Hydromagnesite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hydromagnesite
Formula:
Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 4H2O
Colour:
Colourless to white; colourless in transmitted light
Lustre:
Vitreous, Silky, Pearly, Earthy
Hardness:
3½
Specific Gravity:
2.24 - 2.25
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named in 1827 by Hans Gabriel Trolle-Wachmeister in allusion to the composition, being a HYDRated MAGNESium carbonate.
Type Locality:
A low-temperature hydrothermal mineral occurring in veinlets in serpentine and altered magnesium-rich igneous rocks; also as an alteration product of brucite in periclase marbles.
Lowest hydrate in a group of similar species comprising also dypingite, giorgiosite, and 'UM1973-06-CO:MgH'.
Lowest hydrate in a group of similar species comprising also dypingite, giorgiosite, and 'UM1973-06-CO:MgH'.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1979
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1979:4
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
855d234d-903c-4854-9c23-1e7a6588890b
IMA Classification of Hydromagnesite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Hydromagnesite
5.DA.05
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
D : Carbonates with additional anions, with H2O
A : With medium-sized cations
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
D : Carbonates with additional anions, with H2O
A : With medium-sized cations
16b.7.1.1
16b : HYDRATED CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
7 : Miscellaneous
16b : HYDRATED CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
7 : Miscellaneous
11.3.7
11 : Carbonates
3 : Carbonates of Mg
11 : Carbonates
3 : Carbonates of Mg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Hmgs | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Hydromagnesite
Vitreous, Silky, Pearly, Earthy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
silky to pearly to dull in aggregates.
Colour:
Colourless to white; colourless in transmitted light
Hardness:
3½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {010}.
On {010}.
Parting:
Possible parting on {100}.
Density:
2.24 - 2.25 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.25 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hydromagnesite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.523(3) nβ = 1.527(3) nγ = 1.545(1)
2V:
Measured: 50° , Calculated: 52°
Birefringence:
0.022
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.022
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
none
Chemistry of Hydromagnesite
Mindat Formula:
Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 4H2O
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Hydromagnesite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/b
Setting:
P21/c
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.105(5) Å, b = 8.954(2) Å, c = 8.378(4) Å
β = 114.44(5)°
β = 114.44(5)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.129 : 1 : 0.936
Unit Cell V:
690.12 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals small, occurring as tufts, rosettes, or crusts of acicular or bladed crysta;s elongated [001] and flattened {100}. Massive, chalky.
Twinning:
Twin plane {100} and composition face {100}. Twinning very common, polysynthetic.
Comment:
pseudo-orthorhombic.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
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2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
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View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0009586 | Hydromagnesite | Akao M, Iwai S (1977) The hydrogen bonding of hydromagnesite Acta Crystallographica B33 1273-1275 | 1977 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Image Loading
Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
9.20 Å | (39) |
6.40 Å | (38) |
5.79 Å | (100) |
4.58 Å | (7) |
4.46 Å | (17) |
4.186 Å | (31) |
4.090 Å | (12) |
4.022 Å | (8) |
3.856 Å | (1) |
3.812 Å | (13) |
3.503 Å | (14) |
3.317 Å | (28) |
3.207 Å | (16) |
3.142 Å | (20) |
3.101 Å | (11) |
3.088 Å | (10) |
3.063 Å | (6) |
2.919 Å | (11) |
2.899 Å | (82) |
2.779 Å | (7) |
2.692 Å | (25) |
2.637 Å | (5) |
2.556 Å | (5) |
2.543 Å | (4) |
2.529 Å | (9) |
2.504 Å | (20) |
2.478 Å | (10) |
2.469 Å | (10) |
2.442 Å | (5) |
2.417 Å | (7) |
2.387 Å | (2) |
2.350 Å | (14) |
2.298 Å | (33) |
2.233 Å | (4) |
2.207 Å | (25) |
2.189 Å | (11) |
2.186 Å | (11) |
2.174 Å | (7) |
2.161 Å | (20) |
2.154 Å | (25) |
2.146 Å | (19) |
2.137 Å | (12) |
2.093 Å | (1) |
2.040 Å | (6) |
2.025 Å | (8) |
2.012 Å | (5) |
1.994 Å | (25) |
1.988 Å | (19) |
1.974 Å | (4) |
Comments:
ICDD 25-513
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
13 : Hadean serpentinization | |
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) | |
55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Geological Setting:
Low-temperature, hydrothermal environments in serpentine and altered magnesium-rich igneous rocks.
Type Occurrence of Hydromagnesite
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Wachtmeister T (1828) Analys af ett pulverformigt mineral från Norra Amerika. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 1828, 17-19
Synonyms of Hydromagnesite
Other Language Names for Hydromagnesite
Japanese:ハイドロマグネサイト
Russian:Гидромагнезит
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
72 photos of Hydromagnesite associated with Artinite | Mg2(CO3)(OH)2 · 3H2O |
39 photos of Hydromagnesite associated with Brucite | Mg(OH)2 |
23 photos of Hydromagnesite associated with Callaghanite | Cu2Mg2(CO3)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
23 photos of Hydromagnesite associated with Magnesite | MgCO3 |
23 photos of Hydromagnesite associated with Aragonite | CaCO3 |
20 photos of Hydromagnesite associated with Serpentine Subgroup | D3[Si2O5](OH)4 |
19 photos of Hydromagnesite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
11 photos of Hydromagnesite associated with Dypingite | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 5H2O |
10 photos of Hydromagnesite associated with Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
9 photos of Hydromagnesite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
5.DA. | Alexkhomyakovite | K6(Ca2Na)(CO3)5Cl · 6H2O |
5.DA. | Amoraite | Ca12Al6(OH)36(CO3)2(SO3) · 15H2O |
5.DA.05 | Dypingite | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 5H2O |
5.DA.05 | Giorgiosite | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 5-6H2O |
5.DA.05 | Widgiemoolthalite | Ni5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 5H2O |
5.DA.05 | UM1986-10-CO:ClHMgMnZn (also called Mineral F, Dunn, 1995) | Mg5(Zn,Mn)3(CO3)2(OH,Cl)12 · H2O |
5.DA.05 | UM1987-01-CO:HMgS | Mg4(CO3)2(OH)4 · 6H2O ? |
5.DA.10 | Artinite | Mg2(CO3)(OH)2 · 3H2O |
5.DA.10 | Indigirite | Mg2Al2(CO3)4(OH)2 · 15H2O |
5.DA.10 | Chlorartinite | Mg2(CO3)(OH)Cl · 2H2O |
5.DA.15 | Otwayite | Ni2(CO3)(OH)2 · H2O |
5.DA.15 | Zaratite | Ni3(CO3)(OH)4 · 4H2O ? |
5.DA.20 | Kambaldaite | NaNi4(CO3)3(OH)3 · 3H2O |
5.DA.25 | Callaghanite | Cu2Mg2(CO3)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
5.DA.30 | Claraite | (Cu,Zn)15(CO3)4(AsO4)2(SO4)(OH)14 · 7H2O |
5.DA.35 | Hydroscarbroite | Al14(CO3)3(OH)36 · nH2O |
5.DA.35 | Scarbroite | Al5(CO3)(OH)13 · 5H2O |
5.DA.40 | Caresite | Fe2+4Al2(OH)12[CO3] · 3H2O |
5.DA.40 | Quintinite | Mg4Al2(OH)12(CO3) · 3H2O |
5.DA.40 | Charmarite | Mn2+4Al2(OH)12[CO3] · 3H2O |
5.DA.40 | Karchevskyite | Mg18Al9(OH)54Sr2(CO3)9(H2O)6 (H3O)5 |
5.DA.40 | UM1987-05-OH:AlCMg | Mg4Al2(OH)12(CO3,SO4) · 3H2O |
5.DA.45 | Stichtite-2H | Mg6(Cr,Al)2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O |
5.DA.45 | Brugnatellite | Mg6Fe3+(CO3)(OH)13 · 4H2O |
5.DA.45 | Chlormagaluminite | Mg4Al2(OH)12Cl2 · 3H2O |
5.DA.45 | Hydrotalcite-2H | Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O |
5.DA.45 | Pyroaurite-2H | Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16(CO3) · 4H2O |
5.DA.45 | Zaccagnaite | Zn4Al2(OH)12[CO3] · 3H2O |
5.DA.45 | Liudongshengite | Zn4Cr2(OH)12(CO3) · 3H2O |
5.DA.50 | Comblainite | Ni4Co2(OH)12[CO3] · 3H2O |
5.DA.50 | Desautelsite | Mg6Mn3+2(OH)16[CO3] · 4H2O |
5.DA.50 | Hydrotalcite | Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O |
5.DA.50 | Pyroaurite | Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16[CO3] · 4H2O |
5.DA.50 | Reevesite | Ni6Fe3+2(OH)16(CO3) · 4H2O |
5.DA.50 | Stichtite | Mg6Cr3+2(OH)16[CO3] · 4H2O |
5.DA.50 | Takovite | Ni6Al2(OH)16[CO3] · 4H2O |
5.DA.50 | Kaznakhtite | Ni6Co3+2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O |
5.DA.55 | Coalingite | Mg10Fe3+2(OH)24[CO3] · 2H2O |
5.DA.55 | Akopovaite | Al4Li2(OH)12(CO3)(H2O)3 |
5.DA.60 | Šlikite | Zn2Mg(CO3)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
5.DA.65 | Marklite | Cu5(CO3)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
Fluorescence of Hydromagnesite
Sometimes fluorescent.
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Before the blowpipe, infusible, but whitens and gives an alkaline reaction (ex. with tumeric paper).
In a closed tube gives off water and carbon dioxide.
In a closed tube gives off water and carbon dioxide.
Notes:
Soluble in acids. The process may be slow in cold acids but in hot acid it may be fast, with effervescence.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
None.
Internet Links for Hydromagnesite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1979.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Hydromagnesite
Reference List:
Silliman Jr., Benjamin (1850) [Lancasterite]. American Journal of Science: 9: 216 (as Lancasterite).
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin Vol. 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.89
Localities for Hydromagnesite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Gore et al. (2000) |
| Marvin et al. (1980) |
Australia | |
| McQueen et al. (1988) |
| McQueen +3 other references |
| Minerals in podiform chromitites - Tumut Serpentinite Province et al. (1) |
| Oskierski et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Podgson RE |
| R Bottrill in prep |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Bottrill et al. (2021) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Wilson et al. (2014) |
Mills et al. (2010) | |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2013) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Löffler et al. (2011) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Leblhuber (2000) |
| Strasser (1989) |
Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Bojar et al. (2005) |
| Seemann (1985) |
| Meixner (1973) |
| Natural History Museum Vienna collection |
| Exel (1993) |
| C.Auer (2019) |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) +1 other reference |
| Exel (1993) |
| |
Belgium | |
| van Tassel et al. (1979) |
| |
Bolivia | |
| Wet chemistry analysis by Dr. Fritz ... |
Federico Ahlfeld analysis. | |
Federico Ahlfeld and Jorge Muñoz Reyes (1955) | |
Brazil | |
| Mineralogical Record (1977) |
Canada | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Peatfield (n.d.) | |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Renaut et al. (1994) |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Tupper (1963) |
| 162-165. +1 other reference |
| Richard Gunter and Falconbridge ... |
| Ottawa-Peterborough +1 other reference |
Anthony et al. (1990) | |
| Ref: Sabina (1986) |
| Sabina A. P (1977) |
| Geological Survey Of Canada Paper 70-50. +2 other references |
| GAUDARD (1993) |
| SABINA (1967) |
| Maggie Wilson |
| 179-181. +2 other references |
| Sabina (1987) |
| Hull-Maniwaki +1 other reference |
| Last et al. (2013) |
Greengrass et al. (1999) | |
| Robinson et al. (1992) |
Sabina (1972) | |
150-152. +2 other references | |
Chile | |
| Zaytseva et al. (2021) |
China | |
| Zhaobin Su and Shaoying Jiang (1984) |
| Sun Da-peng et al. (2002) |
| Dapeng Sun et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Zhaobin Su and Shaoying Jiang (1984) |
| Zhaobin Su and Shaoying Jiang (1984) |
Zhaobin Su and Shaoying Jiang (1984) | |
| Xiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981) +2 other references |
| Yu et al. (2024) |
Xiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Zhaoyan Gu et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Xiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981) +1 other reference |
| Xiao Huiliang et al. (2003) |
Czech Republic | |
| Sejkora et al. (2019) |
| Kuttna +1 other reference |
| KOVÁŘ O. et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Doubek |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Järvelä collection |
France | |
Stéphane LESIMPLE Collection | |
| Stéphane LESIMPLE Collection |
| Gol et al. (2010) |
Gol et al. (2010) | |
| Joan Rosell et al. (2021) |
| |
| Bertrand et al. (1980) |
Germany | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Fischbeck et al. (1971) |
| D. Pawlowski: "Mineralfundstellen im Sauerland" (Munich) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
Blaß et al. (1995) | |
International Association of Collectors ... | |
| in the collection of Christof Schäfer |
| Blaß et al. (1999) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Beyer (1980) +1 other reference |
Greece | |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
| Blaß et al. (1998) |
Lapis et al. (1999) +1 other reference | |
| Calvo et al. (1995) |
Hungary | |
| Mineral Species of Hungary |
Szakáll et al. (1996) | |
| Kovács (2009) |
Iran | |
| |
Italy | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
Brugnatelli (1903) +6 other references | |
Grill (1922) +4 other references | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
C.M. Gramaccioli (1975) | |
Ratto et al. (1967) +3 other references | |
C.M. Gramaccioli (1975) | |
| Paolo Bosio collection |
| Imma Punzo find & collection |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
Gruppo Mineralogico Geologico ... | |
| Carati M. |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
| Russo (2003) |
| Carati (1988) |
| GMPNP collection +1 other reference |
| Baldizzone (2008) +1 other reference |
| Caponera et al. (2007) |
Caponera et al. (2004) | |
| Caponera et al. (2004) |
De Michele (1974) | |
Onorato E. - Idromagnesite di Ariccia (Parco Chigi, Lazio) | |
| |
| Biagioni et al. (2020) |
| Giuseppe Pipino - L'antica miniera di ... |
Antofilli | |
| M. Boscardin - Informazioni di mineralogia italiana - Notizie del Guppo Min. Lombardo - 7 et al. (This publication later changed its name in Rivista Minealogica Italiana) |
Antofilli | |
M. Boscardin - Informazioni di mineralogia italiana - Notizie del Guppo Min. Lombardo - 7 et al. (This publication later changed its name in Rivista Minealogica Italiana) | |
Antofilli | |
| analysed by Dr. Anthony Kampf |
| Gianni Peracchi collection 2007 |
Gianni Peracchi collection +1 other reference | |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
Bedognè et al. (1993) | |
| Bedognè (1970) +1 other reference |
| Del Caldo et al. (1973) +3 other references |
| Piccoli (2002) +1 other reference |
| Maletto G. et al. (1976) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Pane et al. (2018) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Boscardin et al. (2013) |
| Ara D. et al. (2013) |
| Conti L et al. (Sardegna meridionale) |
| Ciriotti M.E. and Blass.G. (2010) |
| "Giorgio Bortolozzi (visual identification) |
Del Caldo et al. (1973) +4 other references | |
| Del Caldo A. et al. (1973) |
| Giorgio Bortolozzi (visual identification) |
"Giorgio Bortolozzi (visual identification) | |
| Guida ai minerali. F.Fabbri Ed. |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Giulia Zanoni (1980) |
Exel (1987) | |
| De Michele (1974) |
| "Giorgio Bortolozzi (visual identification) |
| Zordan A. (2014) |
"Giorgio Bortolozzi (visual identification) | |
"Giorgio Bortolozzi (visual identification) | |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
Sammartino (2014) | |
| Benvenuti M. et al. (1992/93) |
forum.fmal.com (n.d.) | |
| Brizzi et al. (3) +1 other reference |
| Brizzi G. et al. (1996) |
| Morandi et al. (1970) |
| Guglielmino (1996) +1 other reference |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
M. Boscardin: Località mineralogiche consigliate: Le cave della val d'Astico - Notizie del Guppo Min. Lombardo - 10 et al. (This publication later changed its name in Rivista Minealogica Italiana) +1 other reference | |
| 50 +1 other reference |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
| Zordan A. (2014) |
| Pizzolaro M. (1989) |
| Boscardin M. et alii. "I minerali nel Vicentino" et al. (Vicenza) |
| "Giorgio Bortolozzi (visual identification) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
Boscardin M. et al. (Vicenza) | |
| Boscardin et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Guida ai minerali et al. (1973) |
| Del Caldo A. et al. (1973) |
| "Giorgio Bortolozzi (visual identification) |
Japan | |
| Suzuki et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
Suzuki et al. (1973) | |
| Alfredo Petrov collection |
| Ohe Rikosha specimens |
| Alfredo Petrov collection |
| 上原誠一郎. (1987) |
| Kosuge (1997) |
Kyrgyzstan | |
| Filippov et al. (2013) |
Mexico | |
| Forti (2006) |
| Kazmierczak et al. (2011) |
Middle East | |
Gross (1977) | |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Morocco | |
| Favreau et al. (2006) |
| found by Frank de Wit |
New Zealand | |
| Collection of RJ Martin correlated to ... |
| Kelsey |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
North Macedonia | |
| Hiessleitner (1934) +1 other reference |
Norway | |
| Taagvold (2015) |
| Hege Kilhavn et al. (2017) |
| Witsø (1994) +1 other reference |
| Raade (1973) +1 other reference |
| Collected on the dumps of the mine by ... |
Rø (2018) | |
| G. Raade (2012) |
Raade (1970) +1 other reference | |
Pakistan | |
| Bashir et al. (2009) |
Personal correspondence between Erin ... | |
Mitsuru Nakagawa (1996) | |
Poland | |
| Łukasz Kruszewski PXRD & EPMA data (2019) |
| Warchulski et al. (2014) |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD data +1 other reference |
Ł. Kruszewski PXRD data | |
Portugal | |
| Pedro Alves collection and analytical ... |
Romania | |
Canadian Mineralogist 40:1693-1703. | |
| Canadian Mineralogist: 40: 1693. |
Onac et al. (2002) | |
| Onac et al. (1995) |
| Slavoaca |
| Koller G. |
Russia | |
| Igor V. Pekov data |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| |
| Mandarino (2001) |
| |
| Novoselov +6 other references |
[World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Antonov A.A. [Антонов А.А.] (2003) |
Serbia | |
Palache et al. (1951) | |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
Koděra (1986) | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Cílek V. |
South Africa | |
| Martini (1978) |
Martini (1978) | |
| Martini (1978) |
| Martini (1978) |
Martini (1978) | |
| Martini (1978) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
Gliddon (1996) | |
| Martini (1997) |
| Martini (1978) |
| Martini (1978) |
Spain | |
| Juan C.Romero visual identificaction |
| Torres Ruiz (1993) +1 other reference |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Calvo (2012) |
| B. Onac et al (2009) |
| Onac et al. (2005) |
| Martínez-Arkarazo et al. (2007) |
| Sanz-Montero et al. (2019) |
| Joan Rosell |
Calvo (2012) | |
| Mata i Perelló (1990) |
| Alonso-Zarza et al. (2011) |
Sweden | |
| Kjell Gatedal collection and ... |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Stalder et al. (1998) | |
Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| 86. (in German) +2 other references |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Turkey | |
| Erik vercammen finds and collection |
| Dietrich et al. (1978) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
Turkmenistan | |
| Vladimir A. Maltsev (1993) +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Green et al. (2006) |
| Green et al. (2000) |
NHM London & S.Rust Collection | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1977 41 : ... +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 200. +3 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 200. +3 other references |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 200. +3 other references | |
| Harris E. Mason specimen and photo |
| Betts (n.d.) |
Murdoch (1966) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 200. +3 other references | |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 200. +2 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Ted A. Hadley and Daniel J. Evanich (2021) |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 200. +2 other references |
American Mineralogist 1965: 50: ... | |
| Adams et al. (2014) |
| Bailey (1902) +1 other reference |
Pelletier | |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Larsen (1922) +1 other reference |
| Woodford et al. (1941) |
| American Mineralogist: 26: 351-381. +5 other references |
Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 200. +4 other references | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 200 +4 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 201. +2 other references |
| www.mikon-online.com (n.d.) |
Dunning et al. (2005) | |
| [… (abstract) +2 other references |
western United States. Geochimica et ... +5 other references | |
| www.mineralsocal.org |
Luetcke (n.d.) | |
American Mineralogist 1965: 50: ... | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
Murdoch (1966) | |
| Gale (1914d) +3 other references |
| MarekC collection 2019 |
| Campbell (1950) +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 202. +2 other references |
| with chemical analyses by W.T. ... +5 other references |
with chemical analyses by W.T. ... +4 other references | |
Murdoch (1966) | |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Rogers (1923b) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) |
Murdoch (1966) | |
| Rogers (1923b) +1 other reference |
| Betts (n.d.) |
| Rogers (1923b) +1 other reference |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Bradley (1940) +1 other reference |
| |
| Conti (2023) |
San Francisco field district: ... +4 other references | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 202-203. +1 other reference |
western United States. Geochimica et ... +5 other references | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Leveille +2 other references |
| Davis et al. (1957) |
| Erd et al. (1960) |
| Pearre (1960) |
| Rocks & Min.:12:247. |
| Mineralogical Record Vol 12 #3 May/June ... |
| Bernstein (1980) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| American Mineralogist 10:137-139 |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt (1900) +2 other references |
NSS Bulletin 56:27-24 (1994) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Donald G. Davis - Extraordinary features of Lechuguilla Cave et al. (2) +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Manchester (1931) | |
| The New York State Museum Catalog No. ... |
Robinson et al. (2007) +1 other reference | |
Observed by David S. Bernstein- ... | |
Robinson et al. (2007) | |
Collected by Steve Okulewicz | |
Rocks & Minerals (1968) | |
| Dana +1 other reference |
| Hanahan (1985) |
| Smithsonian Institution Mineral ... |
| Gordon: Mineralogy of Pennsylvania |
| Mineral collecting in Pennsylvania |
| Lapham & Geyer |
Personally Collected 4/12/2008 | |
A.Mathauser collection +1 other reference | |
The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania +2 other references | |
| Mineralogy of Pennsylvania (ref. Smith and Brush, 1853, 214) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 17:344. |
| Michael W. Kieron collection +1 other reference |
| Roberts et al. (1965) |
| KellerLynn (2009) |
| Travis A. Paris (2011) |
| Coskren et al. (2000) |
| Bullock (1981) |
Bullock (1981) | |
| Olds et al. (2017) |
| NSS Bulletin 44:90-97 (1982) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Bennett (1962) |
www.dnr.wa.gov/geology/okanogan.htm. | |
| Inventory of Washington Minerals +1 other reference |
| Campbell et al. (1962) |
| Cronin +1 other reference |
| Adams (1996) |
Uzbekistan | |
| Golovanov (UzSSR) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
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