nsutite on mindat.org. |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
| 4.DB.05 | Argutite | GeO2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
| 4.DB.05 | Cassiterite | SnO2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
| 4.DB.05 | Plattnerite | PbO2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 4.DB.05 | Pyrolusite | MnO2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
| 4.DB.05 | Rutile | TiO2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
| 4.DB.05 | Tripuhyite | Fe3+Sb5+O4 | Tet. |
| 4.DB.05 | Tugarinovite | MoO2 | Mon. |
| 4.DB.05 | Varlamoffite | (Sn,Fe)(O,OH)2 | |
| 4.DB.10 | Byströmite | MgSb2O6 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/nmm |
| 4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Fe) | (Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)2O6 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
| 4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Mn) | (Mn,Fe)(Ta,Nb)2O6 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
| 4.DB.10 | Ordoñezite | ZnSb2O6 | Tet. |
| 4.DB.15c | Nsutite | (Mn4+,Mn2+)(O,OH)2 | Hex. |
| 4.DB.15a | Paramontroseite | V4+O2 | Orth. |
| 4.DB.15a | Ramsdellite | Mn4+O2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 4.DB.20 | Scrutinyite | α-PbO2 | Orth. |
| 4.DB.25 | Ishikawaite | U4+Fe2+Nb2O8 | Mon. |
| 4.DB.25 | Ixiolite | (Ta,Nb,Sn,Fe,Mn)4O8 | Orth. |
| 4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Y) | (Y,Fe3+,Fe2+,U,Th,Ca)2(Nb,Ta)2O8 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn |
| 4.DB.25 | Srilankite | ZrTi2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn |
| 4.DB.25 | Yttrocolumbite-(Y) | Y(U4+,Fe2+)Nb2O8 | |
| 4.DB.25 | Calciosamarskite | (Ca,Fe3+,Y)2(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O8 | Mon. |
| 4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Yb) | (Yb,Y,Fe3+,Fe2+,U,Th,Ca)2(Nb,Ta)2O8 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| 4.DB.30 | Ferberite | FeWO4 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| 4.DB.30 | Hübnerite | MnWO4 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| 4.DB.30 | Sanmartinite | (Zn,Fe)WO4 | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 4.DB.30 | Krasnoselskite | CoWO4 | Mon. |
| 4.DB.30 | Heftetjernite | ScTaO4 | Mon. 2/m |
| 4.DB.30 | Huanzalaite | MgWO4 | Mon. 2/m : P2/b |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Fe) | FeNb2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Fe) | FeTa2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mn) | (Mn,Fe)(Nb,Ta)2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mn) | MnTa2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 | Orth. |
| 4.DB.35 | Qitianlingite | (Fe,Mn)2(Nb,Ta)2WO10 | Orth. |
| 4.DB.35 | Magnocolumbite | (Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 | |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mg) | (Mg,Fe2+)(Ta,Nb)2O6 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 4.DB.40 | Ferrowodginite | Fe2+Sn4+Ta2O8 | Mon. |
| 4.DB.40 | Lithiotantite | LiTa3O8 | Mon. |
| 4.DB.40 | Lithiowodginite | LiTa3O8 | Mon. |
| 4.DB.40 | Titanowodginite | Mn2+TiTa2O8 | Mon. |
| 4.DB.40 | Wodginite | Mn2+Sn4+Ta2O8 | Mon. |
| 4.DB.40 | Ferrotitanowodginite | Fe2+TiTa2O8 | Mon. |
| 4.DB.40 | Wolframowodginite | Mn(Mn,Sn,Fe,Ta)(W,Ta,Nb)2O8 | |
| 4.DB.45 | Tivanite | V3+TiO3(OH) | Mon. |
| 4.DB.50 | Carmichaelite | (Ti,Cr,Fe)[O2-x(OH)x] | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 4.DB.55 | Alumotantite | AlTaO4 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pbcn |
| 4.DB.60 | Biehlite | ((Sb,As)O)2[MoO4] | Mon. |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
| 7.18.1 | Manganosite | MnO | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
| 7.18.2 | Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn3+2O4 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| 7.18.3 | Pyrolusite | MnO2 | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P42/mnm |
| 7.18.4 | Ramsdellite | Mn4+O2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) |
| 7.18.6 | Feitknechtite | Mn3+O(OH) | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
| 7.18.7 | Manganite | Mn3+O(OH) | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| 7.18.8 | Groutite | Mn3+O(OH) | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma |
| 7.18.9 | Nsutite | (Mn4+,Mn2+)(O,OH)2 | Hex. |
| 7.18.10 | Pyrochroite | Mn(OH)2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) |
| 7.18.11 | Birnessite | (Na,Ca)0.5(Mn4+,Mn3+)2O4 · 1.5H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| 7.18.12 | Aurorite | (Mn2+,Ag,Ca)Mn4+3O7 · 3H2O | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| 7.18.13 | Cianciulliite | Mn(Mg,Mn)2Zn2(OH)10 · 2-4H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Akhtenskite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
Chukhrov, F.V., Gorshkov, A.I., Drits, V.S. (1987) Advances in the crystal chemistry of manganese oxides. Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva: 16: 210-221. [in Russian]
Chukhrov, F.V., Gorshkov, A.I., Drits, V.S. (1987) Advances in the crystal chemistry of manganese oxides. International Geology Review: 29: 435-444.
Chukhrov, F.V., Gorshkov, A.I., Sivtsov, A.V., Berezovskaya, V.V., Dikov, Y.P., Dubinina, G.A., Varinov, N.N. (1989) Akhtenskite - the natural analog of ε-MnO2. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol.: 9: 75-80. [in Russian]
Chukhrov, F.V., Gorshkov, A.I., Sivtsov, A.V., Berezovskaya, V.V., Dikov, Y.P., Dubinina, G.A., Varinov, N.N. (1989) Akhtenskite - the natural analog of ε-MnO2. International Geology Review: 31: 1068-1072.
Jambor, J.L., Grew, E.S. (1990) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 75: 931. [Chukhrov et al. abstract]
Anthony, J.W. et al. (1997) Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 9.
Shih, Y.-J., Huang, R.-L. and Huang, Y.H. (2015): Adsorptive removal of arsenic using a novel akhtenskite coated wastegoethite. Journal of Cleaner Production: 87: 897-905
Internet Links for Akhtenskite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-71.html
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Localities for Akhtenskite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Hungary | |
| Németh et al (2014) |
Japan | |
| Akira Kato (undated manuscript): Country rock and Minerals of the Kaso mine, Kanuma City, Tochigi Prefecture. (in japanese) |
Romania | |
| http://minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu |
Russia | |
| J. W. Anthony et al.: Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. III (1997) |
| [Clark, 1993 - "Hey's Mineral Index, 3rd Edition"]; Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow |
Akhtenskoe Fe deposit, Magnitka, Kusinskii raion, Chelyabinsk Oblast', Southern Urals, Urals Region, Russia