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Testudinata

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	Not linked to a GBIF record.
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	37582	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=37582

Rank

unranked clade (PBDB)

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Testudinata

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Testudinata

Common Name

turtle

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Testudinata	unranked clade	belongs to Monopnoa	stated without evidence	Fitzinger, 1826
Testudinata	subclass	belongs to Reptilia	stated without evidence	Bonaparte, 1850
Testudinata	order	belongs to Reptilia	stated with evidence	Cope, 1871
Testudinata	suborder	belongs to Chelonia	stated without evidence	Lydekker, 1889
Testudinata	order	belongs to Reptilia	stated with evidence	Zittel, 1890
Testudinata	unranked clade	belongs to Reptilia	stated without evidence	Cope, 1891
Testudinata	order	belongs to Synapsida	stated with evidence	Osborn, 1903
Testudinata	order	belongs to Anomodontia	stated with evidence	Osborn, 1904
Testudinata	order	belongs to Paratheria	stated without evidence	Jaekel, 1911
Testudinata	superorder	belongs to Anapsida	stated with evidence	Nopcsa, 1928
Testudinata	superorder	belongs to Anapsida	stated without evidence	Roxo, 1937
Testudinata	order	belongs to Reptilia	stated with evidence	Kuhn, 1946
Testudinata	order	belongs to Reptiliomorphoidea	stated without evidence	Huene, 1954
Testudinata	subclass	belongs to Reptilia	stated with evidence	Estes, 1964
Testudinata	order	subjective synonym of Testudines	stated with evidence	Kuhn, 1966
Testudinata	subclass	belongs to Reptilia	stated without evidence	Estes and Berberian, 1970
Testudinata	subclass	belongs to Sauropsida	stated without evidence	Haas, 1978
Testudinata	unranked clade	belongs to Euamniota	stated with evidence	Gardiner, 1982
Testudinata	subclass	belongs to Reptilia	implied	Carroll, 1988
Testudinata	order	subjective synonym of Testudines	stated with evidence	Dundee, 1989
Testudinata	subclass	belongs to Reptilia	stated without evidence	Cvancara and Hoganson, 1993
Testudinata	subclass	belongs to Pantestudines	stated with evidence	Joyce et al., 2004
Testudinata	order	belongs to Reptilia	stated with evidence	Li et al., 2008

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

2,316

Extant Size (PBDB)

637 (28%)

First Recorded Appearance

232 - 222 Ma
Late/Upper Triassic

Environment

terrestrial (based on Amniota)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Testudines order	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Turtle	8,699	228 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	0 Ma Extant
Australochelyidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Chelonipedidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	48.6 Ma Eocene	48.6 Ma Eocene
Chengyuchelyidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Heckerochelyidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Mongolochelyidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Odontochelyidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Proterochersidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Testudoolithidae ✝ family	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		14	151 Ma Late Jurassic	5.33 Ma Miocene
Amblypus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	201 Ma Early Jurassic	201 Ma Early Jurassic
Ancyropus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	201 Ma Early Jurassic	201 Ma Early Jurassic
Australochelys ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	201 Ma Early Jurassic	201 Ma Early Jurassic
Chelichnus ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		9	299 Ma Carboniferous
Chengyuchelys ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	164 Ma Middle Jurassic	164 Ma Middle Jurassic
Chinlechelys ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Helcura ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		8	201 Ma Early Jurassic	201 Ma Early Jurassic
Kallokibotion ✝ genus	listed (PBDB)		17	86.3 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous	70.6 Ma Late/Upper Cretaceous
Odontochelys ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	232 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	232 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Palaeochersis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	228 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	228 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Platycheloides ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Proganochelys ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		10	228 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	209 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Proterochersis ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		5	228 Ma Late/Upper Triassic	228 Ma Late/Upper Triassic
Siamochelys ✝ genus	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	174 Ma Middle Jurassic	174 Ma Middle Jurassic
Testudinites ✝ genus	doubtful (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Mesochelydia unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		7	199 Ma Early Jurassic	145 Ma Late Jurassic
Perichelydia unranked clade	listed (PBDB)		180	164 Ma Middle Jurassic	0.01 Ma Pleistocene

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1811	Testudinata Oppel
1826	Testudinata Fitzinger p. 4
1842	Megasternon Gray
1842	Tretosternon punctatum Owen p. 165
1843	Aplax oberndorferi Meyer
1850	Testudinata Bonaparte p. 1
1863	Chelys blakii Mackie p. 41 fig. 1
1863	Protochelys blakii Mackie p. 41 fig. 1
1863	Chelytherium obscurum Meyer p. 120
1863	Chelytherium Meyer p. 445
1869	Trachydermochelys Seeley
1869	Trachydermochelys phlyctaenus Seeley
1870	Megasternon Gray
1871	Testudinata Cope p. 235
1871	Testudo stricklandi Phillips p. 182
1873	Aplax oberndorferi Rütimeyer p. 120
1875	Testudinata Cope p. 16
1877	Trionyx mammillaris Cope
1877	Testudo elata Gervais
1881	Emys neumayri Seeley p. 698
1885	Emys paranensis Burmeister
1889	Platemys sehuensis Ameghino
1889	Testudinata Lydekker p. 3
1889	Tretosternum punctatum Lydekker pp. 141-143
1889	Protochelys Lydekker p. 220
1889	Protochelys stricklandi Lydekker pp. 220-222
1889	Chelytherium Lydekker p. 223
1889	Chelytherium obscurum Lydekker pp. 223-224
1889	Chelytherium obscurum Meyer p. 120
1890	Testudinata Zittel p. 449
1891	Testudinata Cope p. 5
1891	Saurodesmus Seeley p. 166 figs. 1-6
1891	Saurodesmus robertsoni Seeley p. 166 figs. 1-6

Year	Name and Author
1891	Saurodesmus Seeley p. 169
1899	Platemys sehuensis Ameghino
1902	Trionyx mammilaris Hay p. 454
1903	Testudinata Osborn p. 276
1904	Testudinata Osborn p. 105
1911	Testudinata Jaekel p. 183
1928	Testudinata Nopcsa p. 164
1934	Chelytherium obscurum Swinton p. 70
1937	Testudinata Roxo p. 43
1946	Testudinata Kuhn p. 58
1954	Testudinata Huene p. 23
1958	Tretosternum punctatum Delair p. 49
1958	Trachydermochelys Delair p. 55
1964	Testudinata Estes p. 96
1966	Trachydermochelys Kuhn p. 25
1969	Chelycarapookus Warren p. 26 figs. plate 2, figs 1, 2A
1969	Chelycarapookus arcuatus Warren pp. 26-27 figs. plate 2, figs 1, 2A
1970	Testudinata Estes and Berberian p. 5
1971	Chelytherium Kuhn p. 10
1974	Chelonoidis elata Auffenberg
1978	Testudinata Haas
1981	Testudo elata Campos and de Broin
1982	Testudinata Gardiner p. 228
1988	Chelycarapookus Carroll
1988	Protochelys Carroll
1988	Testudinata Carroll
1993	Testudinata Cvancara and Hoganson p. 15
1998	Chelycarapookus Gaffney et al. p. 6
2004	Testudinata Joyce et al.
2008	Protochelys blakii Anquetin and Claude
2008	Testudinata Li et al. p. 497
2008	Testudinata Sterli p. 286

References

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Fitzinger L. I. Neue Classification der Reptilien nach ihren Natürlichen Verwandtschaften. Einer Verwandtschafts-Tafel und einem Verzeichnisse der Reptilien-Sammlung des K. K. Zoologischen Museum’s zu Wien [New Classification of Reptiles According to their Natural Relationships. A Kinship Panel and a Directory of the Reptile Collection of the K. K. Zoological Museum in Vienna], 1-66

Owen R. Report on British fossil reptiles, part II, Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 11, 60-204

Bonaparte C.-L. , Conspectus Systematum Herpetologiae et Amphibiologiae. Editio Altera Reformata [Survey of the systems of reptiles and amphibians. Second revised edition]. E. J. Brill, Leyden, 1

Mackie S. J. Turtles in the Stonesfield Slate, The Geologist 6, 41-43

Seeley H. G. , Index to the Fossil Remains of Aves, Ornithosauria, and Reptilia, from the Secondary System of Strata, Arranged in the Woodwardian Museum of the University of Cambridge. Deighton, Bell, and Co, Cambridge, 1-143

Gray J. E. Supplement to the catalogue of shield reptiles in the collection of the British Museum. Part I. Testudinata (Tortoises), 1-79

Cope E. D. On the homologies of some of the cranial bones of the Reptilia, and on the systematic arrangement of the class, Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 19, 194-247

Phillips J. , Geology of Oxford and the Valley of the Thames. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1-523

Rütimeyer L. Die fossilen Schildkröten von Solothurn und der übrigne Juraformation, Abdruck aus den Neuen Denkschriften der Schweiz. naturforsch. Gesellschaft 25, 1-185

Cope E. D. Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia; with a systematic list of the higher groups, and an essay on geographical distribution. Based on the specimens contained in the U. S. National Museum, Bulletin of the United States National Museum 1, 1-109

Cope E. D. Report on the geology of the region of the Judith River, Montana, and on vertebrate fossils obtained on or near the Missouri River, Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey 3 3, 565-597

Gervais M. P. Tortue gigantesque fossil au Bresil, Journal de Zoologie 6, 283-285

Seeley H. G. The reptile fauna of the Gosau Formation preserved in the Geological Museum of the University of Vienna, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 37 148, 620-707

Burmeister G. Examen critico de los mamiferos y reptiles fosiles denominados por D. Augusto Bravard y mencionados en su obra precedente, Annales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires 3, 93-174

Ameghino F. Sinopsis geológico-paleontológica. Suplemento (adi- ciones y correcciones), 1-13

Lydekker R. , Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural History) Part III. The Order Chelonia, 1-239

Zittel K. A. v. , Handbuch der Palaeontologie. I. Abteilung Paleozoologie. III. Band. Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves) [Handbook of Paleontology. Division I. Paleozoology. Volume III. Vertebrata (Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves)], xii-900

Cope E. D. On vertebrata from the Tertiary and Cretaceous rocks of the North West Territory: The species from the Oligocene or Lower Miocene beds of the Cypress Hills, Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology 3, 1-25

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Osborn H. F. (1903) On the primary division of the Reptilia into two sub-classes, Synapsida and Diapsida, Science 17 424, 275-276

Jaekel O. (1911) , Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die Fossilen und Lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An Overview of the Fossil and Living Forms], viii-252

Nopcsa B. F. (1928) The genera of reptiles, Palaeobiologica 1, 163-188

Swinton W. E. (1934) , A Guide to the Fossil Birds, Reptiles, and Amphibians in the Department of Geology and Paleontology in the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7, xii-87

Kuhn O. (1946) Das System der fossilen und rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien [The system of fossil and recent amphibians and reptiles], Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Bamberg 29, 49-67

Huene F. v. (1954) , Die Saurierwelt und ihre Geschichtlichen Zusammenhänge [The World of Reptiles and the History of Their Interrelationships]. 2nd, revised edition, 1-66

Delair J. B. (1958) The Mesozoic reptiles of Dorset. Part one, Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society 79, 47-72

Estes R. (1964) Fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation, eastern Wyoming, University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 49, 1-187

Kuhn O. W. M. (1966) , Die Reptilien. System und Stammesgeschichte [The Reptiles. Systematics and Phylogeny.], 1-154

Warren J. W. (1969) A fossil chelonian of probable Lower Cretaceous age from Victoria, Australia, Memoirs of The National Museum of Victoria 29, 23-28

Estes R., Berberian P. (1970) Paleoecology of a Late Cretaceous vertebrate community from Montana, Breviora 343, 1-35

Kuhn O. (1971) , Die Saurier der deutschen Trias [Reptiles of the German Triassic], 1-105

Auffenberg W. (1974) Checklist of fossil land tortoises (Testudinidae), Bulletin of the Florida State Museum 18 3, 121-251

Haas G. (1978) A Cretaceous pleurodire turtle from the surroundings of Jerusalem, Israel Journal of Zoology 27 1, 20-33 doi:10.1080/00212210.1978.10688455

Cvancara A. M., Hoganson J. W. (1993) Vertebrates of the Cannonball Formation (Paleocene) in North and South Dakota, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13 1, 1-23

Gaffney E. S., Kool L., et al (1998) Otwayemys, a new cryptodiran turtle from the Early Cretaceous of Australia, American Museum Novitates 3233, 1-28

Joyce W. G., Parham J. F., et al (2004) Developing a protocol for the conversion of rank-based taxon names to phylogenetically defined clade names, as exemplified by turtles, Journal of Paleontology 78 5, 989-1013

Anquetin J., Claude J. (2008) Reassessment of the oldest British turtle: Protochelys from the Middle Jurassic Stonesfield Slate of Stonesfield, Oxfordshire, UK, Geodiversitas 30 2, 331-344

Li C., Wu X. C., et al (2008) An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China, Nature 456, 497-501

Sterli J. (2008) A new, nearly complete stem turtle from the Jurassic of South America with implications for turtle evolution, Biology Letters 4 3, 286-289

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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