Devilline
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Devilline
Henri Etienne St-Claire Deville
Formula:
CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O
Colour:
Green, bluish-green; green in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
2½
Specific Gravity:
3.084
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1872 by Félix Pisani in honor of Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville [March 11, 1818 Saint Thomas, Virgin Islands - July 1, 1881 Boulogne, Hauts-de-Seine, Ile-de-France, France], French chemist. He was professor of chemistry at the University of Besançon from 1845 - 1851. In 1851-1859, he was professor of chemistry at École Normale Supérieure in Paris. He became professor of chemistry at the Sorbonne in 1859 - 1881. Deville discovered the first economical process to refine aluminum.
Type Locality:
Dimorph of:
Devilline Group.
The calcium analogue of lautenthalite and campigliaite.
A dimorph (Unnamed (Dimorph of Devilline)) has been found in both a slag and a mine dump.
Visually very similar to orthoserpierite and bladed serpierite.
The calcium analogue of lautenthalite and campigliaite.
A dimorph (Unnamed (Dimorph of Devilline)) has been found in both a slag and a mine dump.
Visually very similar to orthoserpierite and bladed serpierite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1270
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1270:2
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
8f29f672-7522-4696-8c95-6c146d5f665d
IMA Classification of Devilline
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1864
Classification of Devilline
7.DD.30
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
D : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, with H2O
D : With only medium-sized cations; sheets of edge-sharing octahedra
31.6.1.1
31 : HYDRATED SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
6 : (AB)5(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
31 : HYDRATED SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
6 : (AB)5(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
25.2.17
25 : Sulphates
2 : Sulphates of Cu and Ag
25 : Sulphates
2 : Sulphates of Cu and Ag
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Dev | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Devilline
Vitreous, Sub-Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent
Comment:
Pearly on {001} at times
Colour:
Green, bluish-green; green in transmitted light.
Streak:
Light green
Hardness:
2½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {001} perfect. On {110} and {101}, or {101}, distinct.
On {001} perfect. On {110} and {101}, or {101}, distinct.
Density:
3.084 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.13 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Devilline
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.585 - 1.586 nβ = 1.649 - 1.651 nγ = 1.660
2V:
Measured: 37° to 41°, Calculated: 42°
Birefringence:
0.075
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.075
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
small
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X ~ c = Very light green
Y = Green
Z = b = Turquoise-green
Y = Green
Z = b = Turquoise-green
Chemistry of Devilline
Mindat Formula:
CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O
Crystallography of Devilline
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Setting:
P21/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 20.867 Å, b = 6.135 Å, c = 22.187 Å
β = 102.73°
β = 102.73°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 3.401 : 1 : 3.616
Unit Cell V:
2,770.54 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
As thin, six-sided plates flattened {001} and striated [010]. Commonly as interlaced crusts or as rosettes of plate- or lath-like crystals.
Twinning:
On {010}
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0009434 | Devilline | Sabelli C, Zanazzi P F (1972) The crystal structure of devillite Acta Crystallographica B28 1182-1189 |  | 1972 | Herrengrund, Hungary | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 10.22 Å | (100) |
| 5.906 Å | (1) |
| 5.234 Å | (2) |
| 5.099 Å | (93) |
| 4.983 Å | (3) |
| 4.671 Å | (2) |
| 4.396 Å | (1) |
| 4.256 Å | (3) |
| 4.035 Å | (1) |
| 3.995 Å | (1) |
| 3.745 Å | (35) |
| 3.545 Å | (1) |
| 3.534 Å | (1) |
| 3.392 Å | (65) |
| 3.209 Å | (35) |
| 3.185 Å | (35) |
| 3.169 Å | (1) |
| 3.165 Å | (1) |
| 3.049 Å | (1) |
| 3.018 Å | (1) |
| 2.679 Å | (2) |
| 2.707 Å | (1) |
| 2.668 Å | (11) |
| 2.652 Å | (1) |
| 2.641 Å | (10) |
| 2.515 Å | (15) |
| 2.489 Å | (2) |
| 2.481 Å | (1) |
| 2.388 Å | (9) |
| 2.263 Å | (7) |
| 2.217 Å | (2) |
| 2.196 Å | (1) |
| 2.098 Å | (35) |
| 2.033 Å | (2) |
| 1.994 Å | (5) |
| 1.950 Å | (3) |
| 1.919 Å | (1) |
| 1.832 Å | (1) |
| 1.749 Å | (7) |
| 1.695 Å | (1) |
Comments:
ICDD 35-561
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals | |
| 56 : Slag and smelter minerals (see also #51 and #55) |
Geological Setting:
In the oxidation zone of copper deposits.
Type Occurrence of Devilline
General Appearance of Type Material:
A think crust of microscopic lamellar crystals, covered by langite.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
n.d.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Pisani, F. (1864) Sur une nouvelle espèce minérale du Cornouailles, la devilline. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences: 59: 813-814.
Synonyms of Devilline
Other Language Names for Devilline
Varieties of Devilline
| Zinc-bearing Devilline | A zinc-bearing variety of devilline. |
Relationship of Devilline to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Aldridgeite | (Cd,Ca)(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Campigliaite | Mn2+Cu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O | Mon. 2 : B2 |
| Kobyashevite | Cu5(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Lautenthalite | PbCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
| Orthoserpierite | Ca(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O | Orth. mm2 : Pca21 |
| Serpierite | Ca(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/b |
| Unnamed (Dimorph of Devilline) | CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/b |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 78 photos of Devilline associated with Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| 50 photos of Devilline associated with Brochantite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 49 photos of Devilline associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 39 photos of Devilline associated with Langite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 27 photos of Devilline associated with Posnjakite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · H2O |
| 18 photos of Devilline associated with Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 15 photos of Devilline associated with Linarite | PbCu(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 13 photos of Devilline associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 12 photos of Devilline associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 11 photos of Devilline associated with Connellite | Cu19(SO4)(OH)32Cl4 · 3H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.DD. | Asagiite | NiCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.05 | Felsőbányaite | Al4(SO4)(OH)10 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.07 | Llantenesite | Cu6Al[SeO4](OH)12Cl · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Langite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Posnjakite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Wroewolfeite | Cu4(SO4)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Gobelinite | CoCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.10 | Fehrite | MgCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.15 | Spangolite | Cu6Al(SO4)(OH)12Cl · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.15 | Kobyashevite | Cu5(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.15 | Unnamed (Dimorph of Devilline) | CaCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.20 | Ktenasite | ZnCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.25 | Christelite | Cu2Zn3(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Campigliaite | Mn2+Cu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Orthoserpierite | Ca(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Serpierite | Ca(Cu,Zn)4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Niedermayrite | CdCu4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.30 | Edwardsite | Cu3Cd2(SO4)2(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Carrboydite | (Ni1-xAlx)(SO4)x/2(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Glaucocerinite | (Zn1-xAlx)(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Honessite | (Ni1-xFe3+x)(OH)2[SO4]x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Hydrohonessite | (Ni1-xFe3+x)(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Motukoreaite | Mg6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6][SO4]2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Mountkeithite | [(Mg1-xFe3+x)(OH)2][SO4]x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Shigaite | Mn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Wermlandite | Mg7Al2(OH)18[Ca(H2O)6][SO4]2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Woodwardite | Cu1-xAlx(OH)2(SO4)x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Zincaluminite | Zn6Al6(SO4)2(OH)16 · 5H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Hydrowoodwardite | (Cu1-xAlx)(OH)2[SO4]x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Zincowoodwardite | Zn1-xAlx(OH)2[SO4]x/2 · nH2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Natroglaucocerinite | Zn6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.35 | Nikischerite | Fe2+6Al3(OH)18[Na(H2O)6](SO4)2 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.40 | Isselite | Cu6(SO4)(OH)10 · 5H2O |
| 7.DD.40 | Lawsonbauerite | (Mn2+,Mg)9Zn4(SO4)2(OH)22 · 8H2O |
| 7.DD.40 | Torreyite | (Mg,Mn2+)7◻2Mn2+2Zn4(SO4)2(OH)22 · 8H2O |
| 7.DD.45 | Mooreite | Mg9◻2Mn2Zn4(SO4)2(OH)26 · 8H2O |
| 7.DD.45 | Hodgesmithite | (Cu,Zn)6Zn(SO4)2(OH)10 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.47 | Lahnsteinite | Zn4(SO4)(OH)6 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.50 | Namuwite | Zn4(SO4)(OH)6 · 4H2O |
| 7.DD.50 | Minohlite | (Cu,Zn)7(SO4)2(OH)10 · 8H2O |
| 7.DD.52 | Lauraniite | Cu6Cd2(SO4)2(OH)12 · 5H2O |
| 7.DD.55 | Bechererite | Zn7Cu(OH)13[(SiO(OH)3(SO4)] |
| 7.DD.60 | Ramsbeckite | (Cu,Zn)15(SO4)4(OH)22 · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.65 | Vonbezingite | Ca6Cu3(SO4)3(OH)12 · 2H2O |
| 7.DD.70 | Redgillite | Cu6(SO4)(OH)10 · H2O |
| 7.DD.75 | Chalcoalumite | CuAl4(SO4)(OH)12 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.75 | Nickelalumite | NiAl4(SO4)(OH)12(H2O)3 |
| 7.DD.75 | Kyrgyzstanite | ZnAl4(SO4)(OH)12 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.80 | Guarinoite | Zn6(SO4)(OH)10 · 5H2O |
| 7.DD.80 | Schulenbergite | (Cu,Zn)7(SO4)2(OH)10 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.80 | Thérèsemagnanite | NaCo4(SO4)(OH)6Cl · 6H2O |
| 7.DD.80 | UM1992-30-SO:CCuHZn | (Zn,Cu)7(SO4,CO3)2(OH)10 · 3H2O |
| 7.DD.85 | Montetrisaite | Cu6(SO4)(OH)10 · 2H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Insoluble in water and concentrated H2SO4. Completely soluble in HNO3.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Devilline
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1270.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
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References for Devilline
Reference List:
Church, A. H. (1865) XVI.—On some hydrated cupric oxysulphates from Cornwall. J. Chem. Soc., 18. 83-88 doi:10.1039/js8651800083
Frost, Ray L., Williams, Peter A., Martens, Wayde, Leverett, Peter, Kloprogge, J. Theo (2004) Raman spectroscopy of basic copper(II) and some complex copper(II) sulfate minerals: Implications for hydrogen bonding. American Mineralogist, 89 (7) 1130-1137 doi:10.2138/am-2004-0726
Majzlan, Juraj, Zittlau, Arne H., Grevel, Klaus-Dieter, Schliesser, Jacob, Woodfield, Brian F., Dachs, Edgar, Števko, Martin, Chovan, Martin, Plášil, Jakub, Sejkora, Jiří, Milovská, Stanislava (2015) Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Equilibria of the Secondary Copper Minerals Libethenite, Olivenite, Pseudomalachite, Kröhnkite, Cyanochroite, and Devilline. The Canadian Mineralogist, 53 (5) 937-960 doi:10.3749/canmin.1400066
Localities for Devilline
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Gablina et al. (2006) |
Austria | |
| NIEDERMAYR et al. (2006) |
| G. Blass (2001) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| Blaß et al. (1999) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| G. Niedermayr (1998) | |
| F. Brandstätter et al. (1996) | |
| Auer (2023) |
| Puttner (1996) |
| G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 191./111.:97-102 (2001) |
| Niedermayr (1985) |
| Meixner (1965) +1 other reference |
| Strasser (1989) |
| C. Auer: Lapis 20 (11) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Brandstätter et al. (2010) |
| Niedermayr (2008) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2009) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) | |
| Poeverlein (2008) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Auer (2020) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Landesmuseum Joanneum (Graz, Styria) |
| C.Auer (2020) |
| Auer et al. (2017) |
| C.Auer (2019) |
| Gerald Gesselbauer |
| Neschen (n.d.) +4 other references |
| Meixner (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Archiv f.Lagerstättenforschung |
| [Lapis 1992: 2 p.19-30] |
| Offenbacher (1994) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Heider et al. (2019) |
| Gröbner et al. (2007) |
| W.Paar (1973) |
| Postl et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Postl (1977) |
| Postl (1977) | |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) |
| Der Aufschluß (2006) |
| Poeverlein et al. (2007) | |
| Putz et al. (2012) |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) | |
| Schnorrer et al. (2005) | |
| Schnorrer+Poeverlein (2005) | |
| C.Auer (2016) | |
| C.Auer (2021) | |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| Meixner (1976) | |
| Putz et al. (2007) |
| C.Auer (2021) | |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) | |
| 54 (in German) +1 other reference |
| 54 (in German) +1 other reference | |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) |
| Arlt et al. (1994) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2007) |
| Schuster et al. (2066) |
| Kolitsch (2018) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Gröbner et al. (2007) |
Belgium | |
| |
| van Tassel et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| van Tassel. R. (1979) |
Canada | |
| Sabina (1972) |
| Sabina (1965) |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Estrie and Gaspesie +3 other references |
| Sabina (1992) |
| Sabina (1966) | |
| Horváth et al. (2019) |
| Sabina (1972) |
| Sabina (1972) | |
Chile | |
| Lambiel et al. (2012) |
Czech Republic | |
| RÜSENBERG et al. (1996) |
| C.Auer (2016) |
| Pauliš |
| Pauliš P. et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) | |
| Möhn et al. (12/2021) | |
| Desor (04/2022) |
| |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) |
| Sejkora et al. (2007) |
| Novotný | |
| Zimák +6 other references |
| Sejkora et al. (2012) |
| Sejkora et al. (2015) |
| Analysed by geology lab Green Gas DPB |
| Pauliš P. +1 other reference |
DR Congo | |
| Mineralogical Record: 20: 287-288. |
| Deliens (1996) |
France | |
| Juan M. Garriga collection (http://www.mindat.org/photo-191238.html) |
| Designolle J-L. (1993) |
| Chollet et al. (2013) |
| Chollet et al. (2013) | |
| De Ascençao Guedes (2003) |
| Germain C. et al. (1990) |
| P&T N°23-24 et al. (Haut-Rhin) |
| Wittern |
| V. Bourgoin (2013) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Remy Ph. (2003) |
| Forner et al. (1997) |
| Pélisson et al. (1987) |
| Berbain et al. (1998) |
| Favreau et al. (2003) | |
| Gol (2015) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Gol et al. (2010) |
| Le Règne Minéral 47: 5-21 |
| Gol et al. (2010) | |
| Georges FAVREAU EDX analysis |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Y. Vessely collection |
| Jean-Marie Claude collection +1 other reference |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (1995) |
| Gottschalk et al. (1995) | |
| Blaß et al. (2000) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1985) +1 other reference |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| 54. +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Belendorff (2021) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| www.berthold-weber.de (2001) |
| Dill et al. (2010) | |
| From the PETITJEAN Collection |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Belendorff (2021) |
| Blessing et al. (1991) |
| Marko Burkhardt Collection |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Joachim Gröbner (2019) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2009) |
| Fehr (1983) | |
| Lapis (1) |
| "Lithothek" collection of the ... | |
| Nikoleizig et al. (2010) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| |
| |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| |
| |
| Hotze (1989) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Günther Schnorrer Köhler (1985) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Henrich et al. (2019) |
| Henrich (2008) |
| Mills et al. (2020) | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) | |
| Volker Reppke Collection |
| Schüller et al. (2013) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| www.mineralienfreunde-der-pfalz.de (2015) |
| www.mgas.de (2003) |
| Lapis (5) |
| Lapis (5) | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Müller |
| Müller | |
| Müller |
| Müller |
| Blass et al. (2006) |
| Thomas Kleser Collection |
| Weiss: "Mineralienfundstellen et al. (Munich) |
| Habel (2006) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) | |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Thomas Lühr Collection |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Frenzel (2009) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Möhn et al. (07/2020) |
| P Haas collection |
| 62. +1 other reference | |
| Hajek (2010) |
| Markus Gerstmann - Collection |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| 43-47 +2 other references |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) | |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| J. Gröbner & J. Wesiger (2008) |
Greece | |
| |
| Wendel (2000) +1 other reference | |
| LAPIS 24 (7/8) +1 other reference | |
| |
| Lapis et al. (1999) |
| Branko Rieck collection |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Sánoor Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya +1 other reference | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya | |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei: Mineral ... |
| Sánoor Szakáll et al. (1997) |
| 100 mineral localities of Hungary: ... +2 other references | |
| 100 mineral localities of Hungary: ... +3 other references |
| Szakáll - Gatter: Minerals of Hungary | |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Jánosi: Minerals of ... | |
| Szakáll et al. (2012) |
| Csanad Loranth (XRD analysis) |
Ireland | |
| |
| |
| S. MORETON et al. (1999) |
| In the collection of Brent Thorne. |
Italy | |
| Adorni F. (1997) |
| Aspetti mineralogici dei "Gessi ... |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2017) |
| M.E. Ciriotti +1 other reference |
| Pagano et al. (2001) | |
| Redazionale (2005) | |
| Redazione (2005) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2011) | |
| Balestra (2016) |
| Agliuzza et al. (2015) |
| A. Palenzona (2005) |
| Carmagnola et al. (2019) |
| Gentile et al. (2023) |
| Taricco et al. (2014) |
| Luigi Chiappino data |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Preite et al. (2007) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| SEM/EDX I.Campostrini +1 other reference |
| Mair (1996) |
| Ferretti et al. (2017) |
| Campostrini et al. (2006) |
| Bortolozzi G.M. et al. (2022) |
| Ferretti et al. (2018) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2021) |
| XRD single crystal analysis at Padova ... |
| Campostrini et al. (2005) |
| Paolo Gasparetto et al. (2014) |
| Fabio Tosato +3 other references |
| doi:10.3390/min8060248 +2 other references |
| Biagioni et al. (2018) |
| Francesco Bonotti find & collection |
| Biagioni (2009) |
| Pegoraro S. et al. (2009) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (Vicenza) | |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Domenico Saccardo et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Shimizu et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Takada et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| Masutomi Museum specimens (Kyoto) |
| - (unpublished species lists maintained by local collectors) +1 other reference |
| Yamada (2004) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Mexico | |
| Lapis 2001 (1) |
Morocco | |
| Georges Favreau collection |
| Herve Osana photo |
Namibia | |
| Gebhard (1999) |
New Zealand | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
Norway | |
| Raade et al. (1990) |
| Raade et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Juul Nilsen (1993) | |
| Juul Nilsen (1993) | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2013) |
| Nordrum (1995) | |
| Raade et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Witsø (1995) |
| Folvik (2019) |
Poland | |
| Siuda (2004) |
| Siuda (2001) | |
| Ciesielczuk +6 other references |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD data (Ł.K., M.Ś., R. Siuda, E. Szełęg) |
Portugal | |
| Antonio Jesus Pimentel specimens +1 other reference |
| Pedro Alves analytical data |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
Russia | |
| Pekov I.V. et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Števko et al. (2016) |
| Brezina A. et al. (in German) |
| Slavomir ŠIMKO | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Bancík T. (2014) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Vlasáč et al. (2021) |
| Pauliš P. |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Števko M. (2022) | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Števko M. et al. (in Slovak) |
Spain | |
| Rewitzer et al. (part 2) |
| Carmona Ruiz et al. (2018) |
| César Menor Salván et al. (2014) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Calvo (2014) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Ignacio Herrera +13 other references |
| Garrido et al. (2013) |
| Joan Abella i Creus and Joan Viñals i Olià (2012) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| G.L. Garcia et al. (2011) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Georges Favreau collection |
Sweden | |
| |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Gröbner J. (2018) |
| Cuchet et al. (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| 86. (in German) +2 other references |
| Cuchet et al. (2002) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
UK (TL) | |
| Acta Cryst. B28 (1972) |
| Tested : John Attard December 2014. |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| P Haas | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Braithwaite et al. (2006) |
| Hartley (1984) +1 other reference |
| Hartley (1984) +2 other references | |
| Cooper et al. (1990) |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Bridges et al. (1987) |
| Van Den Berg (1985) +1 other reference |
| |
| Braithwaite (1982) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| |
| Green (1987) +2 other references |
| S.Rust Collection |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| Day (1999) |
| Dave Evans collection |
| S. Rust collection |
| National Museum of Wales database +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Rob Bowell |
| Leicht (1971) +1 other reference |
| Collected by Joe Ruiz. Raman analyzed ... |
| Miklancic collection |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Williams (1963) +1 other reference |
| Bideaux (1980) +1 other reference |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Kampf et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Marty et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| self collected 10/21/03 +1 other reference |
| Analysis performed by Tony Kampf |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| David Busha collection SEM_EDS by ... |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Januzzi (1994) |
| Jensen et al. (2012) |
| Tom Loomis specimen |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen (1993) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Am Min 49:1143-1145 +1 other reference |
| Jenkins +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Patrick Haynes. Most minerals ID'd via ... |
| Butler (1913) | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Kampf et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| Canadian Mineralogist (2001) | |
| Kampf et al. (2012) | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| Kampf et al. (2018) | |
| Collected and analyzed by Joy Desor. |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| EDS and XRD analyzed by Anatoly ... | |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
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Špania Dolina deposit, Špania Dolina, Banská Bystrica District, Banská Bystrica Region, Slovakia