Kutnohorite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Kutnohorite
Formula:
CaMn2+(CO3)2
Colour:
White, pale rose, pink, light to medium brown
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
3½ - 4
Specific Gravity:
3.12
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1901 by Antonín Bukovský for the type locality - Kutna Hora, Bohemia, Czech Republic.
Dolomite Group. Ankerite-Kutnohorite Series.
The cation ordering is temperature-dependent: Unpublished studies cited by Goldsmith and Graf (1960) indicate that cation disordering in synthetic CaMn(CO3)2 begins at approximately 450°C. CaMn(CO3)2 formed at higher temperature has a disordered distribution of Ca and Mn, and a calcite-type structure.
The cation ordering is temperature-dependent: Unpublished studies cited by Goldsmith and Graf (1960) indicate that cation disordering in synthetic CaMn(CO3)2 begins at approximately 450°C. CaMn(CO3)2 formed at higher temperature has a disordered distribution of Ca and Mn, and a calcite-type structure.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2299
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2299:2
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
92360592-3a88-47b8-b303-504cb36314fa
IMA Classification of Kutnohorite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Kutnohorite
5.AB.10
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
A : Carbonates without additional anions, without H2O
B : Alkali-earth (and other M2+) carbonates
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
A : Carbonates without additional anions, without H2O
B : Alkali-earth (and other M2+) carbonates
14.2.1.3
14 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL CARBONATES
2 : AB(XO3)2
14 : ANHYDROUS NORMAL CARBONATES
2 : AB(XO3)2
11.12.4
11 : Carbonates
12 : Carbonates of Mn
11 : Carbonates
12 : Carbonates of Mn
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Kut | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Kut | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Physical Properties of Kutnohorite
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
White, pale rose, pink, light to medium brown
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3½ - 4 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {1011}
Perfect on {1011}
Fracture:
Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.12 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.15 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Kutnohorite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.710 - 1.727 nε = 1.519 - 1.535
Birefringence:
0.191
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.191 - 0.192
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Optical Extinction:
Parallel
Chemistry of Kutnohorite
Mindat Formula:
CaMn2+(CO3)2
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Kutnohorite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3 - Rhombohedral
Space Group:
R3
Cell Parameters:
a = 4.8518(3) Å, c = 16.217(2) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 3.342
Unit Cell V:
330.60 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
3
Morphology:
Polycrystalline spherules
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000106 | Kutnohorite | Graf D L (1961) Crystallographic tables for the rhombohedral carbonates American Mineralogist 46 1283-1316 |  | 1961 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001069 | Kutnohorite | Peacor D R, Essene E J, Gaines A M (1987) Petrologic and crystal-chemical implications of cation order-disorder in kutnahorite (CaMn(CO3)2) American Mineralogist 72 319-328 | | 1987 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001070 | Kutnohorite | Peacor D R, Essene E J, Gaines A M (1987) Petrologic and crystal-chemical implications of cation order-disorder in kutnahorite (CaMn(CO3)2) American Mineralogist 72 319-328 | | 1987 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.27 Å | (6) |
| 3.75 Å | (20) |
| 2.94 Å | (100) |
| 2.73 Å | (6) |
| 2.59 Å | (4) |
| 2.44 Å | (14) |
| 2.23 Å | (20) |
| 2.10 Å | (4) |
| 2.04 Å | (20) |
| 1.876 Å | (10) |
| 1.837 Å | (25) |
| 1.814 Å | (30) |
Comments:
See also ICDD 19-234 (calcian), ICDD 20-225 (magnesian)
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits |
Geological Setting:
Manganiferous sediments
Polymetallic manganese, iron, zinc, etc. deposits
Polymetallic manganese, iron, zinc, etc. deposits
Type Occurrence of Kutnohorite
Synonyms of Kutnohorite
Other Language Names for Kutnohorite
German:Kutnahorit
Kutnohorit
Mangandolomit (in part)
Kutnohorit
Mangandolomit (in part)
Russian:Кутногорит
Spanish:Kutnahorita
Kutnohorita
Kutnohorita
Traditional Chinese:錳白雲石 (in part)
Relationship of Kutnohorite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
| Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Minrecordite | CaZn(CO3)2 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Norsethite | BaMg(CO3)2 | Trig. 3 2 : R3 2 |
| Škáchaite | CaCo(CO3)2 | Trig. 3 : R3 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 151 photos of Kutnohorite associated with Aragonite | CaCO3 |
| 67 photos of Kutnohorite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 67 photos of Kutnohorite associated with Manganese-bearing Calcite | (Ca,Mn)CO3 |
| 61 photos of Kutnohorite associated with Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
| 43 photos of Kutnohorite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 23 photos of Kutnohorite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 20 photos of Kutnohorite associated with Rhodonite | CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
| 18 photos of Kutnohorite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 15 photos of Kutnohorite associated with Goethite | α-Fe3+O(OH) |
| 15 photos of Kutnohorite associated with Willemite | Zn2SiO4 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 5.AB.05 | Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Gaspéite | NiCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Magnesite | MgCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Otavite | CdCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Rhodochrosite | MnCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Siderite | FeCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 | Spherocobaltite | CoCO3 |
| 5.AB.05 va | Parakutnohorite | |
| 5.AB.10 | Ankerite | Ca(Fe2+,Mg)(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.10 | Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.10 | Minrecordite | CaZn(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.10 | Škáchaite | CaCo(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.15 | Aragonite | CaCO3 |
| 5.AB.15 | Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 5.AB.15 | Strontianite | SrCO3 |
| 5.AB.15 | Witherite | BaCO3 |
| 5.AB.20 | Vaterite | CaCO3 |
| 5.AB.25 | Huntite | CaMg3(CO3)4 |
| 5.AB.30 | Norsethite | BaMg(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.35 | Alstonite | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.40 | Olekminskite | Sr(Sr,Ca,Ba)(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.40 | Paralstonite | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.45 | Barytocalcite | BaCa(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.50 | Carbocernaite | (Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO3)2 |
| 5.AB.55 | Benstonite | Ba6Ca6Mg(CO3)13 |
| 5.AB.60 | Juangodoyite | Na2Cu(CO3)2 |
Fluorescence of Kutnohorite
Rarely fluorescent SW
Other Information
Notes:
May be slowly soluble in common acids. See Frondel, C. and Bauer, L. H. (1955) Kutnahorite, Am. Min. v. 40 : 748-760.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Kutnohorite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2299.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Kutnohorite
Reference List:
Localities for Kutnohorite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| DE BRODTKORB +1 other reference |
| Raúl J. Tauber Larry{s collection | |
| Gallard-Esquivel et al. (2018) |
Armenia | |
| Mederer et al. (2019) |
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
| Brown et al. (1992) |
| Graham et al. (2021) |
| Worner et al. (et al) |
| Paul et al. (2015) |
| Ralph Bottrill et al. (AGCC) +2 other references |
| Mineral Resources Tasmania +1 other reference |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Mineralogy and Genesis of the Trench ... +3 other references |
Austria | |
| H. Meixner: 32 (3) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Taucher (1995) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Brandstätter et al. (2000) |
| abstract in Mitt. Österr. Mineral. ... +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) | |
| Gerald Gesselbauer (06.2010) |
| Bojar (2006) | |
| SEM-EDS |
| Postl et al. (1996) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| BRANDSTÄTTER et al. (2015) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2021) |
| Hölblinger et al. (2019) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2017) |
Baltic Sea | |
| Burke et al. (2002) |
Belgium | |
| Van Tassel et al. (1960) +2 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Fransolet et al. (1975) +4 other references |
| |
| Fransolet et al. (1975) +2 other references | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
Brazil | |
| Cornejo +1 other reference |
| Horváth |
| Salgado et al. (2019) |
| Figueiredo e Silva et al. (2011) +1 other reference |
Bulgaria | |
| Василева et al. (2003) |
| Vassileva et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
Burkina Faso | |
| Sattran et al. (2002) |
Canada | |
| Hora et al. (2006) |
| Grice et al. (1977) |
| www.em.gov.bc.ca/cf/minfile +1 other reference |
| Peter et al. (1996) |
| Klein (1966) |
| Klein (1966) |
| SHEARD et al. (2012) |
| Sheard (2010) +2 other references |
| Bailey (2017) |
| Horváth collection specimens XRD ID |
| Chen et al. (2013) |
| 166-175. +2 other references |
| Shang (2000) |
Chile | |
| Thompson et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Chinchilla et al. (2013, August) +1 other reference |
China | |
| Pingyi Wan (2002) |
| Pingyi Wan (2002) | |
| Gongqin Zhang (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Pingyi Wan (2002) | |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) +2 other references | |
| Pingyi Wan (2002) | |
| Pingyi Wan (2002) | |
| Qi Zhou et al. (2013) |
| Qi Zhou et al. (2013) |
| Yu et al. (2023) |
| Guangxiang Cheng (1984) |
| Lees et al. (2011) |
| Qi Zhou et al. (2013) |
| Qi Zhou et al. (2013) | |
| Qi Zhou et al. (2013) | |
| Qi Zhou et al. (2013) | |
| Qi Zhou et al. (2013) | |
| Qi Zhou et al. (2013) |
| Yan et al. (2023) |
| Huang et al. (2024) |
| Jensen (2009) +1 other reference |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) +2 other references |
| Qi Zhou et al. (2013) |
| Mengjun Ceng (1992) |
| Ziqiang Wei (1976) | |
| Mengjun Ceng (1992) +1 other reference |
| Wang Chen et al. (2006) |
| Caiwen Cai (1983) +1 other reference |
| Fan et al. (1999) |
| Zhao et al. (2003) |
| Zhao et al. (2003) | |
| Zhao et al. (2003) | |
| Zhao et al. (2003) | |
| Gongqin Zhang (1986) +1 other reference |
| Gongqin Zhang (1986) +1 other reference | |
| Hein et al. (1999) |
| Kefa Yang (1982) +1 other reference |
| Pingyi Wan (2002) |
| Pingyi Wan (2002) |
| Pingyi Wan (2002) |
| Pingyi Wan (2002) | |
| Pingyi Wan (2002) | |
| Pingyi Wan (2002) | |
| Fan et al. (1999) |
| Shengming Lu (1988) |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) +1 other reference |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| Jiuling Zhang (1982) |
Colombia | |
| Duarte et al. (2012) |
Croatia | |
| Bilinski et al. (1996) |
Czech Republic | |
| Dobešová (2012) |
| NJMM (1988) | |
| Pauliš P. Mineralogické lokality ... | |
| Pažout et al. (2019) | |
| SEJKORA et al. (2022) |
| Trdlička Z.: Kutnohorit z Příbrami. ... |
| Sejkora et al. (2024) |
| Beran +3 other references |
| Prachař +1 other reference |
Ecuador | |
| an NI 43-101 Technical Report prepared ... +1 other reference |
Finland | |
| Hanski (2002) |
France | |
| Chopin (1978) |
| Chopin (1978) |
| Perseil (1975) |
| Perseil (1975) | |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ... |
| Lheur (2023) |
| De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002) |
| Garric François |
Gabon | |
| Econ Geol (1988) |
Germany | |
| Lorenz (1991) +1 other reference |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Lapis 2003 (2) |
| Grütze (2006) |
| J Gröbner collection |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
Ghana | |
| 48 +2 other references |
Greece | |
| Φωτιάδης (2010) |
Hungary | |
| Bujtor et al. (2024) |
| Mineral Species of Hungary |
| Koch: Minerals of Hungary | |
| Polgari +9 other references |
India | |
| Anantha Iyer et al. (1975) |
Indonesia | |
| Davies (2008) |
| Milési et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
Iran | |
| Altenberger et al. (Ag-Au) |
Italy | |
| • Barresi et al. (2005) |
| Castello P. (1982) +2 other references |
| Redazionale (2005) |
| Cortesogno et al. (1979) | |
| Antofilli | |
| Redazione (2005) |
| //doi.org/10.57635/MICRO.2023.21.7 |
| probed by Balestra C. |
| I minerali della provincia di Sondrio ... |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Bedognè et al. (1993) |
| Martin et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Ambrino et al. (2010) |
| Ambrino et al. (2022) |
| Ferretti et al. (2018) |
| Bini et al. (1985) +3 other references |
| Dini et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Lenzi (1996) +1 other reference |
| Mancini (2000) |
| Gianfranco Capolupi's found. Analized by Gunter Blass (Eschweiler) |
Japan | |
| ... |
| Hariya +2 other references |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Tanida et al. (1982) |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Ohe Rikosha specimens |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated at Geological Survey of Japan) |
| Kiyoshi Kiikuni (Keys Minerals) +2 other references |
| Dr. Matsuo Nambu collection (curated by the Geological Survey of Japan) |
Jordan | |
| Pitty et al. (2010) |
| Khoury et al. (1985) |
| Qatar Univ. Sci. J. 21:101-117. |
Kazakhstan | |
| A. Kasatkin data |
| Brusnitsyn et al. (2023) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Arthur L. Flagg (1883-1961) |
| Leon Hupperichs collection |
| Econ Geol (1988) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Camprubi |
Namibia | |
| Dunn (1991) |
| von Bezing (2007) |
New Zealand | |
| Sameshima et al. (1991) |
Pacific Ocean | |
| Astakhov et al. (2006) |
Peru | |
| Bill & Diana Dameron Collection |
| Chauvet et al. (2006) |
| studies of structure et al. (7) +2 other references |
| Benites et al. (2022) |
| Hyrsl et al. (2003) |
Poland | |
| Siuda (2001) |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD & pXRF data (paper in preparation) |
| Ł. Kruszewski PXRD & pXRF data (paper in preparation) |
Romania | |
| Marias Francisc |
| Hîrtopanu +1 other reference | |
| Udubasa et al. (1996) |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
| Hîrtopanu (1997) +1 other reference |
Russia | |
| Brusnitsyn (2006) |
| Andreeva et al. (2006, May) |
| Kuleshov et al. (2002) |
| Kassandrov et al. (2009) |
| Kassandrov et al. (2009) | |
| ... |
| Zaitsev (1996) +2 other references | |
| Kozlov +6 other references |
| Sharkov (2009) |
| Mineralogical Record: 32: 8. |
| Kazachenko et al. (2013) |
| Bortnikov et al. (2007) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2021) |
| Brusnitsyn A.I. (2000) |
| Brusnitsyn et al. (2017) |
| Spiridonov et al. (2010, December) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Matzko et al. (1985) |
Slovakia | |
| |
| Jeleň et al. (2006) | |
| Bálintová T. et al. (Slovakia) |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Šoltés S. et al. (Malé Karpáty Mts.) |
| Šoltés S. et al. (Malé Karpáty Mts.) |
| Šoltés S. et al. (Malé Karpáty Mts.) |
| Šoltés S. et al. (Malé Karpáty Mts.) | |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Martin Števko & Pavol Myšľan |
| Ozdin D. |
South Africa | |
| Econ Geol (1987) |
| Preston (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
| Beukes et al. (1995) | |
South Korea | |
| Imai et al. (1982) |
Spain | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
| Dill et al. (2023) |
| Dill et al. (2023) | |
Sweden | |
| Holtstam et al. (2022) |
| |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Nysten (2004) |
| Mofjell (1990) |
Switzerland | |
| Natalia Efimenko et al. (2014) |
| Mandarino (2001) |
| Wenk et al. (1978) +2 other references |
| Brugger et al. (1996) |
| Brugger et al. (1997) | |
| Brugger J. (1996) |
| Probed by N. Meisser as associated mineral in the specimen of coralloite (ex coll. F. Vanini) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
Taiwan | |
| Yuan Wang +1 other reference |
Turkey | |
| Öztürk (1997) |
| Öztürk (1997) | |
| Basciano L C et al. (1998) |
| Öztürk (1997) |
| Öztürk et al. (1995) |
| Güngör Yeşilova et al. (2023) |
Ukraine | |
| Alexander I. Tischenko (1996) |
| Sokol et al. (2018) |
| Arbuzov V.A. et al. (1967) |
| Nikita V. Chukanov. Minerals of the ... | |
USA | |
| Reiter (1981) +2 other references |
| Specimens collected on March 10 |
| Howard (2007) |
| Chesterman (1966b) +2 other references |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 414. +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Foley +4 other references |
| Rocks & Min.:65:114-149 (see also Rocks & Min.:62:9 & 64:140-141 + Min.Rec.:20) |
| Rocks & Min. (2009) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Min News 20:9 pp1 |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 366-384. |
| Schooner (circa 1980s) +1 other reference |
| Dunn (1976) |
| Morris Jr. (1983) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Allen Lundgren collection |
| Allen Lundgren collection | |
| Journal of Paleolimnology 24: 199–211 |
| Rocks & Min. |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Dunn (1995) |
| King |
| Frondel (1972) +2 other references |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:130-135 +1 other reference |
| Korbel (1999) |
| Bargar et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1988) |
| Tracy et al. (2003) |
| Robinson (2013) |
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Gambatesa Mine, Reppia, Ne, Genoa, Liguria, Italy