Alunogen
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Alunogen
Formula:
Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O
Colour:
Colorless in crystals, aggregates white, or pale yellow or red from impurities.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Silky
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
1.732 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Name:
From the Latin "alum" and the Greek γεννώ ("genno"), "to create". No type locality known.
A hydrated aluminium sulfate. The highest hydrate of natural Al sulphate, when compared to 'meta-alunogen', mangazeite, Unnamed (Al Sulphate-Hydrate) and UM1976-22-SO:AlFeH. Also the hydrated counterpart of millosevichite.
At high temperates, alunogen may dehydrate to its pentahydrate, Unnamed (Al Sulphate-Hydrate).
Compare also 'UM1987-13-SO:AlH' and 'UM1976-22-SO:AlFeH'.
At high temperates, alunogen may dehydrate to its pentahydrate, Unnamed (Al Sulphate-Hydrate).
Compare also 'UM1987-13-SO:AlH' and 'UM1976-22-SO:AlFeH'.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
162
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:162:5
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
dd196b36-adaa-47d2-984e-b9b65401bcfe
IMA Classification of Alunogen
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Al2(SO4)3(H2O)12 · 5H2O
Classification of Alunogen
7.CB.45
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
C : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, with H2O
B : With only medium-sized cations
Dana 7th ed.:
29.8.6.1
29.8.6.1
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
8 : A2(XO4)3·H2O
29 : HYDRATED ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
8 : A2(XO4)3·H2O
25.6.7
25 : Sulphates
6 : Sulphates of Al and Tl
25 : Sulphates
6 : Sulphates of Al and Tl
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Alg | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Alu | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Alunogen
Vitreous, Silky
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colorless in crystals, aggregates white, or pale yellow or red from impurities.
Comment:
colorless in transmitted light.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Density:
1.732 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Alunogen
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.473 nβ = 1.474 nγ = 1.480
2V:
Measured: 31° to 69°, Calculated: 46°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.007
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
none
Chemistry of Alunogen
Mindat Formula:
Al2(SO4)3 · 17H2O
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Alunogen
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 7.420(60) Å, b = 26.97(2) Å, c = 6.062(5) Å
α = 89.67(1)°, β = 97.34(1)°, γ = 91.53(1)°
α = 89.67(1)°, β = 97.34(1)°, γ = 91.53(1)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.275 : 1 : 0.225
Unit Cell V:
1,202.74 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals rare, small; prismatic [001] or {010} with a hexagonal outline about [010]; very complex, with about 60 forms noted. Commonly as delicate fibrous masses or crusts; effloresences; massive, fibrous to 5 mm.
Twinning:
On {010}.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000518 | Alunogen | Fang J H, Robinson P D (1976) Alunogen, Al2(H2O)12(SO4)3.5H2O: Its atomic arrangement and water content American Mineralogist 61 311-317 |  | 1976 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0015647 | Alunogen | Menchetti S, Sabelli C (1974) Alunogen. Its structure and twinning Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 21 164-178 | 1974 | grotta dell'allume, Vulcano Island, Italy | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.489 Å | (100) |
| 4.390 Å | (81) |
| 3.969 Å | (81) |
| 4.329 Å | (76) |
| 13.46 Å | (54) |
| 3.897 Å | (52) |
| 3.675 Å | (45) |
Comments:
Nová Baňa deposit, Slovakia. Data from Cesbron and Sadrzadeh (1972), using the old locality name of Königsberg.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) | |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Geological Setting:
Forms by reaction of sulfates from decomposing sulfides with aluminous minerals in shales and slates; in gossan or altered wall rock of pyritic deposits in arid regions; in coal seams; in relatively low-temperature fumaroles.
Synonyms of Alunogen
Other Language Names for Alunogen
Varieties of Alunogen
| Phosphoralunogen | A variety of Alunogen containing some P2O5 |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 46 photos of Alunogen associated with Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 31 photos of Alunogen associated with Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| 19 photos of Alunogen associated with Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 18 photos of Alunogen associated with Copiapite | Fe2+Fe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2 · 20H2O |
| 18 photos of Alunogen associated with Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 11 photos of Alunogen associated with Metavoltine | K2Na6Fe2+Fe3+6O2(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
| 6 photos of Alunogen associated with Jarosite | KFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 6 photos of Alunogen associated with Sulphur | S8 |
| 5 photos of Alunogen associated with Voltaite | K2Fe2+5Fe3+3Al(SO4)12 · 18H2O |
| 4 photos of Alunogen associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.CB. | Sarvodaite | Al2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.02 | Voudourisite | CdSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Dwornikite | Ni(SO4) · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Gunningite | ZnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Kieserite | MgSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Poitevinite | (Cu,Fe)SO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szmikite | MnSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Szomolnokite | FeSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.05 | Cobaltkieserite | CoSO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.07 | Sanderite | MgSO4 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.10 | Bonattite | CuSO4 · 3H2O |
| 7.CB.12 | Belogubite | CuZn(SO4)2 · 10H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Aplowite | (Co,Mn,Ni)SO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Boyleite | (Zn,Mg)SO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Ilesite | (Mn,Zn,Fe)SO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Rozenite | FeSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Starkeyite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Drobecite | CdSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.15 | Cranswickite | MgSO4 · 4H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Jôkokuite | MnSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Pentahydrite | MgSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.20 | Siderotil | FeSO4 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Bianchite | Zn(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Chvaleticeite | Mn(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Ferrohexahydrite | FeSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Hexahydrite | MgSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Moorhouseite | Co(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.25 | Nickelhexahydrite | Ni(SO4) · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.30 | Retgersite | NiSO4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Bieberite | CoSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Boothite | CuSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Mallardite | MnSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Melanterite | Fe2+(H2O)6SO4 · H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Zincmelanterite | (Zn,Cu,Fe)SO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.35 | Alpersite | (Mg,Cu)(SO4) · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Epsomite | MgSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Goslarite | ZnSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.40 | Morenosite | NiSO4 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.45 | Meta-alunogen | Al2(SO4)3 · 12H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Aluminocoquimbite | Al2Fe2(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.50 | Lazaridisite | 3CdSO4 · 8H2O |
| 7.CB.52 | Pararaisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Coquimbite | AlFe3(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Paracoquimbite | Fe4(SO4)6(H2O)12 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Rhomboclase | (H5O2)Fe3+(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 7.CB.55 | Raisaite | CuMg[Te6+O4(OH)2] · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.57 | Caichengyunite | Fe2+3Al2(SO4)6 · 30H2O |
| 7.CB.60 | Kornelite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 7H2O |
| 7.CB.65 | Quenstedtite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 11H2O |
| 7.CB.70 | Lausenite | Fe2(SO4)3 · 5H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Lishizhenite | ZnFe2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.75 | Römerite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 14H2O |
| 7.CB.80 | Ransomite | CuFe2(SO4)4 · 6H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Apjohnite | Mn2+Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Bílinite | Fe2+Fe3+2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Dietrichite | (Zn,Fe2+,Mn2+)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Halotrichite | FeAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Pickeringite | MgAl2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Redingtonite | (Fe2+,Mg,Ni)(Cr,Al)2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.85 | Wupatkiite | (Co,Mg,Ni)Al2(SO4)4 · 22H2O |
| 7.CB.90 | Meridianiite | MgSO4 · 11H2O |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Heated in a closed tube it gives water and at higher temperature, sulphuric acid.
Notes:
Readily soluble in water. Taste alum-like, acid and sharp. When in solution, adding ammonia produces a gelatinous precipitate of aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Alunogen
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-162.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Alunogen
Localities for Alunogen
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
| Kammerer (2011) |
| Vennum +1 other reference |
Argentina | |
| Zavalia et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
Australia | |
| Thienenkamp (2004) |
| Harris et al. (2003) |
| Rob Fitzpatrick |
| Raven et al. (2010, August) |
| Segnit (1976) |
| Simpson Mineral Collection of the ... |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Analysis Guenter Blass by XRD and EDS (Samples Günter Indra, GI9905-6, GI9905-7, GI9905-8) |
| Taucher (1993) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2022) | |
| Niedermayr (1987) +2 other references |
| Strasser (1989) |
| MEIXNER (1968) |
| Postl et al. (2014) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Taucher et al. (2000) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Walter et al. (1983) |
Belgium | |
| www.strahlen.org/vp/be/eisden/eisden.htm |
Bolivia | |
| Petrov (n.d.) |
Brazil | |
| Atencio et al. (1994) |
| Queiroz (2016) |
Bulgaria | |
| Elena Shcherbakova (2010) |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Battler et al. (2013) |
| Hoffmann (1880) +1 other reference |
| Zodrow et al. (1978) |
Cape Verde | |
| Silva et al. (2019) |
Chile | |
| SEM-EDS by Joy Desor |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Moehn and ... |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ... | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Vidal et al. (2022) |
| S. G. Gordon (1942) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Sulphides analysed by geology dep. of ... +1 other reference |
China | |
| Stracher et al. (2005) |
| Am Min 90:1729-1739 | |
| Meixiang et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Luo et al. (2019) |
Colombia | |
| Dana (1890) |
Costa Rica | |
| Rodríguez et al. (2017) |
| Ulloa et al. (2018) |
Cuba | |
| Zwahr et al. (1999) |
Czech Republic | |
| Zacek et al. (1995) |
| Hyrsl J. +3 other references |
| Dobešová (2012) |
| C.Auer (2016) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Harapát |
| Jirásek (2001) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| Matýsek et al. (2023) |
| Pauliš (1992) | |
| Dalibor Matýsek |
| Matýsek D. (1999) |
| Vinš V. (1957) |
| Prachař +6 other references |
| Kruťa T. (1944) |
| Varilová et al. (2011) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Natural History Museum Vienna collection (on display) | |
France | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Audra et al. (2007) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Naze-Nancy Masalehdani et al. (2009) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Lacroix (1910) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot | |
| www.pangeaminerals.com (2005) |
| Le Règne Minéral 47: 5-21 |
| Ref: Inventoire mineralogique de la ... |
| Chauris (2014) |
| Baret (1905) |
Germany | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer (2000) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (1993) +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Blass et al. (2004) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Thalheim +1 other reference |
| 86. +1 other reference |
| Thalheim +1 other reference |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
Greece | |
| Schnorrer (1995) +2 other references |
| Branko Rieck collection | |
| Branko Rieck collection |
| www.brgm.fr (2003) |
| Hall et al. (2003) |
| Balić-Žunić et al. (2016) | |
| Balić-Žunić et al. (2016) |
Guatemala | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
| www.excaliburmineral.com/ | |
Hungary | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| Szakáll et al. (2008) |
| Szakáll & Weiszburg: Telkibánya |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Mineral Species of Hungary | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. | |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary |
| Farkas et al. (2009) |
| www.geomania.hu (2013) | |
| XRD: Ferenc Kristály |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Geoda - Journal of the Hungarian ... |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
Iceland | |
| Carson (2015) |
Indonesia | |
| Inguaggiato et al. (2020) |
| Imants Kavalieros (1994) |
Iran | |
| Khorasanipour (2015) |
| Bariand et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
Italy | |
| Scacchi A. (1849) +3 other references |
| Russo et al. (2017) |
| Mormone et al. (2015, April) +1 other reference | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Russo et al. (2017) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Russo et al. (2004) | |
| Pelloux (1927) +3 other references | |
| Barrese et al. (1994) |
| Antofilli M. et al. (1983) |
| Scaini G. (1971) +1 other reference |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) +1 other reference | |
| Cossa (1881) +3 other references |
| Spallanzani (1792) +3 other references |
| GARAVELLI A. et al. (1996) | |
| Panichi (1914) +1 other reference | |
| GARAVELLI A. et al. (1996) | |
| Rögner et al. (2000) |
| E. Manasse |
| Biagioni et al. (2019) +1 other reference |
| Mauro (2020) |
| Mauro D. (2016) | |
| Mineralogical Record (1) +1 other reference |
Japan | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Seki et al. (1987) |
| King (n.d.) |
| Shimobayashi et al. (2011) |
Lebanon | |
| Kruszewski et al. (South Lebanon) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
New Zealand | |
| Martin et al. (1999) |
| Railton et al. (1990) | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Johnstone (1979) | |
| Rod Martin et al. (NZ) |
| An Active Epithermal Gold-Depositing ... +2 other references |
| Brotheridge et al. (1995) | |
| Collection of RJ Martin |
Nicaragua | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
| Hynek et al. (2013, March) +1 other reference |
Norway | |
| Rekstad (1912) |
| Rekstad (1912) +1 other reference |
| Rekstad (1912) +1 other reference | |
| Ellingsen (1989) |
Peru | |
| Ciesielczuk et al. (2013) |
| Hyršl (2010) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Marszałek +2 other references |
| Balcerzak et al. (1992) +4 other references |
| Mochnacka et al. (2015) |
| Ł. Kruszewski visual inspection & ... |
| Lukasz Kruszewski 2005: Minerals arising in cause of underground fires of "Skalny" coal mine dump in Laziska (Upper Silesia, Poland) |
| Parafiniuk et al. (2009) |
| Kruszewski (2013) | |
| Łukasz Kruszewski (2012) |
Portugal | |
| Flahaut et al. (2018, September) |
| King (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| |
| Oliveira et al. (2024) |
Romania | |
| Onac (2003) |
| |
| Edited by Szakáll-Kristály (2010) |
| www.minerals-of-the-carpathians |
| Januszewska et al. (2023) |
| Januszewska et al. (9th Meeting of the Mineralogical Society of Poland 28th Meeting of the Petrology group of the Mineralogical Society of Poland, October 19-22, 2023, Bielawa, Poland) | |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| Zhitova et al. (2018) |
| Zhitova et al. (2023) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka |
| Okrugin (2004) | |
| Bortnikova et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Zhitova et al. (2022) | |
| Zhitova et al. (2022) | |
| Vergasova et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
Senegal | |
| Montoroi (1995) |
Slovakia | |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| Smithsonian Institution USNM ... |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Kodě +1 other reference |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| David Parfitt collection | |
| Koděra (1986) | |
| Myšľan P. et al. (Slovenská republika) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Spain | |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) |
| Sainz de Baranda Graf et al. (2023) | |
| Rewitzer et al. (part 2) |
| Calvo (1999) |
| www.handbookofmineralogy.org (n.d.) |
| Joan Rosell (2022) |
| Rosell-Riba et al. (2022) |
| Tomas (1919-20) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (Joanabellacreus@gmail.com) |
| Crespo et al. (2017) |
Switzerland | |
| Ansermet et al. (2012) |
Tajikistan | |
| D.I.Belakovskiy data |
| Belakovski (1990) +1 other reference | |
UK | |
| [British Museum (NH) +1 other reference |
| Sir Arthur Russell (1949) +1 other reference |
| Tindle (2008) | |
| Livingstone et al. (1983) |
Ukraine | |
| Dobrovolskaya T.I. (2004) |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| Hanson et al. (2008) |
| rruff.info (n.d.) |
| Univ. of AZ Bull. 41 (1916-17) +6 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 263. +3 other references |
| Committee et al. (1989) | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 263 +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 263. +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 263. +3 other references |
| Min.Rec.: 20:427-434. |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 263. +1 other reference |
| Lindgren (1896a) +1 other reference |
| Bradley (1940) +1 other reference |
| Pemberton (1983) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 263. +3 other references |
| - (1917) +1 other reference |
| Day (1925) +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 263 +6 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Cerato |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Chemical Geology Volume 215 |
| Robert Matthew Joeckel et al. (2007) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| R. C. Peterson et al.: Am. Min.: 90 (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| MinRec 16 (1) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| USGS Bull 1451 |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| USGS Bull 1451 |
| USGS Bull 1451 | |
| USGS Bull 1451 | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Rocks & Minerals 82:472-483 +1 other reference | |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference |
| Dana 6:1075. |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
| ... | |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference | |
| Mineralogical Record March - April 2000 |
| King (n.d.) |
| Ernest H. Carlson. Jerret Whitford. ... | |
| Richards et al. (2017) |
| gsa.confex.com (2002) |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Gordon |
| U.S. Geological Survey/ U.s. Department ... +1 other reference |
| STRACHER et al. (2007) |
| Gordon |
| Gordon |
| Ref.: Gordon (1922) | |
| Gordon | |
| Smith et al. (2000) |
| |
| Paris (2011) |
| Coskren et al. (2000) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Rosenzweig et al. (1955) | |
| Young et al. (1960) | |
| Patrick Haynes |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Finnell et al. (1963) |
| USGS Bull 1132 | |
| Hammarstrom et al. (2000) |
| Piatak et al. (2004) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Kilburn et al. (1996) |
| Rye et al. (2003) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
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Dubník, Červenica, Prešov District, Prešov Region, Slovakia