Carminite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Carminite
Formula:
PbFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2
Colour:
Carmine-red, terra cotta-red, reddish brown; red in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
3½
Specific Gravity:
5.03 - 5.18
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
First description by F. Sandberger (1850, in German), in which he named the mineral "Carminspath", after its carmine-red color.
The German name was anglicised to "carminite" by J. Dana in his 4th System of Mineralogy (1854).
The German name was anglicised to "carminite" by J. Dana in his 4th System of Mineralogy (1854).
Type Locality:
Dimorph of:
The lead analogue of Sewardite. The orthorhombic dimorph of Mawbyite.
A rare secondary mineral formed as an alteration product of (mainly) arsenopyrite in the oxidized zones of lead-bearing deposits.
Structurally related to palermoite.
May be confused with arsenbrackebuschite, also a Pb-Fe-arsenate, but which has a much higher Pb content.
Not to be confused with caminite.
A rare secondary mineral formed as an alteration product of (mainly) arsenopyrite in the oxidized zones of lead-bearing deposits.
Structurally related to palermoite.
May be confused with arsenbrackebuschite, also a Pb-Fe-arsenate, but which has a much higher Pb content.
Not to be confused with caminite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
905
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:905:2
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
62267a57-dc1b-4c57-bf52-654c15b32f09
IMA Classification of Carminite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1850
Classification of Carminite
8.BH.30
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
H : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH,etc.):RO4 = 1:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
B : Phosphates, etc., with additional anions, without H2O
H : With medium-sized and large cations, (OH,etc.):RO4 = 1:1
41.10.6.1
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
10 : (AB)3(XO4)2Zq
41 : ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
10 : (AB)3(XO4)2Zq
20.5.12
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
5 : Arsenates of Ti and Pb
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
5 : Arsenates of Ti and Pb
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Cmt | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Carminite
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Translucent
Comment:
Lustre pearly on cleavages.
Colour:
Carmine-red, terra cotta-red, reddish brown; red in transmitted light.
Streak:
Reddish yellow
Hardness:
3½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {110}, distinct.
On {110}, distinct.
Density:
5.03 - 5.18 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.405 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Carminite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 2.050 - 2.070 nβ = 2.050 - 2.070 nγ = 2.060 - 2.080
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.010
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Very High
Dispersion:
r < v strong
Optical Extinction:
X = c; Y = a; Z = b.
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = Light yellowish red
Y = Dark carmine-red
Z = Dark carmine-red
Y = Dark carmine-red
Z = Dark carmine-red
Chemistry of Carminite
Mindat Formula:
PbFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2
Crystallography of Carminite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Cccm
Cell Parameters:
a = 16.591 Å, b = 7.58 Å, c = 12.285 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.189 : 1 : 1.621
Unit Cell V:
1,544.96 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Crystals lath-like, flattened on {010}, elongated [001] and exhibiting {010}, {110}, {011} plus other forms. As needle-like crystals; tufted or spherical aggregates; fibrous, drusy, massive.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0000118 | Carminite | Finney J J (1963) The crystal structure of carminite American Mineralogist 48 1-13 | 1963 | 0 | 293 | ||
0014520 | Carminite | Kharisun, Taylor M R, Bevan D J M, Pring A (1996) The crystal structure of carminite: refinement and bond valence calculations Mineralogical Magazine 60 805-811 | 1996 | Broken Hill, NSW, Australia | 0 | 293 | |
0014875 | Carminite | Olmi F, Sabelli C (1995) Carminite from three localities of Sardinia (Italy). Crystal structure refinements Sample A Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1995 553-562 | 1995 | Monte Tamara Mine, Sardinia, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
0014876 | Carminite | Olmi F, Sabelli C (1995) Carminite from three localities of Sardinia (Italy). Crystal structure refinements Sample B Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1995 553-562 | 1995 | Su Zufuru Mine, Sardinia, Italy | 0 | 293 | |
0014877 | Carminite | Olmi F, Sabelli C (1995) Carminite from three localities of Sardinia (Italy). Crystal structure refinements Sample C Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1995 553-562 | 1995 | Pira Inferida Mine, Sardinia, Italy | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
3.20 Å | (100) |
2.580 Å | (90) |
2.929 Å | (80) |
1.799 Å | (80) |
3.50 Å | (70) |
2.705 Å | (70) |
2.154 Å | (70) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] |
Type Occurrence of Carminite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
No defined type material.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Carminite
Other Language Names for Carminite
Relationship of Carminite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Crimsonite | PbFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cccm |
Sewardite | CaFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cccm |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
169 photos of Carminite associated with Beudantite | PbFe3(AsO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
147 photos of Carminite associated with Segnitite | PbFe3+3AsO4(AsO3OH)(OH)6 |
114 photos of Carminite associated with Scorodite | Fe3+AsO4 · 2H2O |
74 photos of Carminite associated with Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
71 photos of Carminite associated with Alunite Supergroup | AD3(XO4)2(OH)6 |
64 photos of Carminite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
60 photos of Carminite associated with Beudantite-Segnitite Series | |
45 photos of Carminite associated with Bariopharmacosiderite | Ba0.5Fe3+4(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 5H2O |
37 photos of Carminite associated with Gartrellite | PbCuFe3+(AsO4)2(OH) · H2O |
26 photos of Carminite associated with Plumbogummite | PbAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
8.BH. | Crimsonite | PbFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
8.BH. | Reznitskyite | CaMg(VO4)F |
8.BH. | Cuprozheshengite | Pb4CuZn2(AsO4)2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
8.BH. | Zheshengite | Pb4ZnZn2(AsO4)2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
8.BH. | Peterchinite | Zn3Zn2(OH)6As[O3(OH)3] |
8.BH.05 | Thadeuite | Ca(Mg,Fe2+)3(PO4)2(OH,F)2 |
8.BH.10 | Durangite | NaAl(AsO4)F |
8.BH.10 | Isokite | CaMg(PO4)F |
8.BH.10 | Lacroixite | NaAl(PO4)F |
8.BH.10 | Maxwellite | NaFe3+(AsO4)F |
8.BH.10 | Panasqueiraite | CaMg(PO4)(OH,F) |
8.BH.10 | Kononovite | NaMg(SO4)F |
8.BH.10 | Arsenatrotitanite | NaTi(AsO4)O |
8.BH.15 | Drugmanite | Pb2(Fe3+,Al)(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)2 |
8.BH.20 | Bjarebyite | (Ba,Sr)(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
8.BH.20 | Cirrolite | Ca3Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 (?) |
8.BH.20 | Kulanite | Ba(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)2(Al,Fe3+)2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
8.BH.20 | Penikisite | Ba(Mg,Fe2+,Ca)2Al2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
8.BH.20 | Perloffite | Ba(Mn2+,Fe2+)2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
8.BH.20 | Johntomaite | BaFe2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
8.BH.20 | Bjarebyite Group | |
8.BH.20 | Strontioperloffite | SrMn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
8.BH.20 | Plumboperloffite | PbMn2+2Fe3+2(PO4)3(OH)3 |
8.BH.25 | Bertossaite | (Li,Na)2(Ca,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al4(PO4)4(OH,F)4 |
8.BH.25 | Palermoite | (Li,Na)2(Sr,Ca)Al4(PO4)4(OH)4 |
8.BH.25 | Natropalermoite | Na2SrAl4(PO4)4(OH)4 |
8.BH.30 | Sewardite | CaFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
8.BH.35 | Adelite | CaMg(AsO4)(OH) |
8.BH.35 | Arsendescloizite | PbZn(AsO4)(OH) |
8.BH.35 | Austinite | CaZn(AsO4)(OH) |
8.BH.35 | Cobaltaustinite | CaCo(AsO4)(OH) |
8.BH.35 | Conichalcite | CaCu(AsO4)(OH) |
8.BH.35 | Duftite | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) |
8.BH.35 | Gabrielsonite | PbFe3+(As3+O3)O |
8.BH.35 | Nickelaustinite | CaNi(AsO4)(OH) |
8.BH.35 | Tangeite | CaCu(VO4)(OH) |
8.BH.35 | Duftite-alpha | PbCu(AsO4)(OH) |
8.BH.35 | Gottlobite | CaMg(VO4)(OH) |
8.BH.35 | Hermannroseite | CaCu(PO4)(OH) |
8.BH.40 | Čechite | PbFe2+(VO4)(OH) |
8.BH.40 | Descloizite | PbZn(VO4)(OH) |
8.BH.40 | Mottramite | PbCu(VO4)(OH) |
8.BH.40 | Pyrobelonite | PbMn2+(VO4)(OH) |
8.BH.40 | Khorixasite | (Bi0.67◻0.33)Cu(VO4)(OH) |
8.BH.45 | Bayldonite | PbCu3(AsO4)2(OH)2 |
8.BH.45 | Vésigniéite | BaCu3(VO4)2(OH)2 |
8.BH.50 | Paganoite | NiBi(AsO4)O |
8.BH.55 | Harrisonite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)6(PO4)2(SiO4)2 |
8.BH.55 | Jagowerite | BaAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 |
8.BH.60 | Attakolite | CaMn2+Al4(SiO3OH)(PO4)3(OH)4 |
8.BH.65 | Leningradite | PbCu3(VO4)2Cl |
8.BH.70 | Katiarsite | KTiO(AsO4) |
8.BH.70 | Yurgensonite | K2SnTiO2(AsO4)2 |
8.BH.75 | Melanarsite | K3Cu7Fe3+O4(AsO4)4 |
8.BH.80 | Moraskoite | Na2Mg(PO4)F |
8.BH.80 | Evseevite | Na2Mg(AsO4)F |
8.BH.85 | Piccoliite | NaCaMn3+2(AsO4)2O(OH) |
Other Information
Notes:
Slowly soluble in HCl with the separation of PbCl2 and totally soluble in HNO3.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Carminite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-905.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Carminite
Reference List:
Russell, Arthur (1910) On the occurrence of the rare mineral Carminite in Cornwall. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 15 (71) 285-287 doi:10.1180/minmag.1910.015.71.03
Foshag, W. F. (1937) Carminite and associated minerals from Mapimi, Mexico. American Mineralogist, 22 (5) 479-484
Rosenzweig, Abraham, Finney, Joseph J. (1959) Unit cell of carminite. American Mineralogist, 44 (5-6) 663-665
Kingsbury, Arthur W. G., Hartley, J. (1960) Carminite and beudantite from the northern part of the Lake District and from Cornwall. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 32 (249) 423-432 doi:10.1180/minmag.1960.032.249.01
Localities for Carminite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Jasun McAvoy specimen |
Australia | |
| Rankin et al. (2002) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
Elliott et al. (2015) | |
| Parbhakar-Fox (2016) |
Parbhakar-Fox (2016) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (1999) |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
Grice et al. (1991) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
Ferguson (1999) | |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2010) |
| Bojar (1993) |
| Jakely (2008) |
Belgium | |
| Lefèvre (2001) +3 other references |
China | |
| Yi Li and Lairen Lai (1998) +2 other references |
| Yi Li and Lairen Lai (2004) |
| Guangming Yang (1980) |
Czech Republic | |
| Sejkora et al. (2009) |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| VÍŠKOVÁ et al. (2022) |
Europe | |
| Pauliš et al. (2022) |
France | |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Pierre Le Roch & Jean-Marc Johannet ... |
Cuchet et al. (2000) +1 other reference | |
| perso.wanadoo.fr (2003) |
P.-C. Guiollard (2002) +1 other reference | |
| Patrice Queneau Collection |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Valverde J. (1999) |
| Yves Mourey Collection |
| Personally collected by Yves MOUREY in ... |
| GOURAULT C. (2011) |
| Le Roch (2009) |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) |
| Thierry Brunsperger collection. |
| S. Lavarde collecting |
| Patrice Queneau Collection |
| Jean Chervet collection |
| Queneau Patrice collection |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) |
| Lheur (2023) |
| Favreau et al. (2010) |
| Le Cahier des micromonteurs |
| Favreau et al. (2013) |
| Jean-Marie Claude collection +3 other references |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Holger Klapproth collection |
| Weiß (1990) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2021) |
| Der Erzgräber |
| Wittern (1995) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Slotta (2016) |
| |
Lapis 21 (12) | |
| M.E. Ciriotti - 05.06.2008 - Probed |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| In the collection of Brent Thorne. ... |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
S Wolfsried collection | |
Lapis (10) | |
Collection of Steffen Michalski | |
| |
| Schnorrer et al. (2008) |
| Habel et al. (2009) |
| von Sandberger (1858) +1 other reference |
| Markl et al. (1990) |
| Russell (1910) +1 other reference |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Lapis (4) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Kleeberg et al. (1992) |
www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
www.dergraul.de (2001) | |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
Rieck et al. (1999) | |
Chukanov et al. (2007) | |
Branko Rieck collection | |
LAPIS 24 (7/8) +2 other references | |
| |
Rieck (1999) +2 other references | |
Branko Rieck collection | |
| Uwe Kolitsch and Branko Rieck ... |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
| HOM Collection |
Italy | |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2018) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2015) |
| Bracco R. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Carmagnola et al. (2019) |
| Barresi et al. (2) |
| Bruno Martini collection |
Giovanni Scapin Collection | |
Ciriotti et al. (2019) | |
| ALBERTINI C. (2014) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
Stara et al. (1994) | |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana 3/1992-"I minerali del giacimento di Monte Tamara (Nuxis) |
| Bortolozzi G.M. et al. (2022) |
| Ferretti et al. (2018) |
| Rocchetti I. (2012) |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2021) |
Japan | |
| Yamada (2005) |
| Kouno et al. (2007) |
| Kuwano (1992) +1 other reference |
| Kuwano (1992) |
Uehara et al. (2014) | |
| Alfredo Petrov collection |
Kazakhstan | |
| Brent Thorne collection |
Mexico | |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Thomas P. Moore (2008) |
Rocks & Minerals: 56: 247. +2 other references | |
Moore et al. (2003) | |
Thomas P. Moore (2008) | |
Thomas P. Moore (2008) | |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Jorge Diaz de Leon |
| T. Kennedy collection |
| Panczner (1987) |
Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| www.mineralman.com (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Panczner (1987) |
Mongolia | |
| G.M. Tsareva data +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Georges Favreau collection |
Namibia | |
| Gebhard (1999) |
Poland | |
| Gołębiowska B. & Pieczka A. 2002: A polymetallic assemblage with Pb-Bi (Sb) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... | |
| Pedro Alves analytical data |
| Gomes et al. (2016) |
| |
| Pedro Alves collection |
Pedro Alves collection. Characterized ... | |
Leal Gomes | |
| Pedro Alves collection |
| Alves (2017) |
| Pedro Alves collection. |
| Pedro Alves collection +1 other reference |
Pierre Rosseel collection | |
| Ko Jansen collection |
Russia | |
| Yarosh et al. (1955) +1 other reference |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| SAMS (South African Micromount Society) |
| Robert O. Meyer collection +6 other references |
Spain | |
| Calvo (2015) +1 other reference |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
Calvo Rebollar (2015) | |
| Calvo Sevillano et al. (2012) |
| Calvo Sevillano et al. (2012) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (Joanabellacreus@gmail.com) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
| Calvo Sevillano et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Calvo Sevillano et al. (2012) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Thailand | |
| Patrice Queneau Collection |
| Marco P. Sacchi (2017) +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Russell (1910) +3 other references |
| P D Trebilcock Collection. |
| S. Rust collection. |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Paul De Bondt collection |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Kingsbury (1954) +2 other references |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| |
Michael Merry | |
Kingsbury (1954) +3 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Journal of The Russell Society |
Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
Kingsbury et al. (MS) +3 other references | |
Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference | |
Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +3 other references |
Kingsbury et al. (1957) +3 other references | |
Kingsbury et al. (1957) +2 other references | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +3 other references |
| Kingsbury (1951) +3 other references |
Green (1999) | |
Kingsbury et al. (MS) +3 other references | |
Day (1999) | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
Cooper et al. (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Kingsbury et al. (1957) +5 other references |
USA | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. ... |
Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. ... | |
Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. ... | |
Mineralogy of Alabama Geol Surv Ala. ... | |
| - (2008) |
| In collection of Tom Trebisky. |
| Cannon Microprobe |
| Ron Layton. +1 other reference |
| [Mineralien Welt 1/93:44] |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| |
| Per. Comm. from Eugene Ford re XRD ... +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Ron Layton collection specimen |
Rocks & Minerals | |
| Rocks & Minerals +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes 1991 |
Collection of Kelly Starnes 1992 | |
| Rocks & Minerals +1 other reference |
| Cook (1973) +1 other reference |
| R&M 77:5 p298-305 |
Twenty-fourth Annual New Mexico Mineral ... | |
| geoinfo.nmt.edu (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| geoinfo.nmt.edu (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Marty et al. (1993) |
| collected by Brent Thorne |
Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Kokinos et al. (1993) |
Min Rec 24:1 pp11-22 | |
Min Rec 24:1 pp11-22 | |
Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
Kokinos et al. (1993) | |
collected by Brent Thorne |
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Ste Barbe vein, Montmins mining district, Échassières, Vichy, Allier, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France