Linnaeite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Linnaeite
Formula:
Co2+Co3+2S4
Colour:
Grey, violet
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
4½ - 5½
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
Named after Carl von Linné [Carolus Linnaeus; Original Swedish name: Carl Nilsson Linnæus] (1707–1778), Swedish taxonomist, botanist, physician, geologist, and zoologist.
Linnaeite-Polydymite Series.
Compare siegenite.
Some Ni-bearing or -rich "linnaeites" reported in the literature are probably grimmite.
Compare siegenite.
Some Ni-bearing or -rich "linnaeites" reported in the literature are probably grimmite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2409
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2409:5
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
1dfe95b1-b57f-4734-b0c5-bdda7bd2dbf5
IMA Classification of Linnaeite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Linnaeite
2.DA.05
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
A : M:S = 3:4
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
A : M:S = 3:4
2.10.1.1
2 : SULFIDES
10 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 3:4
2 : SULFIDES
10 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 3:4
3.10.2
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
10 : Sulphides etc. of Co
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
10 : Sulphides etc. of Co
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Lin | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Lin | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Linnaeite
Optical Data of Linnaeite
Type:
Isotropic
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R |
---|---|
400nm | 41.5% |
440nm | 42.2% |
480nm | 44.0% |
520nm | 46.0% |
560nm | 48.0% |
600nm | 49.9% |
640nm | 51.6% |
680nm | 53.1% |
700nm | 53.7% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 53.7%.
Chemistry of Linnaeite
Mindat Formula:
Co2+Co3+2S4
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ni,Cu,Fe,Se
Crystallography of Linnaeite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fd3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.43 Å
Unit Cell V:
838.56 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0017957 | Linnaeite | Menzer G (1926) Ueber die Kristallstruktur von Linneit einschliesslich Polydymit und Sychnodymit. _cod_database_code 1011056 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 64 506-507 | 1926 | 0 | 293 | ||
0015751 | Linnaeite | Lundqvist D, Westgren A (1938) Rontgenuntersuchung des systems Co-S Zeitschrift fur Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie 239 85-88 | 1938 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.83 Å | (100) |
1.670 Å | (80) |
2.36 Å | (70) |
1.815 Å | (60) |
0.988 Å | (50) |
3.34 Å | (40) |
1.090 Å | (40) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33) | |
13 : Hadean serpentinization | |
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
51 : Pyrometamorphic minerals (see also #54 and #56) | <0.36 |
Type Occurrence of Linnaeite
Synonyms of Linnaeite
Other Language Names for Linnaeite
Varieties of Linnaeite
Gold-bearing Linnaeite | A gold-bearing variety of linnaeite. |
Relationship of Linnaeite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Cadmoindite | CdIn2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Cuprorhodsite | (Cu1+0.5Fe3+0.5)Rh3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Daubréelite | Fe2+Cr3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Greigite | Fe2+Fe3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Grimmite | NiCo2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Indite | FeIn2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Joegoldsteinite | MnCr2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Kalininite | ZnCr2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Polydymite | Ni2+Ni3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Siegenite | CoNi2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Tarkianite | (Cu,Fe)(Re,Mo)4S8 | Iso. 4 3m : F4 3m |
Violarite | Fe2+Ni3+2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
Xingzhongite | Pb2+Ir3+2S4 | Iso. |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
11 photos of Linnaeite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
4 photos of Linnaeite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
2 photos of Linnaeite associated with Siderite | FeCO3 |
2 photos of Linnaeite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
1 photo of Linnaeite associated with Erythrite | Co3(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
1 photo of Linnaeite associated with Actinolite | ◻Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
1 photo of Linnaeite associated with Allanite Group | (A12+REE3+)(M13+M23+M32+)O[Si2O7][SiO4](OH) |
1 photo of Linnaeite associated with Cobaltite | CoAsS |
1 photo of Linnaeite associated with Bismuthinite | Bi2S3 |
1 photo of Linnaeite associated with Limonite |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
2.DA. | Zaykovite | Rh3Se4 |
2.DA. | Grimmite | NiCo2S4 |
2.DA. | Zolenskyite | FeCr2S4 |
2.DA. | Ezochiite | Cu+(Rh3+Pt4+)S4 |
2.DA. | Ferrodimolybdenite | FeMo2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Bornhardtite | Co2+Co3+2Se4 |
2.DA.05 | Carrollite | CuCo2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Cuproiridsite | (Cu,Fe)Ir2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Cuprorhodsite | (Cu1+0.5Fe3+0.5)Rh3+2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Daubréelite | Fe2+Cr3+2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Fletcherite | CuNi2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Florensovite | (Cu,Zn)Cr1.5Sb0.5S4 |
2.DA.05 | Greigite | Fe2+Fe3+2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Indite | FeIn2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Kalininite | ZnCr2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Malanite | Cu1+(Ir3+Pt4+)S4 |
2.DA.05 | Polydymite | Ni2+Ni3+2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Siegenite | CoNi2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Trüstedtite | Ni3Se4 |
2.DA.05 | Tyrrellite | Cu(Co3+,Ni3+)2Se4 |
2.DA.05 | Violarite | Fe2+Ni3+2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Xingzhongite | Pb2+Ir3+2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Cadmoindite | CdIn2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Cuprokalininite | CuCr2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Joegoldsteinite | MnCr2S4 |
2.DA.05 | Nickeltyrrellite | CuNi2Se4 |
2.DA.10 | Rhodostannite | Cu1+(Fe2+0.5Sn4+1.5)S4 |
2.DA.10 | Toyohaite | Ag1+(Fe2+0.5Sn4+1.5)S4 |
2.DA.15 | Brezinaite | Cr3S4 |
2.DA.15 | Heideite | (Fe,Cr)1.15(Ti,Fe)2S4 |
2.DA.20 | Inaglyite | Cu3Pb(Ir,Pt)8S16 |
2.DA.20 | Konderite | Cu3Pb(Rh,Pt,Ir)8S16 |
2.DA.25 | Kingstonite | (Rh,Ir,Pt)3S4 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Linnaeite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Linnaeite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2409.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Linnaeite
Reference List:
Hazen, Robert M., Hystad, Grethe, Golden, Joshua J., Hummer, Daniel R., Liu, Chao, Downs, Robert T., Morrison, Shaunna M., Ralph, Jolyon, Grew, Edward S. (2017) Cobalt mineral ecology. American Mineralogist, 102 (1) 108-116 doi:10.2138/am-2017-5798
Localities for Linnaeite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
Orris et al. (2002) | |
Argentina | |
| Sureda (1978) |
| de Brodtkorb +2 other references |
| DE BRODTKORB |
| Brodtkorb (1963) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Lee et al. (2002) |
Australia | |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| Ramdohr (1950) |
| Vera Munro-Smith (2006) |
D.A.Berkman (1968) | |
| Noble R.J. +1 other reference |
| Pring (1988) |
| Stillwell (1932) +1 other reference |
| Ralph Bottrill et al in prep. +1 other reference |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Collins et al. (date?) |
| Ostwald (1978) |
| Ostwald (1978) |
| Marston (1984) |
| Marston (1984) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| R.Poeverlein (2016) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2010) |
| Girtler et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Pribitzer (1956) +1 other reference |
| Auer (2019) |
| Gröbner (2000) |
| Vohryzka (1968) +1 other reference |
| Lapis 19 (7/8) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2020) |
Azerbaijan | |
| - (2005) |
Bolivia | |
| Econ Geol (1997) +1 other reference |
Brazil | |
| Sá et al. (2005) |
| deMelo et al. (2017) |
Bulgaria | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Tarkian et al. (2003) +2 other references |
Burkina Faso | |
| Sako (2014) |
Canada | |
| R.M.Thompson X-rayed +1 other reference |
| R.M.Thompson +1 other reference |
Thompson (1949) | |
| New Brunswick Mineral Occurrence Database (accessed 11/14/2022) |
| Badham et al. (1980) |
Badham et al. (1980) | |
| Can. Museum of Nature collection |
| Ames et al. (TGI) |
| OGS Open File 5975 +1 other reference |
| en.wikipedia.org (2006) |
| Econ Geol (1993) |
| Girard (1971) |
| McMillan (1973) |
| Stylianos Augustithis (1995) |
Chile | |
| Schira et al. (1990) |
| A. H. Clark (1974) |
China | |
| Yanjing Chen et al. (2007) |
| Xu et al. (2011) |
| Jun Xu (1987) |
Jun Xu (1987) | |
| Jinjie Yu et al. (2013) |
| Guoxi Ma et al. (2010) |
Guoxi Ma et al. (2010) | |
Guoxi Ma et al. (2010) | |
| 赵玉锁 et al. (2014) |
| Han Zhong et al. (1981) |
| Zhang Dequan et al. (2002) |
| Li et al. (2022) |
| Defeng Hui and Naiwu Zhu (2001) |
| Runsheng Han et al. (2000) |
| Yang Weihua (1996) |
Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) | |
| Jianbin Zheng et al. (2004) |
| Kamitani et al. (2007) |
| Wang et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Min Liu (2002) |
| Liu Jiajun et al. (2001) |
| Bugao Xue (1996) |
Croatia | |
| Šoštarić (2009) |
Czech Republic | |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
DR Congo | |
| Gauthier |
| 304 [287-288]. +3 other references |
| Chabu (1995) +1 other reference |
| Mambwe et al. (Ruashi Cu-Co Deposit) |
| Cox et al. (2003) |
Finland | |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
Geological Survey of Finland 2007 ... +1 other reference | |
Vuorelainen +1 other reference | |
Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... | |
| Virtasalmi-Copper Database. Geological Survey of Finland (2009) |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2007 ... |
France | |
| R. Pierrot |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Chauris (2014) |
| R.PIERROT et al. (1973) |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) +1 other reference |
| Wittern et al. (Cologne) |
| Lheur (2023) |
| R. Pierrot |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| undefined +2 other references |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dr. Heinz Ziehr +1 other reference |
Dill et al. (2010) | |
| Kopp et al. (2012) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Sáez et al. (2011) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
Weiß (1990) | |
Weiß (1990) | |
Weiß (1990) +1 other reference | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiss: "Mineralienfundstellen et al. (Munich) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 2001 (6) |
Mitteilungen der Pollichia (3) +1 other reference | |
| Lapis (5) |
Wittern (2001) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 |
| Lapis (4) |
| Hajek (2010) |
Wittern (2001) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998 (7/8) |
Ghana | |
| Mücke et al. (1999) |
Greenland | |
| Richards et al. (1987) |
India | |
| Subba Rao et al. (1997) |
Italy | |
| Toffolo et al. (2017) |
| ADORNI F. (1997) |
ADORNI F. (1997) | |
Adorni F. (1997) | |
| Bedognè (2011) |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Bertolani et al. (1964) +2 other references |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Stara et al. (1999) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| P.Stara |
Stara et al. (1996) | |
Piepoli (1934) | |
| Aachen/Deutschland. +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2013) |
Exel (1987) | |
| D'Agnolo M. (1966) +1 other reference |
| AA. VV. |
Ivory Coast | |
| Coulibaly et al. (2008) |
Kazakhstan | |
| www.portergeo.com.au (2007) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Baibatsha et al. (2015) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1960) |
Mexico | |
| Dana 6:A2:64 +1 other reference |
Middle East | |
Geller et al. (2012) | |
Morocco | |
| S. Weiß: Lapis 31 (7/8) |
Namibia | |
| Bürg et al. (1942) |
| Bürg et al. (1942) |
| Gebhard (1999) |
Netherlands | |
T.G. Nijland | |
North Macedonia | |
| Vujanović (1958) |
Antonović (1965) | |
Janković (1960) | |
Norway | |
| Koning (1947) |
| Liessman (1994) |
| Krause et al. (1970) |
| Gjelsvik (1956) +1 other reference |
| Norges geologiske undersøkelse. Malmdatabasen. Moskodal gruve. Forekomst nr.44 i Nordreisa (1942) |
| Ihlen et al. (2015) |
Philippines | |
| Oberthür et al. (2017) |
Poland | |
| Janeczek et al. (1991) |
Siuda (2001) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Lis et al. (1986) | |
Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Piestrzyński et al. (2012) | |
| Kucha H. 2007: Mineralogia kruszcowa i ... |
| Madziarz (2006) |
Muszer A. et al. (PbSe) +1 other reference | |
| Nejbert K. 2008: Mineralogy of ... |
Morgan et al. (2000) | |
Morgan et al. (2000) | |
Kozlowski A & Wiszniewska J: (2001) | |
Morgan et al. (2000) | |
Romania | |
| Ilinca (2012) |
| Ilinca (2012) |
Ilinca (2012) | |
Ilinca (2012) | |
Constantinescu et al. (1982) +1 other reference | |
| Hirtopanu et al. (2015) |
Russia | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Solodov et al. (2006) |
| Groshev +6 other references |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| - (2014) |
| A. Yu. Barkov et al. |
Barkov et al. (2001) +1 other reference | |
| [Mineralien Welt 6/92:62] |
| Prokof’ev et al. (2007) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Nehlig et al. (1999) |
Slovakia | |
| Grecula |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Grecula P. ed. (1995) | |
Pauliš P. | |
South Africa | |
| Heinrich (1970) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Cairncross (2004) |
Cairncross et al. (1995) | |
Spain | |
| Carmona Ruiz +2 other references |
| Calvo (2008) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (2022) |
| Martínez i Cantó (2015) |
| Crespo et al. (2000) |
| C. Canet et al. |
Joan Rosell | |
Sweden | |
| |
| Söderhielm et al. (1996) |
| Cleve (1873) |
| IMA 18th General Meeting |
| NJMAh 166 |
| Scherbina (1941) |
| |
Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 21 (1983) | |
| |
| Brandt (1746) +1 other reference |
Öhman et al. (2004) | |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Dietrich (1972) |
| Volker Dietrich (1972) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Kramers (1973) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Köppel V. (1966) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Ansermet et al. (2012) |
Turkey | |
| Akinci (2009) |
| Yahya Ciftci (2001) |
| Akinci (2009) |
Uganda | |
| Cox et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
UK | |
| Day (1999) |
Ukraine | |
| [World of Stones 12:20] |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| Wenrich (1988) +1 other reference |
Wenrich et al. (1988) +1 other reference | |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 111. +3 other references |
| David Busha collection |
| USGS OFR 1998 - Open-File Report 98-478 |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
| Rocks & Minerals (1955) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Dana 7:I:264. |
| Dana 7:I:264. +1 other reference |
| Ostrander (1940) |
Dana 7:I:265. | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| - (2005) |
| Rocks & Minerals: 21: 277. +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| - (Januzzi, 1966, 1989) +1 other reference |
| Frank K. Mazdab collection (see https://www.rockptx.com/fkm-226-to-fkm-250/#FKM-243 for normalized analysis) |
| Strickler |
| Crook et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Bart Cannon +1 other reference |
| Valentine et al. (1960) +2 other references |
Zambia | |
| Cox et al. (2003) |
Cox et al. (2003) | |
| Frank K. Mazdab collection +2 other references |
Zimbabwe | |
| Pirajno et al. (2013) |
| Some implications for gold mineralization in jaspilite iron formations. Mineralogy and Petrology (2) +1 other reference |
Quick NavTopAbout LinnaeiteUnique IdentifiersIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPhysical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Crystallography Crystal StructureX-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentType Occurrence SynonymsOther LanguagesVarietiesRelationshipsCommon AssociatesStrunz-MindatOther InformationLinnaeite in petrologyInternet Links References Localities Locality List
Wildermann Mine, Müsen, Hilchenbach, Siegen-Wittgenstein, Arnsberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany