Cristobalite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Cristobalite
Formula:
SiO2
Colour:
Colorless, white, also blue grey, brown, grey, yellow
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous
Hardness:
6 - 7
Specific Gravity:
2.32 - 2.36
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Name:
Named after the type locality of Cerro San Cristobal, Mexico.
Type Locality:
Polymorph of:
Cristobalite is a silica polymorph that is thermodynamically stable only at temperatures above 1470°C, up to the melting point at 1705°C, at atmospheric pressures. It commonly metastably persists or even forms at much lower temperatures in silica-rich volcanic and sedimentary environments. It can form crystals in cavities, probably vapour-deposited, or spherulites in obsidian or other silicic volcanics.
It is commonly reported as a major constituent of certain types of opal (opal-C and opal-CT) in marine sedimentary rocks derived from biogenic opaline sediments, and as cavity fills formed from low-temperature groundwater.
Some precious opal is opal-CT. However, some workers note that this material is hydrous and lacks any long-range ordering, the opal structure just mimicking cristobalite and tridymite, so may not be considered true cristobalite (Smith, 1998).
At ambient temperatures, cristobalite is tetragonal, and specimens from volcanic environments are paramorphs of cubic β-Cristobalite or high-cristobalite (stable above 1470°C), still showing the initially cubic crystal morphology. To distinguish it from the high-temperature cubic type, tetragonal cristobalite is also called α-cristobalite or low-cristobalite.
May be intergrown with Tridymite.
Compare 'Unnamed (Monoclinic Phase-II Cristobalite)'.
It is commonly reported as a major constituent of certain types of opal (opal-C and opal-CT) in marine sedimentary rocks derived from biogenic opaline sediments, and as cavity fills formed from low-temperature groundwater.
Some precious opal is opal-CT. However, some workers note that this material is hydrous and lacks any long-range ordering, the opal structure just mimicking cristobalite and tridymite, so may not be considered true cristobalite (Smith, 1998).
At ambient temperatures, cristobalite is tetragonal, and specimens from volcanic environments are paramorphs of cubic β-Cristobalite or high-cristobalite (stable above 1470°C), still showing the initially cubic crystal morphology. To distinguish it from the high-temperature cubic type, tetragonal cristobalite is also called α-cristobalite or low-cristobalite.
May be intergrown with Tridymite.
Compare 'Unnamed (Monoclinic Phase-II Cristobalite)'.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1155
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1155:2
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
f1e1b4c0-e7f6-4e7e-8f41-0970aa18355f
IMA Classification of Cristobalite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1887
Classification of Cristobalite
4.DA.15
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
A : With small cations: Silica family
4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
A : With small cations: Silica family
75.1.1.1
75 : TECTOSILICATES Si Tetrahedral Frameworks
1 : Si Tetrahedral Frameworks - SiO2 with [4] coordinated Si
75 : TECTOSILICATES Si Tetrahedral Frameworks
1 : Si Tetrahedral Frameworks - SiO2 with [4] coordinated Si
7.8.5
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
8 : Oxides of Si
7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
8 : Oxides of Si
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Crs | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Crs | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
Crs | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
Crs | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Crs | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Crs | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Cristobalite
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colorless, white, also blue grey, brown, grey, yellow
Comment:
Often white due to numerous cracks
Streak:
White
Hardness:
6 - 7 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Density:
2.32 - 2.36 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.33 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Cristobalite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.487 nε = 1.484
Birefringence:
0.003
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.003
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Cristobalite
Mindat Formula:
SiO2
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Ca,Al,K,Na,Ti,Mn,Mg,P
Crystallography of Cristobalite
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4 2 2 - Trapezohedral
Space Group:
P41 21 2
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.9709(1) Å, c = 6.9278(2) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 1.394
Unit Cell V:
171.18 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Pseudo octahedral crystals, commonly dendritic, spherulites.
Twinning:
On {111} (paramorphs of cubic β-Cristobalite twins)
Crystallographic forms of Cristobalite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0001629 | Cristobalite | Downs R T, Palmer D C (1994) The pressure behavior of alpha cristobalite American Mineralogist 79 9-14 | 1994 | Ellora Caves, India | 0 | 293 | |
0001630 | Cristobalite | Downs R T, Palmer D C (1994) The pressure behavior of alpha cristobalite American Mineralogist 79 9-14 | 1994 | Ellora Caves, India | 0.19 | 293 | |
0001631 | Cristobalite | Downs R T, Palmer D C (1994) The pressure behavior of alpha cristobalite American Mineralogist 79 9-14 | 1994 | Ellora Caves, India | 0.73 | 293 | |
0001632 | Cristobalite | Downs R T, Palmer D C (1994) The pressure behavior of alpha cristobalite American Mineralogist 79 9-14 | 1994 | Ellora Caves, India | 1.05 | 293 | |
0020170 | Cristobalite | Matsui M, Sato T, Funamori N (2014) Crystal structures and stabilities of cristobalite-helium phases at high pressures American Mineralogist 99 184-189 | 2014 | calculated structure | 10 | 293 | |
0020171 | Cristobalite | Matsui M, Sato T, Funamori N (2014) Crystal structures and stabilities of cristobalite-helium phases at high pressures American Mineralogist 99 184-189 | 2014 | calculated structure | 4 | 293 | |
0018342 | Cristobalite | Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529 | 2011 | Ellora Caves, India | 0.2 | 293 | |
0018343 | Cristobalite | Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529 | 2011 | Ellora Caves, India | 0.6 | 293 | |
0018344 | Cristobalite | Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529 | 2011 | Ellora Caves, India | 3.6 | 293 | |
0018345 | Cristobalite | Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529 | 2011 | Ellora Caves, India | 5.4 | 293 | |
0018346 | Cristobalite | Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529 | 2011 | Ellora Caves, India | 7.3 | 293 | |
0018347 | Cristobalite | Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529 | 2011 | Ellora Caves, India | 9.1 | 293 | |
0018348 | Cristobalite | Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529 | 2011 | 3.5 | 293 | ||
0018349 | Cristobalite | Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Note z-coordinate of O2 is corrected Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529 | 2011 | Ellora Caves, India | 4.9 | 293 | |
0018350 | Cristobalite | Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529 | 2011 | Ellora Caves, India | 7.4 | 293 | |
0018351 | Cristobalite | Dera P, Lazarz J D, Prakapenka V B, Barkley M, Downs R T (2011) New insights into the high-pressure polymorphism of SiO2 cristobalite Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 38 517-529 | 2011 | Ellora Caves, India | 10.1 | 293 | |
0020745 | Cristobalite | Lee S, Xu H (2019) Using powder XRD and pair distribution function to determine anisotropic atomic displacement parameters of orthorhombic tridymite and tetragonal cristobalite Acta Crystallographica B75 https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052520619000933 | 2019 | rhyolitic rock, New Mexico, USA | 0 | 293 | |
0017665 | Cristobalite | Wyckoff R (1925) Die Kristallstruktur von $-beta-Crystobalit Si O2 (bei hohen Temperaturen stabile Form). _cod_database_code 1010944 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 62 189-200 | 1925 | 0 | 293 | ||
0017659 | Cristobalite | Nieuwenkamp W (1935) Die Kristallstruktur des Tief-Cristobalits Si O2 _cod_database_code 1010938 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 92 82-88 | 1935 | 0 | 293 | ||
0010623 | Cristobalite | Dollase W A (1965) Reinvestigation of the structure of low cristobalite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 121 369-377 | 1965 | Ellora, Hyderabad, India | 0 | 293 | |
0010747 | Cristobalite | Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298 | 1973 | Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India | 0 | 293 | |
0010748 | Cristobalite | Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298 | 1973 | Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India | 0 | 293 | |
0010749 | Cristobalite | Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298 | 1973 | Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India | 0 | 293 | |
0010750 | Cristobalite | Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298 | 1973 | Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India | 0 | 293 | |
0010751 | Cristobalite | Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298 | 1973 | Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India | 0 | 293 | |
0010752 | Cristobalite | Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298 | 1973 | Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India | 0 | 293 | |
0010753 | Cristobalite | Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298 | 1973 | Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India | 0 | 293 | |
0010754 | Cristobalite | Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298 | 1973 | Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India | 0 | 293 | |
0010755 | Cristobalite | Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298 | 1973 | Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India | 0 | 293 | |
0010756 | Cristobalite | Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298 | 1973 | Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India | 0 | 293 | |
0010757 | Cristobalite | Peacor D R (1973) High-temperature single-crystal study of the cristobalite inversion Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 138 274-298 | 1973 | Ellora Caves, Hyderabad State, India | 0 | 293 | |
0017674 | Cristobalite | Wyckoff R (1925) The crystal structure of the high temperature form of Cristobalite (SiO2) _cod_database_code 1010954 American Journal of Science 9 448-459 | 1925 | 0 | 293 | ||
0017646 | Cristobalite | Barth T (1932) The Cristobalite Structures. I. High-Cristobalite _cod_database_code 1010921 American Journal of Science 23 350-356 | 1932 | 0 | 293 | ||
0012928 | Cristobalite | Pluth J J, Smith J V, Faber J (1985) Crystal structure of low cristobalite at 10, 293, and 473 K: Variation of framework geometry with temperature Journal of Applied Physics 57 1045-1049 | 1985 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0012929 | Cristobalite | Pluth J J, Smith J V, Faber J (1985) Crystal structure of low cristobalite at 10, 293, and 473 K: Variation of framework geometry with temperature Journal of Applied Physics 57 1045-1049 | 1985 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0012930 | Cristobalite | Pluth J J, Smith J V, Faber J (1985) Crystal structure of low cristobalite at 10, 293, and 473 K: Variation of framework geometry with temperature Journal of Applied Physics 57 1045-1049 | 1985 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0020708 | Cristobalite | Le Bail A (1995) Modelling the silica glass structure by the Rietveld method Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 183 39-42 | 1995 | 0 | 293 | ||
0018754 | Cristobalite | Gibbs G V, Boisen M B, Downs R T, Lasaga A C (1988) Mathematical Modeling of the structures and bulk moduli of TX2 quartz Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings 121 155-165 | 1988 | theoretical | 0 | 293 | |
0014541 | Cristobalite | Dove M T, Craig M S, Keen D A, Marshall W G, Redfern S A T, Trachenko K O, Tucker M G (2000) Crystal structure of the high-pressure monoclinic phase-II of cristobalite, SiO2 Mineralogical Magazine 64 569-576 | 2000 | synthetic | 3.5 | 293 | |
0014542 | Cristobalite | Dove M T, Craig M S, Keen D A, Marshall W G, Redfern S A T, Trachenko K O, Tucker M G (2000) Crystal structure of the high-pressure monoclinic phase-II of cristobalite, SiO2 Mineralogical Magazine 64 569-576 | 2000 | synthetic | 3.5 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
4.05 Å | (100) |
3.52 Å | (4) |
3.135 Å | (11) |
2.841 Å | (13) |
2.485 Å | (20) |
2.465 Å | (5) |
2.340 Å | (1) |
2.118 Å | (5) |
2.019 Å | (3) |
1.929 Å | (5) |
1.870 Å | (7) |
1.757 Å | (1) |
1.730 Å | (1) |
1.690 Å | (3) |
1.634 Å | (1) |
1.612 Å | (5) |
1.600 Å | (3) |
1.571 Å | (1) |
1.567 Å | (1) |
1.533 Å | (3) |
1.494 Å | (5) |
1.431 Å | (3) |
1.419 Å | (3) |
1.398 Å | (3) |
1.379 Å | (1) |
1.365 Å | (3) |
1.352 Å | (3) |
1.346 Å | (1) |
1.333 Å | (3) |
1.299 Å | (3) |
1.281 Å | (3) |
1.242 Å | (1) |
1.233 Å | (1) |
1.223 Å | (3) |
1.210 Å | (3) |
1.206 Å | (3) |
1.188 Å | (1) |
1.183 Å | (1) |
Comments:
ICDD 11-695, for synthetic material.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 1: Primary nebular phases | 4.567-4.561 |
4 : Primary chondrule phases | 4.566–4.561 |
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
5 : Primary asteroid phases | 4.566–4.560 |
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
8 : Mafic igneous rocks | |
9 : Lava/xenolith minerals (hornfels, sanidinite facies) | |
10 : Basalt-hosted zeolite minerals | |
Stage 4a: Earth’s earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 |
20 : Acidic volcanic rocks | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
51 : Pyrometamorphic minerals (see also #54 and #56) | <0.36 |
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Geological Setting:
Individual crystals in vesicles and lithophysae. A common constituent of opal (opal-C and opal-CT) in sedimentary rocks and siliceous sinter.
Type Occurrence of Cristobalite
Reference:
vom Rath, G. (1887) Ueber Cristobalit vom Cerro S. Cristóbal bei Pachuca (Mexico). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie: 1987: 198-199.
Synonyms of Cristobalite
Other Language Names for Cristobalite
Dutch:Cristobaliet
Estonian:Kristobaliit
French:Cristobalite
Italian:Cristobalite
Japanese:クリストバライト
Polish:Krystobalit
Portuguese:Cristobalita
Romanian:Cristobalit
Russian:Кристобалит
Ukrainian:Кристобаліт
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
84 photos of Cristobalite associated with Obsidian | |
52 photos of Cristobalite associated with Fayalite | Fe2+2SiO4 |
47 photos of Cristobalite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
33 photos of Cristobalite associated with Tridymite | SiO2 |
13 photos of Cristobalite associated with Opal | SiO2 · nH2O |
12 photos of Cristobalite associated with Enstatite | Mg2Si2O6 |
12 photos of Cristobalite associated with Sanidine | K(AlSi3O8) |
11 photos of Cristobalite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
9 photos of Cristobalite associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
8 photos of Cristobalite associated with Fluorapatite | Ca5(PO4)3F |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
4.DA. | Chibaite | SiO2 · n(CH4, C2H6, C3H8, i-C4H10) (n = 3/17 (max)) |
4.DA. | Carbon Dioxide Ice | CO2 |
4.DA. | Bosoite | SiO2 · nCxH2x+2 |
4.DA.05 | Quartz | SiO2 |
4.DA.10 | Opal | SiO2 · nH2O |
4.DA.10 | Tridymite | SiO2 |
4.DA.20 | Mogánite | SiO2 |
4.DA.25 | Melanophlogite | 46SiO2 · 6(N2,CO2) · 2(CH4,N2) |
4.DA.30 | Lechatelierite | SiO2 |
4.DA.35 | Coesite | SiO2 |
4.DA.40 | Stishovite | SiO2 |
4.DA.45 | Keatite | SiO2 |
4.DA.50 | Seifertite | SiO2 |
4.DA.55 | Quartz-beta | SiO2 |
Fluorescence of Cristobalite
Fluoresces weak red in shortwave. Anomalous green fluorescence reported from a few localities.
Other Information
Magnetism:
Non-Magnetic
Thermal Behaviour:
Inverts from high cristobalite at 268°C.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Cristobalite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Cristobalite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1155.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Cristobalite
Reference List:
Richet, P., Bottinga, Y., Deniélou, L., Petitet, J.P., Téqui, C. (1982) Thermodynamic properties of quartz, cristobalite and amorphous SiO2: drop calorimetry measurements between 1000 and 1800 K and a review from 0 to 2000 K. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 46 (12) 2639-2658 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(82)90383-0
Downs, R. T., Palmer, D. C. (1994) The pressure behavior of α cristobalite. American Mineralogist, 79 (1-2) 9-14
Localities for Cristobalite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Merkel et al. (2013) |
Algeria | |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (2020) |
Antarctica | |
| Meteorlogical Bulletin |
Ballance et al. (2002) | |
| Corrigan et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
Corrigan et al. (2011) | |
Corrigan et al. (2011) | |
Corrigan et al. (2011) | |
| Ferrero et al. (2018) |
| Galli E et al. (1996) |
| Enstatite +2 other references |
| Browne |
Argentina | |
| ARAGON |
| Mr. Nelson Valenzuela. |
| Coira et al. (1995) |
Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) | |
| PXRD by John Attard. |
| CRAVERO +1 other reference |
Raul J. Tauber Larry | |
| ROBL +1 other reference |
Australia | |
| Rattigan (1967) |
| Loughnan et al. (1960) |
| Podgson RE |
| Lindner (1983) |
| Judy Rowe collection |
Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection | |
| Sutton & Mills (2012) |
| Birch et al. (2008) |
| Chennaoui Aoudjehane et al. (2007) |
Austria | |
| Schebesta (1983) +2 other references |
| Mineralienatlas.de +1 other reference |
Götzinger et al. (2009) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch (2021) |
| Goldmann et al. (2008) |
| Dominik Sorger: „Mineralogical ... |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Aufschluss 1972 (SB) +1 other reference |
| The analysises were made at Joanneum ... |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Taucher (1989) +1 other reference |
Azerbaijan | |
| Novgorodova M.I. (caspian Sea) |
Belgium | |
| Thorez (1973) |
Bolivia | |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Bentz (2017) |
| Bentz et al. (2017) |
Bentz (2017) | |
Bentz (2017) | |
Bentz (2017) | |
Bentz (2017) | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
Brazil | |
| Revista Brasileira de Geociências |
| Costa et al. (2016) |
Bulgaria | |
| Tschernich (1992) |
Burkina Faso | |
| New York +5 other references |
Canada | |
| Dawson +2 other references |
| Norman Wilson personal collection |
| Keil (1968) |
| 176-178. +2 other references |
| Ruzicka et al. (2012) |
Chile | |
| XRD and SEM-EDS by J. Schlüter |
| Vidal et al. (2022) |
| Guo et al. (2022) |
Aguilera et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
| Inostroza et al. (2020) |
| XRD by Joachim Lorenz |
Sernageomin database 2005 +1 other reference | |
Sernageomin database 2005 +1 other reference | |
| Economic Geology +4 other references |
China | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Xinyu Cao and Tongjiang Tang (1986) |
| Xianqiong Wang et al. (1993) |
| Lunar and Planetary Science |
| Jie Yao et al. (2002) |
| Wankang Huang et al. (1978) |
| Fei et al. (2022) |
| Querol +9 other references |
| Li et al. (2009, December) |
| Yanling Tang (2005) |
Costa Rica | |
| Rodríguez et al. (2017) |
| Mick et al. (2021) |
| www.mineralmundi.com |
| www.mineralmundi.com |
| Zeledón (2004) |
Czech Republic | |
| Jirásek (2001) |
| Dalibor Matýsek |
| Ettler et al. (2015) |
| Hršelová et al. (2013) |
| Filippi +5 other references |
| Szakáll (2002) |
Ecuador | |
| www.mineralmundi.com |
| www.mineralmundi.com |
| www.mineralmundi.com |
| www.mineralmundi.com |
| sulfide mounds et al. (3) +1 other reference |
| www.mineralmundi.com |
| www.mineralmundi.com |
Egypt | |
| Gian Paolo Sighinolfi et al. (2014) |
Aaron J. Cavosie +6 other references | |
El Salvador | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
| Torio-Henríquez (2007) |
Estonia | |
| Mészárosová (2018) |
Faroe Islands | |
| Caucia et al. (2013) |
Fiji | |
| J.M. Boirat and J. Lum |
France | |
| Alfred Lacroix (1890's) |
| Barrier D et al. (2004) |
| Aimé Rudel : "Curiosités Géologiques ... |
| Aimé Rudel : "Curiosités Géologiques ... |
| Aimé Rudel : "Curiosités Géologiques ... |
| Hewins (2014) |
| Mason (1966) |
| F. Roulin et al. |
Georgia | |
| Ralph E. Grim (2011) |
Germany | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| geosciences.smsu.edu (n.d.) |
| Neumair et al. (2016) |
| Pöllmann et al. (2007) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Müller (1967) |
| Collection of Walter Göttler |
| Koritnig (1955) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1986) +1 other reference |
| |
International Association of Collectors ... +1 other reference | |
| Hentschel (1983) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Personally collected by Günter Frenz |
Weiß (1990) | |
Personally collected by Günter Frenz | |
Lapis 1988 (7+8) | |
| Hentschel (1983) |
Lehmann (1877) | |
| Hentschel (1983) |
| Brauns |
| Blass |
| Leu (2017) |
| Hentschel (1983) |
Hentschel (1983) | |
| Hentschel (1975) |
Lehmann (1877) | |
| Lehmann (1877) |
| Schnorrer (1993) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schäfer |
Hentschel (1989) | |
| Blaß et al. (2012) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schüller |
| Wannhoff et al. (2022) |
| Witzke et al. (2012) |
| Thomas et al. (2022) |
Borghini et al. (2023) +1 other reference | |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
Greece | |
| Hezel (2006) |
| Perraki et al. (2004) |
| Econ Geol (1989) |
| Balić-Žunić et al. (2016) |
Guatemala | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
Hungary | |
| |
| Society of Economic Geologists Student Chapter University of Miskolc (2018) |
| Polgari et al. (2013) |
Iceland | |
| Found by Björn Mamat (inclusions in Obsidian) |
Carson (2015) | |
| Mineralogy and bulk geochemistry of a ... |
| Balić-Žunić et al. (2016) |
India | |
| Malavergne et al. (2001) |
| Gotze +7 other references |
| Bridges et al. (1995) |
Indian Ocean | |
| D. Besse et al. +1 other reference |
Indonesia | |
| Sun et al. (2008) |
| Scher et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Hartiningsih et al. (2022) |
| Symonds (1993) +1 other reference |
| Dani Lukman Hakim (2016) |
| Mazot et al. (2007) |
| Abidin (2008) |
Israel | |
| Britvin et al. (2019) |
Italy | |
| Balassone et al. (2004) |
Balassone et al. (2013) | |
| Zanda et al. (1991) |
| Planner (1983) |
| E. Passaglia et al. |
| Di Domenico et al. (1993) +2 other references |
Conte et al. (2022) | |
| Mattias et al. (1979) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Federico (1968) +1 other reference |
Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Fenoglio et al. (1942-43) +1 other reference |
| Fenoglio et al. (1942-43) |
Fenoglio et al. (1941) +1 other reference | |
| Orlandi (2011) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Padalino et al. (2003) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Alessandro Cantamessa collection |
Savelli et al. (1999) | |
| Campostrini et al. (2011) |
| Barsotti et al. (2006) |
| Buscaroli et al. (2007) +1 other reference |
| Fabris et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Fabris et al. (2014) |
| Zorzi et al. (eds.) |
Japan | |
| Dr Yohachiro Okamoto collection (curated at the Geological Museum, Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Shikazono et al. (1998) |
| INOUE et al. (1991) |
| Yuichi Morishita and Naoto Takeno (2010) |
| Africano et al. (2000) |
Africano & Bernard (2000) | |
| Fujiwara (1994) |
| Kato (2009) |
| Ibaraki et al. (1991) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Petrov (n.d.) | |
| S. Hamasaki (2002) |
S. Hamasaki (2002) | |
S. Hamasaki (2002) +1 other reference | |
PXRD by Alfredo Petrov | |
S. Hamasaki (2002) | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
| Dr Yohachiro Okamoto (1876-1960) |
| Noriyuki FUJII (1961) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Bernard et al. (2004) |
| Mem. Natn. Sci. Mus. +1 other reference |
| PXRD + XRF by Alfredo Petrov |
Petrov (n.d.) | |
| Kato (2009) |
Petrov (n.d.) | |
Jordan | |
| Galuskin et al. (2023) |
| Fleurance et al. (2013) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Hwang et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Palyanova +3 other references |
Kenya | |
| Bowen N L (1935) |
Lebanon | |
| Kruszewski et al. (South Lebanon) |
Mexico | |
| Megaw (2023) |
| |
| [AmMin 85:263] |
| Am Min (1955) |
| vom Rath (1887) |
| Ostrooumov et al. (2008) |
| Ref.: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas et al. (2000) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Paul L. Broughton (1968) |
| Marvin (1962) |
| Duke et al. (1967) +1 other reference |
Middle East | |
Gross (1977) | |
Mongolia | |
| Savina et al. (2020) |
Morocco | |
| Ferrière et al. (2017) |
Mozambique | |
| Thomas et al. (2010) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Martini (1994) +1 other reference |
New Zealand | |
| Rod Martin personal collection |
| www.mightyriver.co.nz (n.d.) |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
| Cole (1970) |
their origin +1 other reference | |
Cody et al. (1979) | |
| Rod Martin personal collection |
| Rod Martin personal collection |
Johnstone (1979) | |
| de Ronde +17 other references |
Muiruru F.G. (1985) | |
| Mason (1957) |
Collection of RJ Martin | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
Bishop (1965) | |
| Simpson et al. (2001) |
Rabone et al. (1989) | |
Rabone | |
| Brown et al. (1994) |
Brathwaite et al. (2021) | |
Chernet | |
Collection of RJ Martin | |
Collection of RJ Martin | |
Thornton (Ed.) | |
Essence of Microscope +1 other reference | |
| Rodgers et al. (2000) |
Stevenson RJ | |
R. J. Stevenson (1994) | |
Collection of RJ Martin | |
Collection of RJ Martin | |
Collection of RJ Martin | |
| Brotheridge et al. (1995) |
| Moore (1979) |
Nicaragua | |
| Hynek et al. (2013) |
Hynek et al. (2013) | |
Hynek et al. (2013) | |
Hynek et al. (2013) | |
Nigeria | |
| Alan E. Rubin (2010) |
North Africa | |
| Lehner et al. (2014) |
North Macedonia | |
| Temovski (2016) |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
Shohei Kaneko et al. (2011) | |
Leroux et al. (2006) | |
Pacific Ocean | |
Lalou et al. (1989) | |
| Schwarz-Schampera et al. (2001) |
Pakistan | |
| Kimura et al. (2005) |
| Mason (1966) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Gena et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Vanko et al. (2004) | |
Binns et al. (2004) | |
Hrischeva et al. (2007) | |
Lein et al. (1993) | |
| Baldwin et al. (2021) |
| Econ Geol (1984) |
| Arculus et al. (1983) |
| Lowder (1970) |
Peru | |
| Dill et al. (1997) |
Dill et al. (1997) | |
Poland | |
| Ferrero et al. (2015) |
| Ma et al. (2012) |
| Pierwoła |
| Łukasz Kruszewski preliminary ... |
Ciesielczuk et al. (2014) | |
| Kruszewski et al. (2018) |
Portugal | |
| Rui Nunes collection 2011/2012 |
Romania | |
| Szakáll |
Szakáll et al. (2010) | |
| Fuchs (1968) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Gurbanov et al. (2008) |
| Large Tolbachik Fissure Eruption |
Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (1984) | |
| Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka |
American Mineralogist +1 other reference | |
Frolova et al. (2010, April) | |
Takahashi et al. (2002) | |
| Arkhipov et al. (2015) |
| Kokh et al. (2023) |
| Masaitis (1998) |
| Plyashkevich et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| ... |
| Chukanov et al. (2001) |
Pekov et al. (2007) | |
| Рубан et al. (Authigenic Minerals in Peat Deposit of South-Eastern Corner of Vasyugan Swamp, Western Siberia) |
| Chaykovsky et al. (2015) |
| Vysotskiy et al. (2010) |
| Zamiatina et al. (2022) |
| Kostin (2021) |
| Frolova et al. (2010, April) |
Africano et al. (2003) +2 other references | |
| Zueva et al. (2023) |
Saint Lucia | |
| M. Le Guen de Kerneizon et al. +1 other reference |
| M. Le Guen de Kerneizon et al. |
| Goff et al. (1984) |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa R. |
Ďuďa R. et al. (Schemnitz) | |
| Lexa et al. (1999) |
Lexa et al. (1999) | |
| Rojkovičová |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Ďuďa (1993) |
| Koděra P. et al. (2016) |
| Pauliš |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Bacsó |
| Pauliš P. |
Koděra | |
| Kaličiak |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa |
| Duda et all. |
| Ďuďa |
| Duda et. all. |
Ďuďa R. (2001) | |
| Pauliš |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Tschegg et al. (2019) |
| Ďuďa |
South Africa | |
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | |
Tomblin (1965) | |
South Korea | |
| Choi et al. (2024) |
Spain | |
| Alonso et al. (2015) |
lapis-2005-10-13 | |
| Onac et al. (2014) |
| Abad +3 other references |
| Ruishi Yang and Wenguang Li (2001) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Syria | |
| Abbas et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
Tonga | |
| Park et al. (2016) |
| Stackelberg et al. (1990) |
| Johnstone (1980) |
Tunisia | |
| AmMin 87:1245 |
Turkey | |
| Oygür (1997) |
| TEKER et al. (2006) |
Z. Cacsu and H. Emre (2011) | |
Dogan (2003) | |
| Echle (1967) |
| Yahya Çiftçi et al. (2013) |
| KARACIK +3 other references |
| Bernasconi et al. (1980) |
| Kaydu Akbudak et al. (2021) |
Turkmenistan | |
| Ivanova et al. (1993) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Norman Wilson personal collection |
| Bloodworth (1990) |
| Agrell et al. (1958) +1 other reference |
| Ryback et al. (1988) |
| Day (1999) |
| Sabine (1960) +3 other references |
Young et al. (1978) | |
Ukraine | |
| Melnikov et al. (2006) |
| Lyckberg et al. (2009) |
USA | |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| Rocks & Min 70:5 pp 320-333 |
| Mary Luetcke |
Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Space Science Reviews |
| Dr. Robert Housley |
MRDS file #10056434. | |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| Howard +1 other reference |
Howard +1 other reference | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 351. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 351. +5 other references |
| Russ Rizzo Collection |
Russ Rizzo Collection | |
| Starkey et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Charles Creekmur collection |
| Rogers (1922) +1 other reference |
Pemberton (1983) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 353. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 353 +4 other references |
| M.Chorazewicz collection |
R. Housley | |
R. Housley | |
Rader (1998) | |
| mineralsocal.org |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 353-354. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 354. +3 other references |
| Cleveland (1962) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 354. +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 354 +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 354. +2 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Rogers (1933) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1942) +1 other reference |
| Rogers (1946) +1 other reference |
| [micromounts@yahoogroups.com] |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 354. +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 354. +2 other references |
| Henderson et al. (1971) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 354. +2 other references |
www.mineralsocal.org | |
| Robert G. Lee et al. (2005) |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 354. +3 other references |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 459. +2 other references | |
Rogers et al. (1991) | |
Murdoch (1966) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 355. +2 other references |
| Rogers (1918a) +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 317 +3 other references |
| Rogers (1918a) +4 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Mason (1966) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| - (2005) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Denicourt |
| - (2005) |
John T. Stark (1963) | |
| Dunham (1933) |
| Fujishima et al. (1977) |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer |
| Visited by and collected by Kim Strange +1 other reference |
| New York +5 other references |
| Olive et al. (1969) |
| Cerato |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Mészárosová (2018) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Cole et al. (1984) |
| - (2005) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Rocks & Minerals +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
Noble et al. (1968) | |
CONF-910435-37 +2 other references | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology NBMG ... +2 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
NBMG Bull 70 Geology and Mineral ... +2 other references | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| AmMin 10:152-155 |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
NMGS 37th Field Conference | |
NMGS 37th Field Conference | |
| NMGS 37th Field Conference |
| NMGS 37th Field Conference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Rogers (1991, August) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| NMGS 37th Field Conference |
| - (2005) |
Isik et al. (1994) | |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Ramon DeMark and Jessie Kline |
Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Walter et al. (1999) |
| Darling +1 other reference |
| Walter et al. (1999) |
| Bargar et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| "Dan Costian" Collection |
Micro Probe Volume X Number 2 | |
| Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology NBMG ... |
| Marshall W. Gannett and Keith E. Bargar +1 other reference |
| Kleck. W. D. (1970) |
| Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology NBMG ... |
- (2005) | |
| Bargar et al. (1997) |
Bargar et al. (1997) | |
Bargar et al. (1997) | |
| Piatak et al. (2012) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| R. Stach and J. Harkensen (1974) |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| - (2010) |
Olive et al. (1969) | |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Dickinson et al. (1976) |
| - (2005) |
| Rick Dalrymple |
| R&M 73:3 p196-201 |
| Montoya et al. (1962) |
| R&M 68:6 p381-393 |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Doug Schonewald Collection +1 other reference |
Rye et al. (2003) | |
| Mustoe et al. (1996) |
Speckels (1965) | |
Cannon (1975) | |
| Frank (1983) |
| Hawley (1934) |
| Gunnar Färber - Mineralienliste 3-2017. |
| AmMin 72:137 |
AmMin 24:485 +1 other reference | |
Uzbekistan | |
| Mirzaev et al. (2004) |
Yemen | |
| Ali M. Al-Hawbani and Abubakr F. Maky (2018) |
| Zolensky et al. (2003) |
Mars | |
| Milliken et al. (2016) |
Morris et al. (2016) | |
www.nasa.gov (2015) | |
Jackson et al. (2016) | |
The Moon | |
| Walker et al. (1973) |
| |
| Kaneko et al. (2015) |
Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta: 34 (1) | |
Vol.2: Chemical Isotope Analyses +2 other references | |
| Hercule Shen +2 other references |
| Longhi et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
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