Akhtenskite
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Formula:
MnO2
System:
Hexagonal
Colour:
Light grey to black
Name:
Named after its discovery locality in Russia.
Polymorph of:
Ramsdellite Group.
Synthetic akhtenskite coupled with goethite may be used in arsenic removal (Shih et al., 2015).
Synthetic akhtenskite coupled with goethite may be used in arsenic removal (Shih et al., 2015).
Classification of Akhtenskite
Approved
Approval Year:
1982
4/D.10-15
4.DB.15b
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
B : With medium-sized cations; chains of edge-sharing octahedra
4.4.10.1
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX2
4 : SIMPLE OXIDES
4 : AX2
7.18.5
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
18 : Oxides of Mn
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
18 : Oxides of Mn
Physical Properties of Akhtenskite
Diaphaneity (Transparency):
Opaque
Colour:
Light grey to black
Streak:
black
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
on {001}
on {001}
Density:
4.78 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Akhtenskite
Type:
Uniaxial
Chemical Properties of Akhtenskite
IMA Formula:
MnO2
Elements listed in formula:
Analytical Data:
Sufficient material for direct chemical analysis cannot be separated.
Energy-dispersive analysis shows Mn as the only cationic species; Mn4+ and O2- were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, as was the absence of OH- and H2O.
Energy-dispersive analysis shows Mn as the only cationic species; Mn4+ and O2- were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, as was the absence of OH- and H2O.
Crystallography of Akhtenskite
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) - Dihexagonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P63/mmc
Cell Parameters:
a = 2.84 Å, c = 4.6 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.62
Unit Cell Volume:
V 32.13 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Morphology:
as microscopic crystals, flaky to platy on {001}, in parallel aggregates, sometimes in rows at 120°, probably due to replacement of an earlier hexagonal mineral;
as flaky polycrystalline aggregates
as flaky polycrystalline aggregates
Comment:
Handbook of Mineralogy gives range: a = 2.83–2.85, c = 4.47–4.88 Å.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 1.42 | ( |
| 1.65 | ( |
| 2.15 | ( |
| 2.45 | ( |
Comments:
Material from Mount Zarod, Russia; XRD pattern calculated from an electron diffraction pattern
Type Occurrence of Akhtenskite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Mining Institute, St Petersburg, Russia
Geological Setting of Type Material:
in "psilomelane" with other manganese oxides in an iron oxide deposit, probably bacterially altered from a previous mineral
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Relationship of Akhtenskite to other Species
Structurally related to group(s):
| 4.DB.05 | Argutite | GeO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Cassiterite | SnO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Plattnerite | PbO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Pyrolusite | MnO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Rutile | TiO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Tripuhyite | Fe3+Sb5+O4 |
| 4.DB.05 | Tugarinovite | MoO2 |
| 4.DB.05 | Varlamoffite | (Sn,Fe)(O,OH)2 |
| 4.DB.10 | Byströmite | MgSb25+O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Tapiolite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.10 | Ordoñezite | ZnSb25+O6 |
| 4.DB.15c | Nsutite | Mnx2+Mn4+1-xO2-2x(OH)2x |
| 4.DB.15a | Paramontroseite | VO2 |
| 4.DB.15a | Ramsdellite | Mn4+O2 |
| 4.DB.20 | Scrutinyite | PbO2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ishikawaite | (U,Fe,Y)NbO4 |
| 4.DB.25 | Ixiolite | (Ta,Mn,Nb)O2 |
| 4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Y) | (Y,Ce,U,Fe,Nb)(Nb,Ta,Ti)O4 |
| 4.DB.25 | Srilankite | Ti2ZrO6 |
| 4.DB.25 | Yttrocolumbite-(Y) | (Y,U,Fe2+)(Nb,Ta)O4 |
| 4.DB.25 | Calciosamarskite | (Ca,Fe,Y)(Nb,Ta,Ti)O4 |
| 4.DB.25 | Samarskite-(Yb) | YbNbO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Ferberite | Fe2+WO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Hübnerite | Mn2+WO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Sanmartinite | ZnWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Krasnoselskite | CoWO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Heftetjernite | ScTaO4 |
| 4.DB.30 | Huanzalaite | MgWO4 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Fe) | Fe2+Nb2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Fe) | Fe2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mn) | Mn2+Nb2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mn) | Mn2+Ta2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Columbite-(Mg) | MgNb2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Qitianlingite | Fe22+Nb2W6+O10 |
| 4.DB.35 | Magnocolumbite | (Mg,Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6 |
| 4.DB.35 | Tantalite-(Mg) | MgTa2O6 |
| 4.DB.40 | Ferrowodginite | Fe2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Lithiotantite | LiTa3O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Lithiowodginite | LiTa3O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Titanowodginite | Mn2+TiTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Wodginite | Mn2+Sn4+Ta2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Ferrotitanowodginite | Fe2+TiTa2O8 |
| 4.DB.40 | Wolframowodginite | Mn(Mn,Sn,Fe,Ta)(W,Ta,Nb)2O8 |
| 4.DB.45 | Tivanite | TiV3+O3(OH) |
| 4.DB.50 | Carmichaelite | (Ti,Cr,Fe)(O,OH)2 |
| 4.DB.55 | Alumotantite | AlTaO4 |
| 4.DB.60 | Biehlite | Sb23+MoO6 |
| 7.18.1 | Manganosite | Mn2+O |
| 7.18.2 | Hausmannite | Mn2+Mn23+O4 |
| 7.18.3 | Pyrolusite | MnO2 |
| 7.18.4 | Ramsdellite | Mn4+O2 |
| 7.18.6 | Feitknechtite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| 7.18.7 | Manganite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| 7.18.8 | Groutite | Mn3+O(OH) |
| 7.18.9 | Nsutite | Mnx2+Mn4+1-xO2-2x(OH)2x |
| 7.18.10 | Pyrochroite | Mn2+(OH)2 |
| 7.18.11 | Birnessite | (Na,Ca,K)0.6(Mn4+,Mn3+)2O4 · 1.5H2O |
| 7.18.12 | Aurorite | (Mn2+,Ag,Ca)Mn34+O7 · 3H2O |
| 7.18.13 | Cianciulliite | Mg2Mn2+Zn2(OH)10 · 2-4H2O |
Other Names for Akhtenskite
Name in Other Languages:
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Akhtenskite
Reference List:
Chukhrov, F.V., Gorshkov, A.I., Drits, V.S. (1987) Advances in the crystal chemistry of manganese oxides. Zapiski Vsesoyuznogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva: 16: 210-221. [in Russian]
Chukhrov, F.V., Gorshkov, A.I., Drits, V.S. (1987) Advances in the crystal chemistry of manganese oxides. International Geology Review: 29: 435-444.
Chukhrov, F.V., Gorshkov, A.I., Sivtsov, A.V., Berezovskaya, V.V., Dikov, Y.P., Dubinina, G.A., Varinov, N.N. (1989) Akhtenskite - the natural analog of ε-MnO2. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol.: 9: 75-80. [in Russian]
Chukhrov, F.V., Gorshkov, A.I., Sivtsov, A.V., Berezovskaya, V.V., Dikov, Y.P., Dubinina, G.A., Varinov, N.N. (1989) Akhtenskite - the natural analog of ε-MnO2. International Geology Review: 31: 1068-1072.
Jambor, J.L., Grew, E.S. (1990) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 75: 931. [Chukhrov et al. abstract]
Anthony, J.W. et al. (1997) Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 9.
Shih, Y.-J., Huang, R.-L. and Huang, Y.H. (2015): Adsorptive removal of arsenic using a novel akhtenskite coated wastegoethite. Journal of Cleaner Production: 87: 897-905
Chukhrov, F.V., Gorshkov, A.I., Drits, V.S. (1987) Advances in the crystal chemistry of manganese oxides. International Geology Review: 29: 435-444.
Chukhrov, F.V., Gorshkov, A.I., Sivtsov, A.V., Berezovskaya, V.V., Dikov, Y.P., Dubinina, G.A., Varinov, N.N. (1989) Akhtenskite - the natural analog of ε-MnO2. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Ser. Geol.: 9: 75-80. [in Russian]
Chukhrov, F.V., Gorshkov, A.I., Sivtsov, A.V., Berezovskaya, V.V., Dikov, Y.P., Dubinina, G.A., Varinov, N.N. (1989) Akhtenskite - the natural analog of ε-MnO2. International Geology Review: 31: 1068-1072.
Jambor, J.L., Grew, E.S. (1990) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 75: 931. [Chukhrov et al. abstract]
Anthony, J.W. et al. (1997) Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. 3, 9.
Shih, Y.-J., Huang, R.-L. and Huang, Y.H. (2015): Adsorptive removal of arsenic using a novel akhtenskite coated wastegoethite. Journal of Cleaner Production: 87: 897-905
Internet Links for Akhtenskite
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https://www.mindat.org/min-71.html
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Localities for Akhtenskite
map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the 
symbol to view information about a locality.
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(TL) indicates type locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) indicates first recorded locality for everything else. ? indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. All other localities listed without reference should be considered as uncertain and unproven until references can be found.
Hungary | |
| Németh et al (2014) |
Japan | |
| Akira Kato (undated manuscript): Country rock and Minerals of the Kaso mine, Kanuma City, Tochigi Prefecture. (in japanese) |
Romania | |
| http://minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu |
Russia | |
| J. W. Anthony et al.: Handbook of Mineralogy, Vol. III (1997) |
| [Clark, 1993 - "Hey's Mineral Index, 3rd Edition"]; Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow |
Akhtenskoe Fe deposit, Magnitka, Kusinskii raion, Chelyabinsk Oblast', Southern Urals, Urals Region, Russia