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Bornite

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Bornite

Dzhezkazgan mining district, Karaganda Region, Kazakhstan

Bornite

Carn Brea Mine, Pool, Carn Brea, Cornwall, England, UK

Bornite, etc.

Firschnitzscharte, Virgen, Lienz District, Tyrol, Austria

Bornite

Dzhezkazgan mining district, Karaganda Region, Kazakhstan

Bornite

Carn Brea Mine, Pool, Carn Brea, Cornwall, England, UK

Bornite, etc.

Firschnitzscharte, Virgen, Lienz District, Tyrol, Austria

Bornite

Dzhezkazgan mining district, Karaganda Region, Kazakhstan

Bornite

Carn Brea Mine, Pool, Carn Brea, Cornwall, England, UK

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About BorniteHide

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Ignaz von Born

Formula:

Cu₅FeS₄

Colour:

Copper-red to pinchbeck-brown, quickly tarnishing to an iridescent purplish surface.

Lustre:

Metallic

Hardness:

Specific Gravity:

5.06 - 5.09

Crystal System:

Orthorhombic

Name:

Originally included with kupferkies in 1725 by Johann Friedrich Henckel. Later assigned various multi-word Latin names by Johan Gottschalk Wallerius in 1747 and variously further translated including "purple copper ore" and "variegated copper ore" in 1802 by Rene Just Haüy. Also called as buntkupfererz by Abraham Gottlieb Werner in 1791. Named "phillipsite" in 1832 by Wilhelm Sulpice Beudant. Renamed 1845 by Wilhelm Karl von Haidinger in honor of Ignaz von Born (1742-1791), Austrian mineralogist and invertebrate zoologist.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Jáchymov, Karlovy Vary District, Karlovy Vary Region, Czech Republic

Important copper ore.
Typically found as massive metallic material, it has a copper-red color on fresh exposures which quickly tarnishes to an iridescent purple after exposure to air and moisture.
May be confused with tarnished chalcopyrite.

In the Zechstein deposits of Poland there are six varieties: pink-orange, pink-violet, pink-gray, pink-creamy, half-bornite and quatr-bornite.

Classification of BorniteHide

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IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

Strunz 8th ed.:

2/B.02-30

Nickel-Strunz 10th (pending) ed.:

2.BA.15

2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
B : Metal Sulfides, M: S > 1: 1 (mainly 2: 1)
A : With Cu, Ag, Au

Dana 7th ed.:

2.5.2.1

Dana 8th ed.:

2.5.2.1

2 : SULFIDES
5 : A_mB_nX_p, with (m+n):p = 3:2

Hey's CIM Ref.:

3.1.23

3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
1 : Sulphides etc. of Cu

Physical Properties of BorniteHide

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Lustre:

Metallic

Transparency:

Opaque

Colour:

Copper-red to pinchbeck-brown, quickly tarnishing to an iridescent purplish surface.

Streak:

Grey-Black

Hardness:

3 on Mohs scale

Hardness:

VHN₁₀₀=92 kg/mm² - Vickers

Hardness Data:

Measured

Tenacity:

Brittle

Cleavage:

Poor/Indistinct
In traces on {111}.

Parting:

None.

Fracture:

Irregular/Uneven

Density:

5.06 - 5.09 g/cm³ (Measured) 5.09 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of BorniteHide

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Anisotropism:

Weak

Colour in reflected light:

Copper-red.

Internal Reflections:

Purplish iridescence.

Pleochroism:

Weak

Chemical Properties of BorniteHide

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Formula:

Cu₅FeS₄

Elements listed:

Cu, Fe, S - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Common Impurities:

Ag,Ge,Bi,In,Pb

Crystallography of BorniteHide

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Crystal System:

Orthorhombic

Class (H-M):

mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal

Space Group:

Pbca

Cell Parameters:

a = 10.95 Å, b = 21.862 Å, c = 10.95 Å

Ratio:

a:b:c = 0.501 : 1 : 0.501

Unit Cell V:

2621.31 Å³

Morphology:

Crystals rare, usually blocky with rough curved faces, pseudo-cubic, pseudo-dodecohedral and rarely pseudo-octahedral. Forms noted: {001}, {011}, {111}, {112}, {223} and {335}.

Bornite is orthorhombic at 10 degrees K up to 275 degrees K (~ 2 degrees Celsius).

Twinning:

On {111}, often as penetration twins.

Comment:

Various, mostly temperature-dependent supercells are known.

Crystallographic forms of BorniteHide

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Crystal Atlas:

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Bornite no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Bornite no.5 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Bornite no.7 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Bornite no.10 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Year	Locality	Temp (K)
0000048	Bornite	Tunell G, Adams C E (1949) On the symmetry and crystal structure of bornite American Mineralogist 34 824-829	1949		293
0003821	Bornite	Ding Y, Veblen D R, Prewitt C T (2005) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) study of the 4a and 6a superstructure of bornite Cu5FeS4 American Mineralogist 90 1256-1264	2005		293
0003822	Bornite	Ding Y, Veblen D R, Prewitt C T (2005) Possible Fe/Cu ordering schemes in the 2a superstructure of bornite (Cu5FeS4) American Mineralogist 90 1265-1269	2005		293
0003823	Bornite	Ding Y, Veblen D R, Prewitt C T (2005) Possible Fe/Cu ordering schemes in the 2a superstructure of bornite (Cu5FeS4) American Mineralogist 90 1265-1269	2005		293
0003824	Bornite	Ding Y, Veblen D R, Prewitt C T (2005) Possible Fe/Cu ordering schemes in the 2a superstructure of bornite (Cu5FeS4) American Mineralogist 90 1265-1269	2005		293
0003825	Bornite	Ding Y, Veblen D R, Prewitt C T (2005) Possible Fe/Cu ordering schemes in the 2a superstructure of bornite (Cu5FeS4) American Mineralogist 90 1265-1269	2005		293
0005156	Bornite	Kanazawa Y, Koto K, Morimoto N (1978) Bornite (Cu5FeS4): Stability and crystal structure of the intermediate form The Canadian Mineralogist 16 397-404	1978		293
0009281	Bornite	Morimoto N (1964) Structures of two polymorphic forms of Cu5FeS4 Acta Crystallographica 17 351-360	1964	synthetic	293
0009542	Bornite	Koto K, Morimoto N (1975) Superstructure investigation of bornite, Cu5FeS4, by the modified partial Patterson function Acta Crystallographica B31 2268-2273	1975	Cornwall, England	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Bornite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Tunell G'
'Adams C E'
_journal_name_full 'American Mineralogist'
_journal_volume 34 
_journal_year 1949
_journal_page_first 824
_journal_page_last 829
_publ_section_title
;
 On the symmetry and crystal structure of bornite
;
_database_code_amcsd 0000048
_chemical_formula_sum 'Cu1.25 Fe.25 S'
_cell_length_a 5.47
_cell_length_b 5.47
_cell_length_c 5.47
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 163.667
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      5.092
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'F 2 3'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  'x,1/2+y,1/2+z'
  '1/2+x,y,1/2+z'
  '1/2+x,1/2+y,z'
  '-z,-x,y'
  '-z,1/2-x,1/2+y'
  '1/2-z,-x,1/2+y'
  '1/2-z,1/2-x,y'
  '-z,x,-y'
  '-z,1/2+x,1/2-y'
  '1/2-z,x,1/2-y'
  '1/2-z,1/2+x,-y'
  'z,-x,-y'
  'z,1/2-x,1/2-y'
  '1/2+z,-x,1/2-y'
  '1/2+z,1/2-x,-y'
  'z,x,y'
  'z,1/2+x,1/2+y'
  '1/2+z,x,1/2+y'
  '1/2+z,1/2+x,y'
  'y,-z,-x'
  'y,1/2-z,1/2-x'
  '1/2+y,-z,1/2-x'
  '1/2+y,1/2-z,-x'
  '-y,-z,x'
  '-y,1/2-z,1/2+x'
  '1/2-y,-z,1/2+x'
  '1/2-y,1/2-z,x'
  '-y,z,-x'
  '-y,1/2+z,1/2-x'
  '1/2-y,z,1/2-x'
  '1/2-y,1/2+z,-x'
  'y,z,x'
  'y,1/2+z,1/2+x'
  '1/2+y,z,1/2+x'
  '1/2+y,1/2+z,x'
  '-x,y,-z'
  '-x,1/2+y,1/2-z'
  '1/2-x,y,1/2-z'
  '1/2-x,1/2+y,-z'
  'x,-y,-z'
  'x,1/2-y,1/2-z'
  '1/2+x,-y,1/2-z'
  '1/2+x,1/2-y,-z'
  '-x,-y,z'
  '-x,1/2-y,1/2+z'
  '1/2-x,-y,1/2+z'
  '1/2-x,1/2-y,z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_occupancy
Cu1   0.25000   0.25000   0.25000   0.83300
Cu2   0.75000   0.75000   0.75000   0.41700
Fe1   0.25000   0.25000   0.25000   0.16700
Fe2   0.75000   0.75000   0.75000   0.08300
S   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   1.00000

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

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Image Loading

Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
3.31 Å	(40)
3.18 Å	(60)
2.74 Å	(50)
2.50 Å	(40)
1.94 Å	(100)
1.65 Å	(30)
1.26 Å	(50)
1.12 Å	(5)

Geological EnvironmentHide

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Geological Setting:

Common and widespread in copper ore deposits. It also occurs in basic intrusives, in dikes, in contact metamorphic deposits, in quartz veins, and in pegmatites.

Type Occurrence of BorniteHide

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Type Locality:

ⓘ Jáchymov, Karlovy Vary District, Karlovy Vary Region, Czech Republic

Synonyms of BorniteHide

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Bornite (of Haidinger)

Phillipsite (of Beudant)

Variegated Copper Ore

Copper Sulphides (in part)

Other Language Names for BorniteHide

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Basque:Bornita

Catalan:Bornita

Czech:Bornit

Dutch:Borniet

French:Cuivre Panaché

German:Bornit
Buntkupfererz
Buntkupferkies
Chalcomiklit
Erubescit
Kupferlasurerz
Kupferlazuerz
Kupfer-Lazul
Kupferlazurerz
Leberschlag
Poikilit

Japanese:斑銅鉱

Lithuanian:Bornitas

Low Saxon/Low German:Bornit

Norwegian:Broket kobber
Broket kopper

Polish:Bornit

Portuguese:Bornite

Russian:Борнит

Serbian:Борнит

Simplified Chinese:斑铜矿
紫铜矿

Slovak:Bornit

Spanish:Bornita
Erubescita
Pecho de Paloma

Swedish:Brokig kopparmalm

Traditional Chinese:斑銅礦

Ukrainian:Борніт

Varieties of BorniteHide

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Half-Bornite	A variety from Zechstein copper deposits of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline, Poland; characterized by a 50% deficit in Fe. Compare the variety Quatr-Bornite.
Quatr-Bornite	A variety from Zechstein copper deposits of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline, Poland; characterized by a 75% deficit in Fe. Compare the variety Half-Bornite.
Silver-bearing Bornite	A silver-bearing variety of bornite.

Common AssociatesHide

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Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:

187 photos of Bornite associated with Quartz	SiO₂
159 photos of Bornite associated with Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂
92 photos of Bornite associated with Chalcocite	Cu₂S
75 photos of Bornite associated with Pyrite	FeS₂
72 photos of Bornite associated with Calcite	CaCO₃
63 photos of Bornite associated with Silver	Ag
40 photos of Bornite associated with Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂
35 photos of Bornite associated with Covellite	CuS
35 photos of Bornite associated with Tennantite Subgroup	Cu₆(Cu₄ C²⁺₂)As₄S₁₂S
31 photos of Bornite associated with Sphalerite	ZnS

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping Hide

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2.BA.	Alburnite	Ag₈GeTe₂S₄	Iso.
2.BA.	Dzierżanowskite	CaCu₂S₂	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1
2.BA.05	Chalcocite	Cu₂S	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
2.BA.05	Djurleite	Cu₃₁S₁₆	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
2.BA.05	Geerite	Cu₈S₅	Trig. 3
2.BA.05	Roxbyite	Cu₉S₅	Tric. 1 : P1
2.BA.10	Anilite	Cu₇S₄	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
2.BA.10	Digenite	Cu₉S₅	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
2.BA.20	Bellidoite	Cu₂Se	Tet. 4/m : P4₂/n
2.BA.20	Berzelianite	Cu₂Se	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
2.BA.25	Athabascaite	Cu₅Se₄	Orth.
2.BA.25	Umangite	Cu₃Se₂	Tet.
2.BA.30	Rickardite	Cu₇Te₅	Orth.
2.BA.30	Weissite	Cu_2-xTe	Hex.
2.BA.35	Acanthite	Ag₂S	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
2.BA.40	Mckinstryite	Ag_5-xCu_3+xS₄	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
2.BA.40	Stromeyerite	AgCuS	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
2.BA.40d	UM2003-13-S:AgAuCu	Ag₆AuCu₂S₅
2.BA.45	Jalpaite	Ag₃CuS₂	Tet.
2.BA.45	Selenojalpaite	Ag₃CuSe₂	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I4₁/amd
2.BA.50	Eucairite	AgCuSe	Orth.
2.BA.55	Aguilarite	Ag₄SeS	Mon. 2/m
2.BA.55	Naumannite	Ag₂Se	Orth. 2 2 2 : P2₁ 2₁ 2₁
2.BA.60	Cervelleite	Ag₄TeS	Mon. 2/m
2.BA.60	Hessite	Ag₂Te	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
2.BA.60	Chenguodaite	Ag₉Fe³⁺Te₂S₄	Orth.
2.BA.65	Henryite	(Cu,Ag)_3+xTe₂ , with x ~ 0.40	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3c
2.BA.65	Stützite	Ag_5-xTe₃, x = 0.24-0.36	Hex. 6 : P6
2.BA.70	Argyrodite	Ag₈GeS₆	Orth. mm2 : Pna2₁
2.BA.70	Canfieldite	Ag₈SnS₆	Orth. mm2
2.BA.70	Putzite	(Cu_4.7Ag_3.3)GeS₆	Iso. 4 3m : F4 3m
2.BA.75	Fischesserite	Ag₃AuSe₂	Iso. 4 3 2 : I4₁ 3 2
2.BA.75	Penzhinite	(Ag,Cu)₄Au(S,Se)₄	Hex.
2.BA.75	Petrovskaite	AuAgS	Mon.
2.BA.75	Petzite	Ag₃AuTe₂	Iso. 4 3 2 : I4₁ 3 2
2.BA.75	Uytenbogaardtite	Ag₃AuS₂	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c
2.BA.80	Bezsmertnovite	(Au,Ag)₄Cu(Te,Pb)	Orth.
2.BA.80	Bilibinskite	PbCu₂Au₃Te₂	Iso.
2.BA.80	Bogdanovite	(Au,Te,Pb)₃(Cu,Fe)	Iso.

Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)Hide

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2.5.2.2

Calvertite

Cu₅Ge_0.5S₄

Iso. 4 3m : F4 3m

Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping Hide

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3.1.1	Chalcocite	Cu₂S	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/b
3.1.2	Djurleite	Cu₃₁S₁₆	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnnm
3.1.3	Digenite	Cu₉S₅	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m
3.1.4	Anilite	Cu₇S₄	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
3.1.5	Roxbyite	Cu₉S₅	Tric. 1 : P1
3.1.6	Spionkopite	Cu₃₉S₂₈	Hex. 6 2 2
3.1.7	Geerite	Cu₈S₅	Trig. 3
3.1.8	Covellite	CuS	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6₃/mmc
3.1.9	Berzelianite	Cu₂Se	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
3.1.10	Bellidoite	Cu₂Se	Tet. 4/m : P4₂/n
3.1.11	Umangite	Cu₃Se₂	Tet.
3.1.12	Yarrowite	Cu₉S₈	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1
3.1.13	Athabascaite	Cu₅Se₄	Orth.
3.1.14	Klockmannite	CuSe	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6₃/mmc
3.1.15	Krut'aite	CuSe₂	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
3.1.16	Weissite	Cu_2-xTe	Hex.
3.1.17	Rickardite	Cu₇Te₅	Orth.
3.1.18	Vulcanite	CuTe	Orth.
3.1.19	Bambollaite	Cu(Se,Te)₂	Tet.
3.1.20	Lautite	CuAsS	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Pnma
3.1.21	Mgriite	Cu₃AsSe₃	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m)
3.1.22	Cubanite	CuFe₂S₃	Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m)
3.1.24	Fukuchilite	Cu₃FeS₈	Iso. m3 (2/m 3) : Pa3
3.1.25	Chalcopyrite	CuFeS₂	Tet. 4 2m : I4 2d
3.1.26	Mooihoekite	Cu₉Fe₉S₁₆	Tet.
3.1.27	Haycockite	Cu₄Fe₅S₈	Orth. 2 2 2
3.1.28	Isocubanite	CuFe₂S₃	Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m
3.1.29	Idaite	Cu₅FeS₆	Hex.
3.1.30	Nukundamite	Cu_3.33Fe_0.66S₄	Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1
3.1.31	Putoranite	Cu_1.1Fe_1.2S₂	Iso.
3.1.32	Orickite	2CuFeS₂ · H₂O	Hex.
3.1.33	Eskebornite	CuFeSe₂	Tet.
3.1.34	Chaméanite	(Cu,Fe)₄As(Se,S)₄	Iso.
3.1.35	Talnakhite	Cu₉(Fe,Ni)₈S₁₆	Iso. 4 3m : I4 3m

Other InformationHide

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Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Industrial Uses:

A major ore of copper.

Bornite in petrologyHide

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An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.

Ore
- ⓘ Copper ore
  - ⓘ Copper sulfide ore

References for BorniteHide

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Reference List:

Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)

Haidinger, W. (1845) Zweite Klasse: Geogenide. XIII. Ordnung. Kiese. V. Kupperkies. Bornit.. in Handbuch der Bestimmenden Mineralogie, Bei Braumüller and Seidel (Wien): 559-562.

Jackson, C. (1859) On Bornite from Dahlonega, Georgia. American Journal of Science and Arts: 27(81): 366.

Harrington, B.J. (1903) On the Formula of Bornite. American Journal of Science: 16(92): 151.

Laney, F.B. (1911) The relation of bornite and chalcocite in the copper ores of the Virgilina district of North Carolina and Virginia. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum: 40: 513-524.

Mennell, F.P. (1914) On the occurrence of Bornite nodules in shale from Mashonaland. Mineralogical Magazine: 17(79): 111-113.

Kraus, E.H., Goldsberry, J.P. (1914) The chemical composition of bornite and its relation to other sulpho-minerals. American Journal of Science: 4(222): 539-553.

Rogers, A.F. (1915) The chemical composition of bornite. Science: 42(1081): 386-388.

Wherry, E.T. (1915) The chemical composition of bornite. Science: 42(1086): 570-571.

Allen, E.T. (1916) The composition of natural bornite. American Journal of Science: 4(245): 409-413.

Walker, T.L. (1921) Cleavable bornite from Usk, BC. American Mineralogist: 6(1): 3-4.

Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged, 834pp.: 195-197.

Adams, C.E. (1949) An Investigation of the X-ray Crystallography of Bornite (Cu5FeS4). Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, Geology.

Fruch Jr., A.J. (1950) Disorder in the mineral bornite. American Mineralogist: 35(3-4): 185-192.

Tunell, G., Adams, C.E. (1950) On the crystal structure of bornite from Illogan, Cornwall. American Mineralogist: 35(3-4): 289-289.

Takeuchi, T., Nambu, M. (1952) Thermal study of bornite. The Journal of the Japanese Association of Mineralogists, Petrologists and Economic Geologists: 36(2): 33-42.

Kullerud, G., Donnay, G., Donnay, J.D.H. (1960) A second find of euhedral bornite crystals on barite. American Mineralogist: 45(9-10): 1062-1068.

Morimoto, N., Greig, J.W., Tunnel, J. (1960) Re-Examination of a Bornite from the Carn Brea Mine, Cornwall. Carnegie Inst Washington Yearbook: 59: 122-126.

International Mineralogical Association (1962) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on new minerals and mineral names. Mineralogical Magazine: 33: 260-263.

Cuthbert, M.E. (1962) Formation of bornite at atmospheric temperature and pressure. Economic Geology: 57: 38-41.

Morimoto, N. (1964) Structures of two polymorphic forms of Cu5FeS4. Acta Crystallographica: 17: 351-360.

Manning, P.G. (1967) A study of the bonding properties of sulphur in bornite. The Canadian Mineralogist: 9: 85-94.

Ramdohr, Paul (1969) The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths, Pergamon Press, pp. 1174.

Koto, K. and Morimoto, N. (1975) Superstructure investigation of bornite, Cu5FeS4, by the modified partial Patterson function. Acta Crystallographica: B31: 2268-2273.

Kanazawa, Y., Koto, K., Morimoto, N. (1978) Bornite (Cu5FeS4): stability and crystal structure of the intermediate form. The Canadian Mineralogist: 16: 397-404.

Pierce, L., Buseck, P.R. (1978) Superstructuring in the bornite-digenite series: a high-resolution electron microscopy study. American Mineralogist: 63: 1-16.

International Mineralogical Association (1980) International Mineralogical Association: Commission on new minerals and mineral names. Mineralogical Magazine: 43: 1053-1055.

Jagadeesh, M.S., Nagarathna, H.M., Montano, P.A., and Seehra, M.S. (1981) Magnetic and Mössbauer studies of phase transitions and mixed valences in bornite (Cu4.5Fe1.2S4.7). Physical Review: B23: 2350-2356.

Buckley, A.N. and Woods, R. (1983) An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic investigation of the tarnishing of bornite. Australian Journal of Chemistry: 36: 1793-1804.

Robie, R.A., Wiggins, L.B., Barton, P.B., Jr., and Hemingway, B.S. (1985) Low-temperature heat capacity and entropy of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2): estimates of the standard molar enthalpy and Gibbs free energy of formation of chalcopyrite and bornite (Cu5FeS4). Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics: 17: 481-488.

Vaughan, D.J., Tossell, J.A., and Stanley, C.J. (1987) The surface properties of bornite. Mineralogical Magazine: 51: 285-293.

Kratz, T., Fuess, H. (1989) Simultane Strukturbestimmung von Kupferkies und Bornit an einem Kristall. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 186: 167-169.

Piestrzyński, A. (Main Ed.), Zaleska-Kuczmierczyk, M., Jasiński, A.W., Kotarski, J., Maślanka, W., Siewierski, S., Speczik, S., Śmieszek, Z. (1996) Monografia KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. Lubin.: 1204 pp.

Gaines, Richard V., H. Catherine, W. Skinner, Eugene E. Foord, Brian Mason, Abraham Rosenzweig (1997) Dana's New Mineralogy: The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, 8th. edition: 52.

Grguric, B.A., Putnis, A. (1998) Compositional controls on phase-transition temperatures in bornite: a differential scanning calorimetry study. The Canadian Mineralogist: 36: 215-227.

Ding, Y., Veblen, D. R., Prewitt, C. T. (2005) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) study of the 4a and 6a superstructure of bornite Cu5FeS4. American Mineralogist: 90: 1256-1264.

Harmer, S.L., Pratt, A.R., Nesbitt, H.W., and Fleet, M.E. (2005) Reconstruction of fracture surfaces on bornite. The Canadian Mineralogist: 43: 1619-1630.

Ding, Y., Veblen, D.R., Prewitt, C.T. (2005) Possible Fe/Cu ordering schemes in the 2a superstructure of bornite (Cu5FeS4). American Mineralogist: 90: 1265-1269.

Goh, S.W., Buckley, A.N., Lamb, R.N., Rosenberg, R.A., Moran, D. (2006) The oxidation states of copper and iron in mineral sulfides, and the oxides formed on initial exposure of chalcopyrite and bornite to air. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 70: 2210-2228.

Cook, N. J., Ciobanu, C. L., Danyushevsky, L. V., Gilbert, S. (2011) Minor and trace elements in bornite and associated Cu-(Fe)-sulfides: A LA-ICP-MS study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 75: 6473-6496.

Ciobanu, C. L., Cook, N. J., Ehrig, K. (2017) Ore minerals down to the nanoscale: Cu-(Fe)-sulphides from the iron oxide copper gold deposit at Olympic Dam, South Australia. Ore Geology Review: 81: 1218-1235. [on non-stoichiometry].

Zhao, J., Brugger, J., Grguric, B.A., Ngothai, Y., Pring, A. (2017) Fluid-enhanced coarsening of mineral microstructures in hydrothermally synthesized bornite-digenite solid solution. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry: 1: 465-474.

Li, K., Brugger, J., Pring, A. (2018) Exsolution of chalcopyrite from bornite-digenite solid solution: an example of a fluid-driven back-replacement reaction. Mineralium Deposita: 53: 903-908.

Borgheresi, M., Di Benedetto, F., Romanelli, M., Reissner, M., Lottermoser, W., Gainov, R.R., Khassanov, R.R., Tippelt, G., Giaccherini, A., Sorace, L., Montegrossi, G., Wagner, R., Amthauer, G. (2018) Mössbauer study of bornite and chemical bonding in Fe-bearing sulphides. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals: 45: 227-235.

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Localities for BorniteHide

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Locality ListShow

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- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (eg from pseudomorphs.)

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Afghanistan
Baghlan Dih Salah District ⓘ Ghorisang Cu occurrence (Ghury-Sang)	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
Ghazni Jaghuri District ⓘ Anguri Au-Cu occurrence (Anghuri)	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
ⓘ Unnamed Cu occurrence [4]	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
ⓘ Unnamed Sn-Cu-Pb-Zn occurrence [1]	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
Muqur District ⓘ Golakhel Au occurrence (Gulyakhel)	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
ⓘ Zarkashan Au-Cu deposit	Stephen G. Peters, Said H. Mirzad, Emily Scott, and Bernard E. Hubbard (2011) Summary of the Zarkashan Copper and Gold Area of Interest. Summaries of Important Areas for Mineral Investment and Production Opportunities of Nonfuel Minerals in Afghanistan, chapter 15A (pp.1113-1153) Katherine C. Malpeli, Peter G. Chirico, and Isabel H. McLoughlin (2013) Reconnaissance Investigation of the Placer Gold Deposits in the Zarkashan Area of Interest, Ghazni Province, Afghanistan. Open-File Report 2013–1179. USGS Afghanistan Project Product No. 185. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey
Herat Shindand District ⓘ Shand Sn-Bi occurrence	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
Kabul Khaki Jabar District (Khaki Jabbar District) Bay Khel Cu deposit (Batkhel) ⓘ Bay Khel No. 1 occurrence	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
ⓘ Darband Cu deposit	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
ⓘ Rajan Cu occurrence	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
ⓘ Taghar Cu deposit	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
ⓘ Umar Cu occurrence	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
Kandahar Khakrez District ⓘ Chenar Sn-Au-Cu deposit (Chinar)	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
Shah Wali Kot District ⓘ Charsu Cu-Au deposit	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
ⓘ Darra-i-Nur Mine	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
ⓘ Kadilak Au occurrence	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
ⓘ Mizan Cu occurrence	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
ⓘ Unnamed Cu occurrence [1]	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
Logar Khushi District ⓘ Darkh Cu occurrence (Darh)	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
Mohammad Agha District (Muhammad Agha District) ⓘ Aynak Cu deposit (Mes Aynak)	Coats, S., & Benham, A. J. (2006). Minerals in Afghanistan: The Aynak Copper Deposit. Afghanistan Geological Survey website.
ⓘ Aynak Central prospect	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
ⓘ Aynak West prospect	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
ⓘ Jawhar Cu deposit (Jawkhar)	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
Urozgan Khas Uruzgan District ⓘ Koh-i-Sokhi Cu-Bi deposit (Koh-i-Sohi)	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
ⓘ Qarya-i-Baki Bi-Cu-W occurrence	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
Zabul Daychopan District ⓘ Adamkhel Sn-W deposit (Adamkel)	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
ⓘ Ekrak Au-Cu deposit	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
ⓘ Hazarbuz Cu deposit	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
ⓘ Khune Cu-Au occurrence (Kunag)	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
Kakar District ⓘ Unnamed Cu occurrence [5]	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
Mizan District ⓘ Bagwan Cu-Au occurrences (Baghawan)	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
ⓘ Drushak Cu occurrence (Dorushak; Dorushka)	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110
ⓘ Kundalan Cu-polymetallic deposit (Kundalyan; Kundelan)	Orris, G.J., and Bliss, J.D. (2002): Mines and Mineral Occurrences of Afghanistan. United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-110

Albania
Lezhë County Mirditë ⓘ Munelle Mine (Munella deposit)	Lips, ALW (2006) A review of non-ferrous mineral deposits in Europe - Finalised initial database BRGM/RP -54957 - FR
ⓘ Rubik deposit	Lips, ALW (2006) A review of non-ferrous mineral deposits in Europe - Finalised initial database BRGM/RP -54957 - FR

Angola
Benguela Province Lobito ⓘ English Mine	Cox, D.P., Lindsey, D.A., Singer, D.A., Moring, B.C., and Diggles, M.F. (2003): USGS Open-File Report 03-107
Cuanza Sul Province Sumbe ⓘ Cachoeiras de Binga	Cox, D.P., Lindsey, D.A., Singer, D.A., Moring, B.C., and Diggles, M.F. (2003): USGS Open-File Report 03-107; Milesi, J. P., Toteu, S. F., Deschamps, Y., Feybesse, J. L., Lerouge, C., Cocherie, A., ... & Nicol, N. (2006). An overview of the geology and major ore deposits of Central Africa: Explanatory note for the 1: 4,000,000 map “Geology and major ore deposits of Central Africa”. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 44(4-5), 571-595.

Antarctica	AmMin 36:361-367

Eastern Antarctica Queen Elizabeth Land Pensacola Mountains ⓘ Dufek Massif	Ford, A. B. (1983). The Dufek intrusion of Antarctica and a survey of its minor metals and possible resources. Petroleum and mineral resources of Antarctica. US Geological Survey, Circular, 909, 51-75.
Queen Maud Land Queen Fabiola Mts (Yamato Mts) ⓘ Yamato 691 meteorite (Y-691)	El Gorsey, A., Yabuki, H., Ehlers, K., Woolum, D. & Pernicka, E. (1988). Qingzhen and Yamato-691: A tentative alphabet for the EH chondrites. Proceedings NIPR Symposium Antarctic Meteorites 1, 65-101.
Western Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula ⓘ Argentine Islands	Hawkes, Donald D. and Littlefair, Michael J., 1981, An Occurrence of Molybdenum, Copper, and Ion Mineralization in the Argentine Islands, West Antarctica, Economic Geology, v 76, p. 898-904.
Bransfield Strait ⓘ Hook Ridge	Petersen et al. (2004) Hydrothermal precipitates associated with bimodal volcanism in the Central Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. Mineralium Deposita 39: 358-379, DOI 10.1007/s00126-004-0414-3
South Shetland Islands Livingston Island ⓘ Unnamed Cu-Mo deposit	D. C. Armstrong, R. C. R. Willan (!996) Orthomagmatic quartz and post-magmatic carbonate veins in a reported porphyry copper deposit, Andean Intrusive Suite, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands. Mineralium Deposita, May 1996, 31, # 4, 290–306.

Argentina
Catamarca Province Andalgalá Department Andalgalá ⓘ Agua Rica mine (Mi Vida prospect)	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.; Econ Geol (1976) 71:849-863
ⓘ Capillitas mining district	Recursos Minerales de la Republica Argentina, E. O. Zappettini Ed., Buenos Aires 1999 ISSN 0328-2325; Paar, W., Roberts, A.C., Topa, D., Zagler, G., Berlepsch, P., Armbruster, Th. (2004): Putzite, (Cu4.7 Ag3.3)GeS6, a new mineral species from Capillitas, Catamarca, Argentina: description and crystal structure. Canadian Mineralogist: 42: 1757-1769.; Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina. Vol. 1 (elements, sulphides and sulphosalts). (Asociacion Mineralogica Argentina); DE BRODTKORB, Milka K. Precious metaltellurides and other Te-bearing minerals in different paragenesis of Argentina: A review. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 365-372.; Hubert, P., Werner, H., & Dan, T. (2009). A contribution to the knowledge of the mineralization at Mina Capillitas, Catamarca. Revista de la Asociacion Geologica Argentina, 64(3), 514-524.
ⓘ La Rosario mine (La Rosario vein)	PUTZ, Hubert; PAAR, Werner H and TOPA, Dan. A contributionto the knowledge of the mineralization at mina Capillitas, Catamarca. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 514-524.
Cerro Atajo ⓘ María Eugenia vein	MARQUEZ-ZAVALIA, M. F. and GALLISKI, M. A.. Chatkalita, nekrasovita y otros minerales del grupo de la estannita de veta María Eugenia, Cerro Atajo, Catamarca. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2007, vol.62, n.2, pp. 289-298.
ⓘ Filo Colorado Cu-Mo deposit	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
Belén Department Farallón Negro Agua de Dionisio mining district (YMAD) ⓘ Bajo de la Alumbrera Mine	; Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.; Proffett, J. M. (2003). Geology of the Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry copper-gold deposit, Argentina. Economic Geology, 98(8), 1535-1574.
ⓘ Bajo El Durazno Cu deposit	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.; GUTIERREZ, A. A.; CHONG D., G. y ESPINOZA R., S.. Niveles de exposición de yacimientos del distrito minero Agua de Dionisio (YMAD), Catamarca. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2006, vol.61, n.2, pp. 269-27
ⓘ Quebrada La Minita	Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Catamarca (1971).
ⓘ La Negra Dorada Mine	Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Catamarca (1971).
Chubut Province Cushamen Department ⓘ Condorcanqui Mine	Leal, P. R., Vattuone, M. E., & Latorre, C. O. (2011). Revisión de las paragénesis de zeolitas de los Andes Patagónicos septentrionales. Revista mexicana de ciencias geológicas, 28(2), 212-225.
Futaleufú Department Esquel ⓘ Esquel gold-silver deposit	Soechting, W. et al. (2008): Economic Geology 103, 865-869.
ⓘ Huemules deposit	Leal, P. R., Vattuone, M. E., & Latorre, C. O. (2011). Revisión de las paragénesis de zeolitas de los Andes Patagónicos septentrionales. Revista mexicana de ciencias geológicas, 28(2), 212-225.
Gastre Department ⓘ Los Manantiales mining district	Brodtkorb (2002): Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina; DE BRODTKORB, Milka K. Precious metaltellurides and other Te-bearing minerals in different paragenesis of Argentina: A review. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 365-372.
ⓘ Angela mine (Cerro Castillo Mine)	Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina. Vol. 1 (elements, sulphides and sulphosalts). (Asociacion Mineralogica Argentina); BRODTKORB, M.K. de y PAAR, W.. Angelaite in the paragenesis of Los Manantiales district, Chubut, Argentina: a new mineral species. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2004, vol.59, n.4, pp. 787-78
ⓘ Clara Natividad Mine	Arizmendi, et al. (1996): Inst. de Recursos Minerales. UNLP Publication 5:1-7, La Plata.
ⓘ Susana Beatriz Mine	BRODTKORB, M.K. de y PAAR, W.. Angelaite in the paragenesis of Los Manantiales district, Chubut, Argentina: a new mineral species. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2004, vol.59, n.4, pp. 787-78
Córdoba Province Calamuchita Department Río de Los Sauces District ⓘ Cerro Áspero mining district	DE BRODTKORB, Milka K. Precious metaltellurides and other Te-bearing minerals in different paragenesis of Argentina: A review. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 365-372.; MUTTI, D. y GONZALEZ CHIOZZA, S.. Evolución petrotectónica del distrito minero Cerro Áspero y modelo de emplazamiento de los depósitos wolframíferos, Córdoba. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2005, vol.60, n.1, pp. 159-173
Cruz del Eje Department San Marcos District ⓘ San Ignacio mining district	Skirrow, R., Camacho, A., Lyons, P., Pieters, P. E., Sims, J. P., Stuart-Smith, P. G., & Miró, R. (2000). Metallogeny of the southern Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina: geological,⁴⁰ Ar–³⁹ Ar dating and stable isotope evidence for Devonian Au, Ag–Pb–Zn and W ore formation. Ore Geology Reviews, 17(1), 39-81.
Sobremonte Department Aguada Del Monte District ⓘ Rodeíto	R. Lira, et al (2005) "Baileychlore from Sierra Norte de Cordoba, Argentina: A new occurrence." Contributed Papers in Specimen Mineralogy, Rochester Mineralogical Symposium, April 14-17, 2005.
Jujuy Province Cochinoca Department Abra Pampa ⓘ Purísima Mine	C. S. Lurgo Mayón (1999). Depósitos polimetálicos ricos en Níquel, Cobalto y Arsénico de la cordillera oriental, Jujuy y Salta.
ⓘ Rumicruz Mine (Rumi Cruz mine; Romicruz mine)	C. S. Lurgo Mayón (1999). Depósitos polimetálicos ricos en Níquel, Cobalto y Arsénico de la cordillera oriental, Jujuy y Salta.
Susques Department Susques ⓘ El Oculto Cu deposit	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
Sey ⓘ La Providencia mine	Peralta & Sureda (1992); 4 Congreso Nacional y 1 Congreso Latinoamericano de Geologia Economica 116-125, Cordoba.
La Rioja Province Chilecito department ⓘ Sañogasta	Victorio Angelelli (1958). Los Minerales de Uranio, sus Yacimientos y Prospección. Departamento de Geología y Minería. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica.
Famatina Department Sierra de Famatina ⓘ La Mejicana mining district	DE BRODTKORB, Milka K. Precious metaltellurides and other Te-bearing minerals in different paragenesis of Argentina: A review. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 365-372.
ⓘ Nevados de Famatina Cu-Au deposit (La Estrechura)	Brotkorb (2002): las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina; Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2005): USGS Open-File Report 05-1060
General Lamadrid department Villa Castelli Sierra de Cacho ⓘ El Tolar deposit	de Brodtkorb, M. K., & Crosta, S. (2010). Reseña de la ubicación geográfica de los seleniuros de la Sierra de Umango, provincia de La Rioja. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 67(2), 272-279.
ⓘ Las Pichanas deposit	Milka K. de BRODTKORB and Sabrina CROSTA (2010) RESEÑA DE LA UBICACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA DE LOS SELENIUROS DE LA SIERRA DE UMANGO, PROVINCIA DE LA RIOJA. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67 (2), 272 - 277.
ⓘ Tumiñico Mine	Paar W H, Topa D, Roberts A C, Criddle A J, Amann G, Sureda R J (2002) The new mineral species brodtkorbite, Cu2HgSe2, and the associated selenide assemblage from Tuminico, Sierra de Cacho, La Rioja, Argentina. The Canadian Mineralogist 40, 225-237
ⓘ Los Llantenes mining district	de Brodtkorb, M. K.; Gay, H. D.; Sureda, R. J. (1993): Polymetallic selenide-sulfide minerals of the Los Llantenes mining district, La Rioja, Argentina. Maurice, Yvon T. (Ed.), Proc. 8th Quadrenn. IAGOD Symp., 119-125.
Vinchina Department Jagüé ⓘ Chus-Chus deposit	Bordese, S., Lira, R., López Pinto, M., Dalmau, J. F., & Viñas, N. A. (2016). Geología y aspectos metalogenéticos de la mineralización de fluorita-baritina del distrito Chus-Chus-Pircas Coloradas, provincias de La Rioja y Catamarca. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, 73(1), 37-49.
Villa San José de Vinchina ⓘ King Tut deposit	Brodtkorb (2002): Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina
Mendoza Province Las Heras Department Uspallata District Paramillos de Uspallata ⓘ Paramillos Norte deposit	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
ⓘ Paramillos Sur deposit	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
ⓘ San Jorge Cu deposit	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
ⓘ Yalguaraz Cu deposit	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
Malargüe Department Agua Escondida District ⓘ Don Sixto project (El Pantanito)	Ana Cecilia Mugas Lobos, María Florencia Márquez-Zavalía, Miguel Ángel Galliski (2012): Minerales de mena del depósito epitermal de baja sulfuración Don Sixto, Mendoza [Ore minerals from Don Sixto, a low sulfidation epithermal deposit from Mendoza]. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 69, 3-12.
Pampa Amarilla mining district ⓘ Huemul Mine	American Mineralogist: 51: 1-13
San Rafael Department Cuadro Benegas District ⓘ Dr. Baulies-Los Reyunos mining district	Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry
Punta del Agua District ⓘ La Salvadora deposit	Rubinstein, N. & Bevins, R. (2004): Mineralization of La Salvadora deposit, Province of Mendoza, Argentina. Neues Jahrbuch fuer Mineralogie, Monatshefte 2004, 241-252.
Neuquén Province Catán Lil Department ⓘ La Voluntad	Garrido, M. et al. (2008): Late Carboniferous porphyry copper mineralization at La Voluntad, Neuquén, Argentina: Constraints from Re–Os molybdenite dating. Mineralium Deposita 43, 591-597.
Loncopué department Loncopué Mellao Morales ⓘ Campana Mahuida Cu deposit	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
Ñorquín Department Rahueco ⓘ La Primera mine	Raúl Jorge Tauber Larry
Río Negro Province Valcheta Department San Martin pluton ⓘ San Martín mine	GOZALVEZ, Martín Ricardo. Characterizationof San Martín pluton and associated tungsten deposits, Valcheta Department, Río Negro Province. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 409-425.
Salta Province Iruya Department ⓘ La Esperanza Mine	Brodtkorb (1963): 2a Jornadas Geologicas Argentinas 1:25-53, Salta
Los Andes department San Antonio de los Cobres ⓘ La Poma mine	Paz, N. S., Avila, J. C., Da Souza, V. S., & Wemmer, K. (2016) Mineralogía de alteración hidrotermal y mineralización del área de mina La Poma (Pb-Ag-Zn), Puna Central, provincia de Salta. Serie Correlación Geológica, 32, 7-24.
Organullo mining district ⓘ Julio Verne mine	Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina. Vol. 1 (elements, sulphides and sulphosalts). (Asociacion Mineralogica Argentina); Paar, W. H., Putz, H., Topa, D., de Brodtkorb, M. K., & Sureda, R. J. (2005, January). Occurrence and paragenesis of tellurium in mineral deposits of Argentina. In Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge (pp. 1419-1422). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Tolar Grande Salar de Arizaro ⓘ Taca-Taca Alto Cu deposit	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
ⓘ Taca-Taca Bajo Cu deposit	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
Metán Department Juramento ⓘ Juramento deposit	Mineralium Deposita 42 (2007) 879-899.
San Juan Province Calingasta Department ⓘ Altar deposit	Zwahlen, C., Cioldi, S., Wagner, T., Rey, R., & Heinrich, C. (2014) The porphyry Cu-(Mo-Au) deposit at Altar (Argentina): Tracing gold distribution by vein mapping and LA-ICP-MS mineral analysis. Economic Geology, 109(5), 1341-1358.
Calingasta ⓘ San Francisco de los Andes mine	Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina. Vol. 1 (elements, sulphides and sulphosalts). (Asociacion Mineralogica Argentina)
Caucete Department La Huerta Range Marayes mining district ⓘ Caledonia Group mines	The Canadian Mineralogist; February 2009; v. 47; no. 1; p. 129-141
Iglesia Department ⓘ Josemaría deposit	Sillitoe, R. H., Devine, F. A., Sanguinetti, M. I., & Friedman, R. M. (2019). Geology of the Josemaría Porphyry Copper-Gold Deposit, Argentina: Formation, Exhumation, and Burial in Two Million Years. Economic Geology, 114(3), 407-426.
Jáchal Department ⓘ Esperanza Project	William R. Gilmour, P, Thomas H. Carpenter (2017) Technical Report on the Huachi Property San Juan Province, Argentina
San Luis Province Coronel Pringles Department Carolina Cañada Honda ⓘ Diente Verde	Nilda E. Urbina & P. Sruoga (2008) Diente Verde and Mario, Cañada Honda, San Luis, Argentina: porphyry-type deposits in the South Pampean flat-slab region of the Central Andes. 7th International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics (ISAG 2008, Nice), Extended Abstracts: 558-561
ⓘ Mario deposit	Nilda E. Urbina & P. Sruoga (2008) Diente Verde and Mario, Cañada Honda, San Luis, Argentina: porphyry-type deposits in the South Pampean flat-slab region of the Central Andes. 7th International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics (ISAG 2008, Nice), Extended Abstracts: 558-561
Estancia Grande ⓘ Las Águilas deposit	Mineralogical Magazine 1997 61 : 861-877; FERRACUTTI, G.; BJERG, E. and MOGESSIE, A.. Precious and base metals in Las Águilas, Sierra de San Luis: Mineralogy, genesis and evolution. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2007, vol.62, n.3, pp. 434-446.
Santa Cruz Province Deseado Department Tres Cerros ⓘ La Josefina prospect	FERNANDEZ, Raúl R. et al. Gold and silver deposits related to Jurassic Patagonian volcanism: review and perspectives for exploration. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2008, vol.63, n.4, pp. 665-681.; Moreira, P., & Fernández, R. R. (2015). La Josefina Au–Ag deposit (Patagonia, Argentina): A Jurassic epithermal deposit formed in a hot spring environment. Ore Geology Reviews, 67, 297-313.
ⓘ La Leona mine	Honnorez-Guerstein, B.M. (1971): Mineralium Deposita 6(2):111-121
Lago Buenos Aires Department Perito Moreno ⓘ San José project	P&E Mining Consultants Inc. (2007) TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE SAN JOSÉ SILVER-GOLD MINE SANTA CRUZ, ARGENTINA
Magallanes Department ⓘ Martha mine	Páez, G. N., Ruiz, R., Guido, D. M., Ríos, F. J., Subias, I., Recio, C., & Schalamuk, I. B. (2016). High-grade ore shoots at the Martha epithermal vein system, Deseado Massif, Argentina: The interplay of tectonic, hydrothermal and supergene processes in ore genesis. Ore Geology Reviews, 72, 546-561.

Armenia
Kotayk Province Pambak ore district ⓘ Ankavan Cu deposit	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
Lori Province ⓘ Akhtala deposit	Mederer, J., Moritz, R., Zohrabyan, S., Vardanyan, A., Melkonyan, R., & Ulianov, A. (2014). Base and precious metal mineralization in Middle Jurassic rocks of the Lesser Caucasus: A review of geology and metallogeny and new data from the Kapan, Alaverdi and Mehmana districts. Ore Geology Reviews, 58, 185-207.
ⓘ Alaverdi Mine	Mederer, J., Moritz, R., Zohrabyan, S., Vardanyan, A., Melkonyan, R., & Ulianov, A. (2014). Base and precious metal mineralization in Middle Jurassic rocks of the Lesser Caucasus: A review of geology and metallogeny and new data from the Kapan, Alaverdi and Mehmana districts. Ore Geology Reviews, 58, 185-207.
ⓘ Shamlugh deposit	Mederer, J., Moritz, R., Zohrabyan, S., Vardanyan, A., Melkonyan, R., & Ulianov, A. (2014). Base and precious metal mineralization in Middle Jurassic rocks of the Lesser Caucasus: A review of geology and metallogeny and new data from the Kapan, Alaverdi and Mehmana districts. Ore Geology Reviews, 58, 185-207.
Syunik Province ⓘ Agarak Mine	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
ⓘ Dastakert Cu deposit	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
Kafan District (Kapan) ⓘ Centralni East	Mederer, J., Moritz, R., Zohrabyan, S., Vardanyan, A., Melkonyan, R., & Ulianov, A. (2014). Base and precious metal mineralization in Middle Jurassic rocks of the Lesser Caucasus: A review of geology and metallogeny and new data from the Kapan, Alaverdi and Mehmana districts. Ore Geology Reviews, 58, 185-207.
Kapan (Ghapan; Kafan; Zangezur; Madan) ⓘ Kafan copper deposits	Khachaturian, E. A. (1958): The mineral composition of ores of Kafan copper deposits. Izvest. Akad. Nauk Armyan. S.S.R., Ser. Geol i Geograf. Nauk 11 (No. 6), 25-38.
ⓘ Shahumyan	Mederer, J., Moritz, R., Zohrabyan, S., Vardanyan, A., Melkonyan, R., & Ulianov, A. (2014). Base and precious metal mineralization in Middle Jurassic rocks of the Lesser Caucasus: A review of geology and metallogeny and new data from the Kapan, Alaverdi and Mehmana districts. Ore Geology Reviews, 58, 185-207.
Upper Okhca River Kajaran ⓘ Kajaran Mine (Kadzharan Mine; Kadzharan molybdenum deposit)	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
ⓘ Shikahogh Cu deposit (Shikahoh)	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1155.
Sisian (Sisavan; Karakilisa) ⓘ Mardzhan deposit (Marzhansk deposit; Marzhana deposit; Mardjan deposit)	Kukulyan, M. A. (1988): Mineral composition of the Mardzhan ore deposit (Armenian SSR). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Armyanskoi SSR, Nauki o Zemle 41(3), 22-32 (in Russian).

Atlantic Ocean
Mid-Atlantic Ridge complex Ashadze hydrothermal area ⓘ Ashadze 1	Firstova, A., Stepanova, T., Cherkashov, G., Goncharov, A., & Babaeva, S. (2016). Composition and formation of gabbro-peridotite hosted seafloor massive sulfide deposits from the Ashadze-1 hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Minerals, 6(1), 19.
ⓘ Logatchev-1 hydrothermal field	Canadian Mineralogist: 34: 23-28.; Gablina, I.F., Semkova, T.A., Stepanova, T.V., and Gor'kova, N.V. (2006): Lithology and Mineral Resources 41(1), 27-44.
ⓘ Lucky Strike hydrothermal field	Earth and Planetary Science Letters 48 (1997) 69-91
ⓘ Ocean Drilling Program Hole 1274A	Marchesi, C., Garrido, C. J., Harvey, J., González-Jiménez, J. M., Hidas, K., Lorand, J. P., & Gervilla, F. (2013). Platinum-group elements, S, Se and Cu in highly depleted abyssal peridotites from the Mid-Atlantic Ocean Ridge (ODP Hole 1274A): Influence of hydrothermal and magmatic processes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 166(5), 1521-1538.
ⓘ Pobeda-1 hydrothermal field	Gablina, I. F., Dobretzova, I. G., Laiba, A. A., Narkevsky, E. V., Maksimov, F. E., & Kuznetsov, V. Y. (2018). Specific Features of Sulfide Ores in the Pobeda Hydrothermal Cluster, Mid-Atlantic Rise 17° 07′–17° 08′ N. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 53(6), 431-454.
ⓘ Pobeda-2 hydrothermal field	Gablina, I. F., Dobretzova, I. G., Laiba, A. A., Narkevsky, E. V., Maksimov, F. E., & Kuznetsov, V. Y. (2018). Specific Features of Sulfide Ores in the Pobeda Hydrothermal Cluster, Mid-Atlantic Rise 17° 07′–17° 08′ N. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 53(6), 431-454.
Rainbow Massif ⓘ Rainbow hydrothermal field	Fardoost et al (2005) New Data on Minerals Vol 40 pp44-50; New Data on Minerals (2004): 39: 99-105; Lee, S. Y., Watanabe, M., Hoshino, K., Oomori, T., Fujioka, K., & Rona, P. A. (2002). First report of linnaeite (Co3S4) and millerite (NiS) from active submarine hydrothermal deposits: Rainbow hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 36˚ 14'N. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie-Monatshefte, 2002(1), 1-21.; Bortnikov, N. S., Vikentyev, I. V., Apollonov, V. N., Stavrova, O. O., Bogdanov, Y. A., Lein, A. Y., ... & Ikorskii, S. V. (2001). The Rainbow serpentinite-related hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 36 14′ N: mineralogical and geochemical features. In Proc. Joint Sixth Meeting. Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21st Century, Krakow, 26–29 August (pp. 265-268).
Semenov region ⓘ Semyenov-2 Hydrothermal Field	Firstova, A., Stepanova, T., Sukhanova, A., Cherkashov, G., & Poroshina, I. (2019). Au and Te Minerals in Seafloor Massive Sulphides from Semyenov-2 Hydrothermal Field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Minerals, 9(5), 294.
ⓘ Semyenov-3 Hydrothermal Field	Safina, N. P., Melekestseva, I. Y., Nimis, P., Ankusheva, N. N., Yuminov, A. M., Kotlyarov, V. A., & Sadykov, S. A. (2016). Barite from the Saf’yanovka VMS deposit (Central Urals) and Semenov-1 and Semenov-3 hydrothermal sulfide fields (Mid-Atlantic Ridge): a comparative analysis of formation conditions. Mineralium Deposita, 51(4), 491-507.
Sierra Leone fracture zone Markov Deep ⓘ Northeastern rim	Sharkov, E.V., Abramov, S.S., Simonov, V.A., Krinov, D.I., Skolotnev, S.G., Bel’tenev, V.E., and Bortnikov, N.S. (2007): Geology of Ore Deposits 49(6), 467-486.
ⓘ Snake Pit hydrothermal field	Canadian Mineralogist Vol.26, pp. 697-711 (1988); Detrick, R. S., Honnorez, J., Adamson, A. C., Brass, G., Gillis, K. M., Humphris, S. E., ... & Shibata, T. (1986). Drilling the Snake Pit hydrothermal sulfide deposit on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, lat 23/sup 0/22'N. Geology;(United States), 14(12).; Fouquet, Y., Wafik, A., Cambon, P., Mevel, C., Meyer, G., & Gente, P. (1993). Tectonic setting and mineralogical and geochemical zonation in the Snake Pit sulfide deposit (Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 23 degrees N). Economic geology, 88(8), 2018-2036.
Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse hydrothermal field (TAG) ⓘ TAG mound	Petersen, S., Herzig, P.M., and Hannington, M.D. (2000): Mineralium Deposita 35, 233-259.; Canadian Mineralogist Vol.26, pp. 697-711 (1988)

Australia
New South Wales Ashburnham Co. Murga ⓘ Nangar Range Mine (Claytons Gold Mine) ?	Stevens, B.P.J. (1972) Mine Data Sheets to accompany Metallogenic Map Bathurst 1:250,000 Sheet, Department of Mines, Geological Survey of New South Wales.
Auckland Co. Bega ⓘ Lennards Island copper prospect (Quandolo prospect)	Hertzberger, G.A., Barnes, R.G. (1978) Mine Data Sheets to accompany Metallogenic Map Bega 1:125 000 Sheet (SJ-55-4). Geological Survey of New South Wales, Department of Mines, 345 pages.
Burragate ⓘ Jingera Rock prospect	Hertzberger, G.A., Barnes, R.G. (1978) Mine Data Sheets to accompany Metallogenic Map Bega 1:125 000 Sheet (SJ-55-4). Geological Survey of New South Wales, Department of Mines, 345 pages.
Bathurst Co. Browns Creek ⓘ Browns Creek Gold Mine	Stevens, B.P.J. (1972) Mine Data Sheets to accompany Metallogenic Map Bathurst 1:250,000 Sheet, Department of Mines, Geological Survey of New South Wales.; Seccombe, Philip & Downes, Peter & Ashley, Paul & Brathwaite, Robert & R Green, Geoffrey & Murray, C.G. & Rubenach, Michael. (2005). World Skarn Deposits: Skarns of the Southwest Pacific. in Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume.
Cadia ⓘ Big Cadia (Iron Duke Mine: New Cadia mine; Iron Duke Copper Mine)	MacAlister, L.T. (1965) Final Report - Cadia Copper and Iron Deposits near Orange, N.S.W. Prepared for Carpentaria Exploration Company Pty Ltd, Technical Report No.65, Geological Survey Report GS1965/038, 27 pages.
ⓘ Cadia Valley operations (Cadia-Ridgeway Cu-Au deposit)	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., Moring, B.C. (2005) Porphyry Copper Deposits of the World: Database, Map, and Grade and Tonnage Models. USGS Open-File Report 2005-1060.
ⓘ Cadia East underground mine	http://www.portergeo.com.au/database/mineinfo.asp?mineid=mn228
ⓘ Ridgeway Mine	Wilson, A. J., Cooke, D. R., & Harper, B. L. (2003). The Ridgeway Gold-Copper Deposit: A High-Grade Alkalic Porphyry Deposit in the Lachlan Fold Belt, New South Wales, Australia. Economic Geology, 98(8), 1637-1666.
ⓘ Chilcott Mine (Chilcott Copper Mine; Chilcott's Copper Mine)	Stevens, B.P.J. (1972) Mine Data Sheets to accompany Metallogenic Map Bathurst 1:250,000 Sheet, Department of Mines, Geological Survey of New South Wales.
Cargo ⓘ Cargo Consols Mine (Cargo Mine; The Cargo Consols Mine)	Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., Moring, B.C. (2005) Porphyry Copper Deposits of the World: Database, Map, and Grade and Tonnage Models, USGS Open-File Report 05-1060.
Cow Flat ⓘ Browns Creek Mine	Stevens, B.P.J. (1972) Mine Data Sheets to accompany Metallogenic Map Bathurst 1:250,000 Sheet, Department of Mines, Geological Survey of New South Wales.
Cowra ⓘ The Mount Pyrite Prospect	Stevens, B.P.J. (1972) Mine Data Sheets to accompany Metallogenic Map Bathurst 1:250,000 Sheet, Department of Mines, Geological Survey of New South Wales.
Walli ⓘ Cliefden Springs Mine (Cliefden Springs Barite mine) ?	Stevens, B.P.J. (1972) Mine Data Sheets to accompany Metallogenic Map Bathurst 1:250,000 Sheet, Department of Mines, Geological Survey of New South Wales.
ⓘ Smith and McGuinness's and Rothery's Mines (Smith and McGuinnes's and Rothery's Mines; Sugarloaf) ?	Stevens, B.P.J. (1972) Mine Data Sheets to accompany Metallogenic Map Bathurst 1:250,000 Sheet, Department of Mines, Geological Survey of New South Wales.
Woodstock ⓘ Burley Jack Mine (Burley Jack Copper Mine; Burly Jack Mine; Burley Jacky Copper Mine)	Stevens, B.P.J. (1972) Mine Data Sheets to accompany Metallogenic Map Bathurst 1:250,000 Sheet, Department of Mines, Geological Survey of New South Wales.
Beresford Co. Cooma ⓘ Cowarra Gold Mine (Victoria Gold Mine)	Hertzberger, G.A., Barnes, R.G. (1978) Mine Data Sheets to accompany Metallogenic Map Bega 1:125 000 Sheet (SJ-55-4). Geological Survey of New South Wales, Department of Mines, 345 pages.
Blaxland Co. Mount Hope ⓘ Great Central Mine (Great Central Copper Mine; McLernons Opencut)	NSW Geological Survey Report GS 1942/086
Buccleuch Co. Tumut district ⓘ Bogong Copper Mine (Stinking Creek Mine)	Wagga Wagga Mine Data Sheets, 1982
Wee Jasper ⓘ Glen deposit (The Glen; The Glen mine)	McQueen, K. G., & Larson, R. A. (1985) The Occurrence of Wittichenite and Sulfide Exsolution Textures at the Glen Deposit, Wee Jasper, New-south-wales. Neues Jahrbuch Fur Mineralogie-monatshefte, (10), 469-480.
ⓘ Nottingham Mine (Nottingham deposit; Clear Hills Prospect)	Gilligan, L.B. (1975) Part 1. Mine Data Sheets to accompany Metallogenic Map, Canberra 1:250 000 Sheet. Geological Survey of New South Wales, Department of Mines, 297 pages.
Buller Co. Drake district ⓘ Aldermans prospect (Aldermans reef)	R.E. Brown, H.F. Henley and W.J. Stroud: Warwick–Tweed Heads Exploration Data Package Vol. 2, Mineral occurrence data sheets, occurrence lists and mineral occurrence maps, December, 2001. Published by the Geological Survey of New South Wales (GS2001/087).
ⓘ Border Chief Mine	Warwick – Tweed Heads Exploration Data Package Vol. 2, Mineral occurrence data sheets, occurrence lists and mineral occurrence maps: R.E. Brown, H.F. Henley and W.J. Stroud, December, 2001. Published by the Geological Survey of New South Wales.
ⓘ Mount Carrington group	Warwick – Tweed Heads Exploration Data Package Vol. 2, Mineral occurrence data sheets, occurrence lists and mineral occurrence maps: R.E. Brown, H.F. Henley and W.J. Stroud, December, 2001. Published by the Geological Survey of New South Wales.
ⓘ White Rock extended	Warwick – Tweed Heads Exploration Data Package Vol. 2, Mineral occurrence data sheets, occurrence lists and mineral occurrence maps: R.E. Brown, H.F. Henley and W.J. Stroud, December, 2001. Published by the Geological Survey of New South Wales.
Canbelego Co. Hermidale ⓘ Tritton Copper Mine	Erceg, M., Hooper, B. (undated) The Tritton Copper Mine, New South Wales: New understanding of the deposit and its potential from mining of this blind discovery.
Clarendon Co. Gundagai ⓘ Back Station Creek Mine	Degeling, P.R. (1982) Wagga Wagga 1:250 000 Metallogenic Map SI 55-15 (plus parts of SI 55-14, SJ 55-2, SJ 55-3) Mine Data Sheets and Metallogenic Study. Geological Survey of New South Wales, Department of Mineral Resources, 451 pages.
Clarke Co. ⓘ Gibsons Open Cut (Gibsons Mine)	Gilligan, L.B., Brownlow, J.W., Cameron, R.G., Henley, H.F. (1992) Metallogenic Study and Mineral Deposit Data Sheets: Dorrigo-Coffs Harbour 1:250 000 Metallogenic Map SH/56-10, SH/56-11. Geological Survey of New South Wales, Sydney,

Bornite

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