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Minium

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered

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Photos of Minium (159)

Minium Gallery Search Photos of Minium

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Minium

Santa Fé Mine, Bolaños, Bolaños Municipality, Jalisco, Mexico

Minium

Broken Hill, Broken Hill district, Yancowinna Co., New South Wales, Australia

Minium

Stříbro, Tachov District, Plzeň Region, Czech Republic

Minium

Santa Fé Mine, Bolaños, Bolaños Municipality, Jalisco, Mexico

Minium

Broken Hill, Broken Hill district, Yancowinna Co., New South Wales, Australia

Minium

Stříbro, Tachov District, Plzeň Region, Czech Republic

Minium

Santa Fé Mine, Bolaños, Bolaños Municipality, Jalisco, Mexico

Minium

Broken Hill, Broken Hill district, Yancowinna Co., New South Wales, Australia

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About MiniumHide

Formula:

Pb₃O₄

Colour:

Red, brownish-red, yellowish tint at times; red in transmitted light.

Lustre:

Greasy, Dull

Hardness:

2½

Specific Gravity:

8.9 - 9.2

Crystal System:

Tetragonal

Member of:

Minium Group

Name:

A name originally given to cinnabar. The cinnabar was adulterated with red lead and, in time, the adulterant alone received the name.
The word “minium” (derived from the river Minius, now called Minho, in Iberia).

A usually bright red lead oxide.
May be confused with litharge (red PbO) and powdery cinnabar.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

2721

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:2721:8

GUID
(UUID V4):

06ec681d-1038-4841-9ce6-3668170121ee

IMA Classification of MiniumHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

IMA Formula:

Pb²⁺₂Pb⁴⁺O₄

First published:

1806

Type description reference:

Smithson, J. (1806) Account of a discovery of native minium. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: 96: 267-268.

Classification of MiniumHide

Strunz-mindat (2024):

4.BD.05

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
D : With only large cations

Dana 8th ed.:

7.2.8.1

7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
2 : AB₂X₄

Hey's CIM Ref.:

7.11.22

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
11 : Oxides of Sn and Pb

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Symbol	Source	Reference
Mnm	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of MiniumHide

Lustre:

Greasy, Dull

Transparency:

Translucent

Colour:

Red, brownish-red, yellowish tint at times; red in transmitted light.

Streak:

Orange-yellow

Hardness:

2½ on Mohs scale

Density:

8.9 - 9.2 g/cm³ (Measured) 8.92 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of MiniumHide

Type:

Uniaxial

RI values:

n_ω = 2.420 n_ε = 2.410

Max Birefringence:

δ = 0.010

Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.

Surface Relief:

Very High

Optical Extinction:

Extinction parallel, elongation negative

Pleochroism:

Strong

Comments:

X = deep reddish brown, Z = nearly colourless

Comments:

may be weakly birefringent with anomalous green interference colors.

Chemistry of MiniumHide

Mindat Formula:

Pb₃O₄

Elements listed:

O, Pb - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of MiniumHide

Crystal System:

Tetragonal

Class (H-M):

4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal

Space Group:

P4₂/mbc

Setting:

P4₂/mbc

Cell Parameters:

a = 8.811(5) Å, c = 6.563(3) Å

Ratio:

a:c = 1 : 0.745

Unit Cell V:

509.51 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Massive, earthy, powdery. Microscopic crystalline scales.

Comment:

On synthetic material.

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Year	Locality	Temp (K)
0013330	Minium	Gavarri J R, Weigel D (1975) Oxydes de plomb. I. structure cristalline du minium Pb3O4, a temperature ambiante (293 K) Journal of Solid State Chemistry 13 252-257	1975	synthetic	293
0013354	Minium	Gavarri J R, Weigel D, Hewat A W (1978) Oxydes de plomb. IV. Evolution structurale de l'oxyde Pb3O4 entre 240 et 5 K et mecanisme de la transition Journal of Solid State Chemistry 23 327-339	1978	synthetic	293
0013355	Minium	Gavarri J R, Weigel D, Hewat A W (1978) Oxydes de plomb. IV. Evolution structurale de l'oxyde Pb3O4 entre 240 et 5 K et mecanisme de la transition Journal of Solid State Chemistry 23 327-339	1978	synthetic	293
0013356	Minium	Gavarri J R, Weigel D, Hewat A W (1978) Oxydes de plomb. IV. Evolution structurale de l'oxyde Pb3O4 entre 240 et 5 K et mecanisme de la transition Journal of Solid State Chemistry 23 327-339	1978	synthetic	293
0013357	Minium	Gavarri J R, Weigel D, Hewat A W (1978) Oxydes de plomb. IV. Evolution structurale de l'oxyde Pb3O4 entre 240 et 5 K et mecanisme de la transition Journal of Solid State Chemistry 23 327-339	1978	synthetic	293
0013358	Minium	Gavarri J R, Weigel D, Hewat A W (1978) Oxydes de plomb. IV. Evolution structurale de l'oxyde Pb3O4 entre 240 et 5 K et mecanisme de la transition Journal of Solid State Chemistry 23 327-339	1978	synthetic	293
0014078	Minium	Gross S T (1943) The crystal structure of Pb3O4 Journal of the American Chemical Society 65 1107-1110	1943	synthetic	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Minium'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Gavarri J R'
'Weigel D'
_journal_name_full 'Journal of Solid State Chemistry'
_journal_volume 13 
_journal_year 1975
_journal_page_first 252
_journal_page_last 257
_publ_section_title
;
 Oxydes de plomb. I. structure cristalline du minium Pb3O4, a temperature
 ambiante (293 K)
 Sample: T = 293 K
;
_database_code_amcsd 0013330
_chemical_compound_source 'Synthetic'
_chemical_formula_sum 'Pb3 O4'
_cell_length_a 8.811
_cell_length_b 8.811
_cell_length_c 6.563
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 509.510
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      8.938
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'P 42/m b c'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  '1/2-y,1/2-x,1/2+z'
  '1/2+y,1/2+x,1/2-z'
  'y,-x,1/2-z'
  '-y,x,1/2+z'
  '1/2+x,1/2-y,z'
  '1/2-x,1/2+y,-z'
  'x,y,-z'
  '-x,-y,z'
  '1/2+y,1/2+x,1/2+z'
  '1/2-y,1/2-x,1/2-z'
  '-y,x,1/2-z'
  'y,-x,1/2+z'
  '1/2-x,1/2+y,z'
  '1/2+x,1/2-y,-z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
Pb4+   0.00000   0.50000   0.25000
Pb2+   0.14000   0.16300   0.00000
O1   0.67100   0.17100   0.25000
O2   0.09600   0.63700   0.00000

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
3.38 Å	(100)
3.113 Å	(20)
2.903 Å	(50)
2.787 Å	(45)
2.632 Å	(30)
1.903 Å	(20)
1.775 Å	(30)

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event	<2.4
47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals]
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals	<10 Ka
55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals
56 : Slag and smelter minerals (see also #51 and #55)

Geological Setting:

A rare secondary alteration mineral. Also formed during mine fires.

Synonyms of MiniumHide

Minio

Red Lead

Lead Oxide (in part)

Other Language Names for MiniumHide

German:Mennige
Minium (Synonym)

Russian:Сурик

Simplified Chinese:铅丹
铅华

Relationship of Minium to other SpeciesHide

Member of:

Minium Group

Other Members of this group:

Igelströmite	Fe³⁺(SbPb)O₄	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mbc
Manganoschafarzikite	MnSb₂O₄	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mbc
Schafarzikite	Fe²⁺Sb³⁺₂O₄	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mbc
Trippkeite	Cu²⁺As³⁺₂O₄	Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4₂/mbc

Common AssociatesHide

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:

22 photos of Minium associated with Cerussite	PbCO₃
21 photos of Minium associated with Mimetite	Pb₅(AsO₄)₃Cl
18 photos of Minium associated with Galena	PbS
13 photos of Minium associated with Quartz	SiO₂
13 photos of Minium associated with Anglesite	PbSO₄
8 photos of Minium associated with Wulfenite	Pb(MoO₄)
8 photos of Minium associated with Lead	Pb
6 photos of Minium associated with Gypsum	CaSO₄ · 2H₂O
6 photos of Minium associated with Baryte	BaSO₄
6 photos of Minium associated with Descloizite	PbZn(VO₄)(OH)

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

4.BD.05

Minium Group

AB₂O₄ (A: divalent, trivalent or tetravalent cation; B: mostly trivalent cations)

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

Contains lead - always wash hands after handling. Avoid inhaling dust when handling or breaking. Never lick or ingest.

Internet Links for MiniumHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-2721.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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External Links:

Look for Minium on Webmineral

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Look for Minium on Mineralien Atlas

Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

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References for MiniumHide

Reference List:

Smithson, J. (1806) Account of a discovery of native minium. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: 96: 267-268.

Blunt, Thomas P. (1875) Notice on the analysis of minium or red lead. The Chemical News: 32: 3-4.

Darbyshire, J.A. (1932) An X-ray examination of the oxides of lead. Journal of the Chemical Society of London: 211-219.

Gross, S.T. (1943) The crystal structure of Pb3O4. Journal of the American Chemical Society: 65: 1107-1110.

Palache, C., Berman, H., Frondel, C. (1944) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Seventh edition, Volume I: 517-519.

Winchell, N. and H. Winchell (1964). "The microscopical characters of artificial inorganic substances: Optical properties of artificial minerals." Academic Press, New York London. Republication of Third Edition by Mc Crone Research Institute, Chicago, Il, 1989. page 400

Welin, E. (1968) Notes on the mineralogy of Sweden 6. X-ray powder data for minerals from Långban and the related mineral deposits of Central Sweden. Arkiv för Mineralogi och Geologi, 4. 499-541

Gavarri, J.R., Weigel, D. (1975) Oxydes de plomb. I. structure cristalline du minium Pb3O4, à température ambiante (293 K). Journal of Solid State Chemistry: 13: 252-257.

Gavarri, J.R., Calvarin, G., Weigel, D. (1975) Oxydes de plomb. II. Etude structurale à 5 K de la phase orthorhombique de l‘oxyde Pb3O4. Journal of Solid State Chemistry: 14: 91-98.

Gavarri, J.R., Weigel, D., Hewat, A.W. (1978) Oxydes de plomb. IV. Evolution structurale de l´oxyde Pb3O4 entre 240 et 5°K et mécanisme de la transition. Journal of Solid State Chemistry: 23: 327-339.

Black, L., Allen, G.C., Frost, P.C. (1995) Quantification of Raman spectra for the primary atmospheric corrosion products of lead. Applied spectroscopy: 49(9): 1299-1304.

Eastaugh, Nicholas, Walsh, Valentine, Chaplin, Tracey, Siddall, Ruth (2004) Pigment Compendium - A Dictionary of Historical Pigments. Elsevier, Oxford. doi:10.4324/9780080473765

(2023) Minium. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Holtstam, D., Langhof, J., Friis, H., Karlsson, A., Erambert, M. (2024) Igelströmite, Fe³⁺(Sb³⁺Pb²⁺)O₄, and manganoschafarzikite, Mn²⁺Sb³⁺₂O₄, two new members of the newly established minium group, from the L\aangban Mn–Fe deposit, Värmland, Sweden. European Journal of Mineralogy, 36 (2) 311-322 doi:10.5194/ejm-36-311-2024

Localities for MiniumHide

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Australia
New South Wales Yancowinna Co. Broken Hill district ⓘ Broken Hill	Worner et al. (et al)
ⓘ Broken Hill Proprietary Mine	Worner et al. (et al)
Broken Hill South Mine (BHS Mine; South Mine) ⓘ Central Mine (Block 9; ML 9)	Sharon Cisneros collection
ⓘ Kintore opencut	Mineralogical Mag. Dec 1990
South Australia Flinders Ranges North Flinders Ranges Mount Lyndhurst station ⓘ Avondale Mine	Noble
Wirrealpa homestead area ⓘ Wirrealpa Mine (Flinders Range Silver Lead NL; Donkey Bore Prospect)	Sorrell (n.d.)

Austria
Carinthia Villach-Land District Paternion Kellerberg Kroislerwand ⓘ A10 Highway tunnel	Niedermayr et al. (1995)
Lower Austria Melk District Dunkelsteinerwald Häusling ⓘ In der Luck’n	Knobloch et al. (2018)
Salzburg Zell am See District Rauris Alteck - Hoher Sonnblick area Kolm-Saigurn ⓘ Slag localities	Strasser (1989)
ⓘ Astenschmiede slag locality	Niedermayr et al. (2009)
Tyrol Reutte District Biberwier ⓘ Silberleithe (Silberleithen; Silberleiten)	Dittler (1916)

Belgium
Wallonia Liège Lontzen ⓘ Erlenbach mine	Michel BLONDIEAU et al. (2018)
Namur Rochefort Ave-et-Auffe Roptai forest ⓘ Baryte mine	Blondieau (1997)
ⓘ Lorette cave

Bolivia
Cochabamba Mizque Province ⓘ Quioma mine	Alfredo Petrov and Jaroslav Hyrsl ...

Bulgaria
Haskovo Province Madzharovo Municipality Madzharovo ⓘ Madzharovo deposit	Kostov et al :Minerals of Bulgaria (1964) +1 other reference

Canada
British Columbia Slocan Mining Division Lardeau ⓘ Moonshine Mine	Richard Gunter specimen
Yukon Mayo mining district ⓘ Galena Hill	Dawson Creek +1 other reference
ⓘ Keno Hill	Dawson Creek +1 other reference

Chile
Antofagasta Antofagasta Province Cerro Palestina Estación Cerro Negro Magallanes district ⓘ Suerte Tercera mine	W. T Holberton (1920)

China
Qinghai Gyêgu Autonomous Prefecture (Yushu Autonomous Prefecture) Nangqên Co. (Nanqian Co.) Mozhong (Maozhuang) ⓘ Ridanguo Pb occurrence	Qunxi Zhang et al. (2006)
Shaanxi Weinan Huayin City ⓘ Huayangchuan U-Nb-Pb deposit	Xiaochao Hui (2014)
Tibet Shannan Prefecture (Lhokha Prefecture; Lhoka Prefecture) Cona Co. (Cuona Co.) Zhaxikang ore district ⓘ Zhaxikang Pb-Zn-Ag-Sb deposit (Zaxikang Pb-Zn-Ag-Sb deposit)	Bin Lin et al. (2013)
ⓘ Xinjiang	Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.)
Yili Hasake Autonomous Prefecture (Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture) Aletai Prefecture (Altay Prefecture) Habahe Co. (Kaba Co.; Qaba Co.) ⓘ Duolanasayi Mine (Duolanashayi Mine; Duonalasayi Mine)	Huliang Xiao et al. (2003)

Czech Republic
Plzeň Region Tachov District ⓘ Stříbro	Pauliš +3 other references
Prague ⓘ Na Slupi site	Ettler et al. (2015)

France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Haute-Loire Brioude Ally La Rodde mine ⓘ Saint-Paul vein (Les Romains vein)	J.J. Périchaud : "Les Gisements Métalliques du District à Antimoine de Brioude-Massiac (Massif-Central Français)
Loire Roanne Le Crozet ⓘ ~~Les Rats Mine slag dumps~~
Rhône Villefranche-sur-Saône Les Ardillats ⓘ La Verrière (Montchonay)	Favreau G. et al. (1996)
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Saône-et-Loire Autun Saint-Prix ⓘ Les Molérats Mine	ASSELBORN E. (1982)
Brittany Finistère Châteaulin Poullaouen ⓘ La Fonderie slag locality	Germain C. et al. (1990)
Grand Est Moselle Forbach-Boulay-Moselle Saint-Avold ⓘ Castelberg	Anthony et al. (1997)
Occitanie Ariège Saint-Girons Aulus-les-Bains ⓘ Laquorre Mine ?	Gol (2014)
Aude Narbonne Padern ⓘ Tistoulet mine	Favreau et al. (2003)
Palairac ⓘ Monthaut Iron Mines ?	Berbain et al. (2005)
Aveyron Villefranche-de-Rouergue Asprières ⓘ Bréziès	Leconte J. et al. (2016)
Gard Le Vigan Alzon ⓘ Valcroze ?	Robert PECORINI (2016)

Gabon
Haut-Ogooué Province Léboumbi-Leyou Department ⓘ Oklo Mine	Janusz Janeczek (1999)

Germany
Baden-Württemberg Freiburg Region Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald Badenweiler Badenweiler Pb mining district Sehringen ⓘ Haus Baden Mine	Walenta (1992)
Müllheim ⓘ Altemann cliff	Walenta (1992)
Staufen im Breisgau ⓘ Etzenbach	Gruber (2000)
Emmendingen Gutach im Breisgau Bleibach ⓘ Siensbach Mine	Walenta (1992)
Lörrach Aitern ⓘ Aitern Süd Mine	Lapis 21 (12)
Ortenaukreis Gengenbach Gengenbach ⓘ Silberbrünnle Mine	Wittern (1995)
Hausach Hausach ⓘ Erzengel Gabriel Mine (Gabriel Mine)	[Wittern (1995)
Hesse Darmstadt Main-Kinzig-Kreis Freigericht Altenmittlau ⓘ Schmitt dolomite quarry	Emser Hefte 1988 (1) +1 other reference
Giessen Region Limburg-Weilburg Villmar Langhecke ⓘ Alter Mann & Roter Küppel Mines	Weiß (1990)
Weilmünster Laubuseschbach ⓘ Mehlbach Mine	Weiß (1990)
Lower Saxony Goslar District Braunlage ⓘ St Andreasberg
Clausthal-Zellerfeld Oberschulenberg ⓘ Glücksrad Mine	Lapis (1)
ⓘ Silver smelter slag locality	Luetcke (n.d.)
Göttingen District Bad Grund Bergstadt Bad Grund Iberg ⓘ Winterberg Quarry	Schnorrer et al. (2002) +1 other reference
Oder valley ⓘ Morgenstern Mine	Schnorrer-Köhler (1984)
ⓘ Neue Weintraube Mine	Gröbner (2007)
North Rhine-Westphalia Arnsberg Hochsauerlandkreis Bestwig ⓘ Ramsbeck	Wittern (2001)
Sundern Bönkhausen ⓘ Churfürst Ernst Mine	Lapis (2)
Siegen-Wittgenstein Burbach ⓘ Peterszeche mine	Wittern (2001)
ⓘ Schöne Aussicht Mine
Hilchenbach Müsen ⓘ Brüche Mine	Matthias Reinhardt (2011)
ⓘ Stahlberg Mine (Schwabengrube)	Weiß (1990)
ⓘ Wildermann Mine	Weiß (1990)
Kreuztal Littfeld ⓘ Heinrichssegen Mine	Weiß (1990)
Cologne Düren Kreuzau Leversbach ⓘ Aurora Mine	Graf et al. (1992)
Euskirchen Kall ⓘ Copper smelter slag locality	Blaß et al. (1995)
ⓘ Mechernich	[Hintze et al. (1961)
Oberbergischer Kreis Engelskirchen Loope ⓘ Castor Mine ?	Habel et al. (2009)
Reichshof Zimmerseifen ⓘ Alter Bleiberg Mine	Weiß (1990)
Düsseldorf Essen Dellwig ⓘ Christian Levin coal mine	Weiß (1990)
Mettmann Velbert ⓘ Prinz Wilhelm II Mine (Wilhelm II Mine)	Lapis 1988 (1)
Rützkausen ⓘ Josephine Mine	Lapis 1988 (1)
Wülfrath Flandersbach ⓘ Ferdinande Mine	Lapis 1988 (1)
Rohdenhaus ⓘ Rohdenhaus Quarry (incl. Krieger Quarry)	Lapis 1988 (1)
Rhineland-Palatinate Altenkirchen Altenkirchen-Flammersfeld ⓘ Horhausen	Anthony et al. (1997)
Bitburg-Prüm Prüm Bleialf Neue Hoffnung Mine ⓘ Bertha shaft	Weiß (1990)
ⓘ Minium occurrence	Paul Bongaerts collection
Mayen-Koblenz Vordereifel Langenfeld St Jost ⓘ Bendisberg Mine	Graf et al. (1991)
Sankt Johann ⓘ Silbersand Mine	Noeggerath (1855)
Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis Hunsrück-Mittelrhein Sankt Goar ⓘ Werlau	Weiß (1990)
Rhein-Lahn-Kreis Lahnstein Friedrichssegen ⓘ Friedrichssegen Mine	Weiß (1990)
Loreley Sankt Goarshausen ⓘ Wellmich	Wittern (2001)
Saxony-Anhalt Harz Oberharz am Brocken Tanne ⓘ Giepenbach Mine (Gertrud Mine)	Gröbner et al. (2011)
Saxony Erzgebirgskreis Zschopau ⓘ Heilige Dreifaltigkeit Mine	Wittern (2001)

Greece
Attica East Attica Lavreotiki Lavrion Mining District Agios Konstantinos (Kamariza) ⓘ Kamariza mines (Kamareza mines)
Legrena Valley Megala Pefka Mines ⓘ Megala Pefka Mine No. 28 ("Sigia Mine")	Lapis et al. (1999)
Lophos Agrileza mines ⓘ Fernando Mine No. 1	Lapis et al. (1999)
ⓘ Maria Mine	Rieck et al. (2018)
Plaka Plaka Mines ⓘ Adami Mine No. 2
ⓘ Lavrion slag localities	Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1982)
ⓘ Agios Nikolaos Cove slag locality
ⓘ Harakas Cove slag locality	Fritz Schreiber collection
ⓘ Lavrion Port slag locality
ⓘ Oxygon Cove slag locality
ⓘ Panormos Cove slag locality
ⓘ Passa Limani Cove slag locality	Gelaude et al. (1996)
ⓘ Sounion Cove slag locality	Gelaude et al. (1996)
ⓘ Thorikos Bay slag locality	Gelaude et al. (1996)
ⓘ Tourkolimanon Cove slag locality
ⓘ Vrissaki Point slag locality	Gelaude et al. (1996)
South Aegean Thira Santorini Island ⓘ Akrotiri	Sotiropoulou et al. (2010)

Hungary
Fejér County Székesfehérvár District Szabadbattyán ⓘ Lead mine	Szakáll: Minerals of Szár Hill

Iran
Isfahan Province Nain County Anarak District Chah Milleh (Chah-Mileh; Tchah-Mille) ⓘ Chah Milleh Mine (Chah Mileh Mine; Tchah-Mille Mine)
ⓘ Kali Kafi Mine	P Haas collection
Yazd Province Bafq County ⓘ Ahmad Abad Mine	Javanshir. A. 2007. Mineralogy et al. (Mo)

Italy
Campania Naples ⓘ Somma-Vesuvius Complex	Pelloux A. (1927)
Liguria Savona Province Castelvecchio di Rocca Barbena ⓘ Zuccarello (Rian Gianco)	Gramaccioli (1975)
Rialto ⓘ Bric Gettina Mine	Balestra et al. (2011)
Lombardy Bergamo Province Camerata Cornello ⓘ Cespedosio	Bertolini A. Rivista Mineralogica ...
Dossena ⓘ Paglio Pignolino Mine	Maida (2002)
Oltre il Colle Vedra Valley Zorzone ⓘ Zorzone Mine	Maida (2002)
Stabina valley ⓘ Valtorta	Maida (2002)
Sardinia ⓘ Sarrabus	De Michele (1974)
South Sardinia Province Burcei ⓘ Is Luargius Prospect	AA. VV.
ⓘ Nicola Secci Mine	Stara et al. (1993)
Domusnovas ⓘ Maciurru Mine	Stara et al. (1996)
ⓘ Reigraxius Mine	Stara
Gonnesa ⓘ San Giovanneddu Mine (S'Ega Porceddu)	Stara et al. (1996)
Guspini ⓘ Montevecchio Mines	Preite et al. (2007)
Iglesias Bindua ⓘ San Giovanni Mine	Fiori et al. (1999)
ⓘ Genna Ruxitta (Rosita) Mine	Stara
ⓘ Malacalzetta Mine	Stara et al. (1996)
ⓘ Monteponi Mine	De Michele (1974)
ⓘ Seddas Moddizzis Mine	AA. VV.
San Vito ⓘ Monte Narba Mine	Traverso (1898) +1 other reference
Trentino-Alto Adige (Trentino-South Tyrol) Trento Province (Trentino) Vignola-Falesina ⓘ Rio Ricet mine ("Rio Menegol") ?	Paolo Gasparetto et al. (2014)
Tuscany Grosseto Province Massa Marittima ⓘ Stregaio Valley and Monte Gai mines	Bazzoni et al. (2007)
Montieri Gerfalco ⓘ Podere Montevecchio (Podere Montevecchio Mine; Miniera della Sambuca)	Bazzoni et al. (2001)
Livorno Province Livorno ⓘ Calafuria quarry ?	Bonifazi (2020)
ⓘ Sassoscritto ?	Bonifazi (2020)

Mexico
Chihuahua Aquiles Serdán Municipality Santa Eulalia Mining District East Camp ⓘ San Antonio Mine	Panczner (1987)
West Camp Francisco Portillo ⓘ Potosí Mine	Panczner (1987)
Manuel Benavides Municipality Manuel Benavides ⓘ Dos Marias Mine	Panczner (1987)
ⓘ Tres Marias mine	Saini-Eidukat et al.
Coahuila Múzquiz Municipality La Encantada mining district ⓘ La Encantada Mine	Diaz-Unzueta (1987)
Durango Mapimí Municipality Mapimí ⓘ Ojuela Mine	Rocks & Min.: 56:247.
ⓘ America Poniente ?	Thomas P. Moore (2008)
Hidalgo Zimapán Municipality Zimapán ⓘ Lomo Deltoro Mine	Panczner (1987)
Jalisco Bolaños Municipality Bolaños ⓘ Santa Fé Mine	Dana 7:I:518. +1 other reference
Sonora Arizpe Municipality ⓘ Arizpe	Michael W. Kieron collection
Zacatecas ⓘ Concepción del Oro Municipality	King (n.d.)

Morocco
Drâa-Tafilalet Region Midelt Province ⓘ Mibladen mining district	Jébrak et al. (1998)
Midelt Cercle Aït Oufella Caïdat Mibladen ⓘ Zeida Pb deposit	Jébrak et al. (1998)

Namibia
Oshikoto Region Tsumeb ⓘ Tsumeb Mine (Ongopolo Mine)	Gebhard (1999)
Otjozondjupa Region Grootfontein Constituency Abenab ⓘ Abenab West Mine	Rocks & Min.: 23:606 +1 other reference
ⓘ Berg Aukas Mine	von Bezing (2007)

New Zealand
Waikato Region Matamata-Piako District Te Aroha ⓘ Tui Mine	Courtney et al. (1990)

Norway
Agder Evje og Hornnes Ås ⓘ Ås 2 Feldspar Quarry	Budzyń et al. (2023)
Trøndelag Hitra Hitra Island Melandsjø mining field Meland Mines ⓘ Roven	Witsø (1998)

Portugal
Beja Castro Verde Castro Verde e Casével ⓘ Herdade da Misericórdia Mine	Pedro Alves collection and analytical ...
Odemira São Luís ⓘ Torgal Mine	Pedro Alves collection and analytical ...

Romania
Teleorman County ⓘ Blejeşti	Hansen et al. (2019)

Russia
Altai Krai Zmeinogorsky District ⓘ Zmeinogorsk Mine (Zmyeinogorsk Mine)	John C. White collection via Southwest Scientific Company--Hamilton (reference added by Dana Slaughter)
Murmansk Oblast Khibiny Massif Eveslogchorr Mt ⓘ Astrophyllite Stream	Yurii P. Men'shikov data
ⓘ ~~N'orkpakhk Mt~~	maurice.strahlen.org (2003)
Primorsky Krai Dalnegorsk Urban District ⓘ Dalnegorsk	Grant et al. (2001)

Serbia
Central Serbia Moravica District Gornji Milanovac ⓘ Rudnik Mine (Mount Rudnik; Rudnik Deposit)	Pačevski et al. (2018)

Slovakia
Košice Region Rožňava District ⓘ Ochtiná	Koděra (1986)

Slovenia
ⓘ Mežica	Grafenauer (1960) +1 other reference

South Africa
Gauteng City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality ⓘ Edendale Lead Mine	Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference
Mpumalanga Nkangala District Municipality Victor Khanye Local Municipality Delmas ⓘ Argent	De Jager (1966) +1 other reference
ⓘ Argent Mines	Cairncross et al. (1995)
Dwarsfontein Farm Transvaal Mine ⓘ East Trench	SAMS (South African Micromount Society)
North West Bojanala Platinum District Municipality Madibeng Local Municipality Brits Leeuwenkloof Farm ⓘ Leeuwenkloof Mine	Cairncross et al. (1995)
Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality Ditsobotla Local Municipality ⓘ Doornhoek Mine	Rocks & Min.: 20:429.
ⓘ Kafferskraal Farm	Cairncross et al. (1995)
ⓘ Transvaal	Natural History Museum Vienna collection (sample from 1894) +2 other references

South Korea
North Chungcheong province Yeongdong County ⓘ Samhwanghak mine	Econ Geol 92 (1997)

Spain
Andalusia Málaga Este (District 2; Málaga-Este) ⓘ Mina el Candado	Romero Silva JC (2003)
Catalonia Barcelona Vallès Oriental Sant Fost de Campsentelles ⓘ Can Rovira quarry (Can Rovireta quarry)	Joan Rosell (2022)
Tarragona Priorat Bellmunt del Priorat ⓘ La Cresta mine	Joan Abella i Creus (2008)

Sweden
Värmland County Filipstad Långban Ore District ⓘ Långban Mine	Dr. Gunter Grundmann collection

Switzerland
Ticino Lugano ⓘ Novaggio	Le Cristallier Suisse (7)
ⓘ Ponte Aranno	Vanini F. et al. (1998)
Valais Entremont Sembrancher ⓘ Les Trappistes	Stalder et al. (1998)
Martigny Mont Chemin mining district ⓘ Crettaz Mine

Tajikistan
Sughd Mastchoh District ⓘ Kanjol Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu deposit	Turlychkin et al. (1972)

Turkmenistan
Lebap South Tien-Shan Mountains Kugitangtau Ridge ⓘ Kap-Kutan Cave System (Karljuk Cave System; Cupp-Coutunn Cave)	Lapis 17 (2)

UK
England Cheshire Alderley Edge ⓘ Engine Vein Mine
Cornwall Crantock ⓘ The Gannel Smelter slag locality	BMS Newsletter 79 (http://britishmicromountsociety.homestead.com/Gannell-Smelter.html)
Derbyshire Derbyshire Dales District Matlock ⓘ Masson Hill and mines ?	Ford et al. (1993)
South Darley ⓘ Old Millclose Mine ?	Ford et al. (1993) +1 other reference
North Yorkshire Craven Grassington ⓘ Grassington Moor	F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy" (1900)
ⓘ Turf Pits Mine (West Turf Pits Mine)	Dunham et al. (2nd Edition)
Harrogate High and Low Bishopside Greenhow ⓘ Duck Street Quarry	Day (1999)
Shropshire Snailbeach ⓘ Snailbeach Mine	Hall (1868)
Scotland South Lanarkshire Leadhills ⓘ Susanna Mine (Glennery Scar vein; Susanna vein [Scar vein]; Portobello vein; Humby vein; Lead vein)
Wales Isle of Anglesey Amlwch ⓘ Parys Mountain Mines

USA
Arizona Cochise County ⓘ Bisbee	Anthony et al. (1995)
Chiricahua Mountains California Mining District (Chiricahua Mining District) ⓘ El Tigre Mine (Sampson Mine)	Luetcke (n.d.)
ⓘ Hilltop Mine	Luetcke (n.d.)
Cochise Mining District Dragoon ⓘ Unnamed W-Cu prospect	Luetcke (n.d.)
Gunnison Hills ⓘ Texas Arizona Mine	Luetcke (n.d.)
Dragoon District (Golden Rule District) ⓘ Golden Rule Mine	Luetcke (n.d.)
Tombstone Mining District ⓘ Manila Mine	Luetcke (n.d.)
Graham County Aravaipa Mining District Klondyke Grand Reef Mountain Laurel Canyon ⓘ Grand Reef Mine	Mandarino (1996)
La Paz County Harquahala Mining District ⓘ Alaskan Mine (Alaskan claim)	Wilson et al. (1934)
Silver Mining District ⓘ Hamburg Mine (Hamburg claim; Hamburg prospect; Blake)	Bancroft et al. (1990)
ⓘ Melissa Mine	Luetcke (n.d.)
ⓘ North Geronimo Mine	Wilson (1933)
ⓘ Red Cloud Mine	Rocks & Min.: 61:55-56 +1 other reference
ⓘ Silver King Mine (Silver King claim)	Anthony et al. (1995)
ⓘ Trigo Mountains	Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference
ⓘ Maricopa County	Anthony et al. (1995)
Osborn Mining District Hummingbird Springs ⓘ Moon Anchor Mine	Anthony et al. (1995)
Tonopah Belmont Mountain ⓘ Tonopah-Belmont Mine	Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference
Tiger Wash ⓘ Evening Star Mine (Silver Queen Mine; Old Queen group)
Painted Rock Mountains Painted Rock Mining District Theba ⓘ Rowley Mine	Luetcke (n.d.)
Vulture Mining District ⓘ Potter-Cramer Mine	Anthony et al. (1995)
Mohave County Black Mountains Oatman Mining District Oatman Tom Reed vein ⓘ Big Jim Mine	Galbraith (1959)
Pima County Comobabi Mountains Cababi Mining District (Comobabi Mining District) ⓘ Beacon claim	Anthony et al. (1995)
Ko Vaya Mildren Mine group ⓘ Mildren Mine (Mildren claim; Mildred Mine)	Williams et al. (1963) +1 other reference
ⓘ Silver-Lead claim	Anthony et al. (1995)
ⓘ Deering Spring	Collected by Donn Cuson 2000
Empire Mountains Empire Mining District Hilton (Lead Mountain) Copper Camp Hilton Mines Prince Mine group ⓘ Chief Mine (Chief claim)	Luetcke (n.d.)
Tucson Mountains Amole Mining District Tucson Mountain District Saguaro National Park ⓘ Old Yuma Mine (Yuma Mine)	Michael Cline and Michael C. Roarke ...
Pinal County Mammoth Mining District Tiger St. Anthony deposit ⓘ Mammoth-Saint Anthony Mine	Bideaux (1980) +1 other reference
Silver Reef Mining District Tat Momoli Mountains Chuichu area Silver Reef Mountains area White Horse Pass area ⓘ Silver Reef Mine (Reef Mine; Cholla Mine; Silver Nugget Mine)	Anthony et al. (1995)
Tortilla Mountains Ripsey Mining District Ripsey Hill area ⓘ Florence Mine (Florence Lead Silver Mine)	Williams et al. (1970) +1 other reference
Santa Cruz County Patagonia Mountains Harshaw Mining District Alum Gulch Flux Gulch ⓘ Flux Mine (Goshen Mine)	Schrader (1915) +1 other reference
Tyndall Mining District Cottonwood Canyon ⓘ Glove Mine group (Zombie & Zeco claims; Festiago-Franklin; Blacksmith adit)	Luetcke (n.d.)
ⓘ Glove Mine (Sunrise Mine)	Luetcke (n.d.)
Yavapai County Bradshaw Mountains (Bradshaw Range) Castle Creek Mining District Copperopolis ⓘ Champie Mine (Lehman Mine; Lehman Copper Mine; Lone Star Mine; UFO claims; Cersa Moje 1-7 claims; Rhoades-Iola claims)	Luetcke (n.d.)
Yuma County ⓘ Castle Dome Mountains	Anthony et al. (1995)
ⓘ Castle Dome Mining District	Galbraith (1959)
ⓘ Sheep Claim Mine (Sheep claim)	Wilson (1933)
Neversweat Ridge-Palomas Mountains Neversweat Mining District (Palomas Mountains Mining District) Neversweat Ridge ⓘ Silver Prince Mine (Nottbusch Mine; Addie prospect; Addie group)	Wilson (1933)
California Imperial County Chocolate Mountains Paymaster Mining District Midway Well ⓘ President Claim	Walstrom (n.d.)
Inyo County Darwin Hills ⓘ Darwin Mining District	Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 184 +2 other references
Inyo Mts (Inyo Range) Cerro Gordo Mining District Cerro Gordo ⓘ Cerro Gordo Mine
Panamint Mts (Panamint Range) Carbonate Mining District Warm Spring ⓘ Queen of Sheba Mine	Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 184. +2 other references
Kern County Fort Tejon (Old Fort Tejon) ⓘ Unspecified Pb occurrence [3]	Murdoch (1966)
Los Angeles County Azusa (Dalton) ⓘ ~~Felix Mine~~	Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 184 +3 other references
Mono County Benton Range ⓘ Blind Spring Mining District (Blind Spring Hill Mining District; Benton Mining District)	Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 184. +2 other references
Benton ⓘ Blind Spring Hill	King (n.d.)
ⓘ Rockingham Mine	Hoffman (1878) +1 other reference
Riverside County Jurupa Valley Crestmore Crestmore quarries Sky Blue Hill ⓘ Commercial Quarry	Rocks & Min.:64:503.
ⓘ Tulare County	Irelan et al. (1890a) +1 other reference
Colorado Clear Creek County ⓘ Georgetown-Silver Plume Mining District (Griffith Mining District; Silver Plume Mining District)	Eckel et al. (1997)
Lamartine Mining District ⓘ Freeland Mine & Extension Mine (Extension Line Shaft; Minnie Tunnel; Diamond Tunnel; Platt Tunnel; Freeland Shaft)	Dana 6:1089.
Gilpin County ⓘ Central City Mining District (Central Mining District)	Eckel et al. (1997)
Gunnison County ⓘ Ruby Mining District (Elk Mountain Mining District; Irwin Mining District)	Eckel et al. (1997)
Hinsdale County ⓘ Tuckerville prospects	Luetcke (n.d.)
Lake County Iron Hill ⓘ A.Y. Mine	Geology and Mining Industry of Leadville
California Gulch ⓘ Dome Mine	Geology and Mining Industry of Leadville
ⓘ Lime Mine	Geology and Mining Industry of Leadville
ⓘ Rock Mine	Dana 6: 231.
ⓘ Smuggler Mine	Geology and Mining Industry of Leadville
ⓘ Iron Mine	Geology and Mining Industry of Leadville
ⓘ Oro la Plata Mine	Geology and Mining Industry of Leadville
ⓘ Silver Cord Mine	Geology and Mining Industry of Leadville
ⓘ Silver Wave Mine	Geology and Mining Industry of Leadville
ⓘ Stone Mine	Dana 6: 1090.
Leadville Breece Hill ⓘ Ibex Mine	Mineralogical Record:16 (3)
Pitkin County ⓘ Aspen Mining District (Roaring Fork Mining District)	Eckel et al. (1997)
San Juan County ⓘ Dutchman lode	Eckel et al. (1997)
San Miguel County ⓘ Lower San Miguel Mining District	Eckel et al. (1997)
Connecticut Middlesex County Middletown ⓘ Middletown lead mines (Middletown Mine)	Schooner (circa 1980s)
Idaho Blaine County Mineral Hill Mining District ⓘ Lark Mine (Plughof Mine)	Ream (2004)
Wood River Mining District ⓘ Jay Gould Mine	Dana 7:I:103
Custer County ⓘ Bay Horse Mining District	Rocks & Min. 70:249-250.
Ramshorn Mountain ⓘ Ramshorn Mine (Beardsley Mine; Excelsior)	Ream (1995)
Lemhi County Gilmore Mining District (Texas Mining District) Gilmore ⓘ Democrat Mine	Ream (1995)
Spring Mountain Mining District ⓘ Pittsburg-Idaho Mine (Silver Dollar; 16 To 1; Gilmore; Neversweat; United Idaho Mining Company; Silver Dollar Prospect; Martha Claim; Roy Lauer Claim)	Ream (1995)
Owyhee County ⓘ South Mountain Mining District	Rocks & Min. 70:255
ⓘ Golconda Mine	Ream (2004)
ⓘ Laxey Mine	Ream (2004)
Shoshone County Evolution Mining District ⓘ Silver Dollar Mine	Ream (1995)
Missouri Franklin County ⓘ Franklin County Lead Mining District	Sherwood et al. (1998)
ⓘ Cove Mine	Dana 6:1083.
ⓘ Mine à Burton	Dana 6:1083.
ⓘ Virginia Mine	Dana 6: 1083. +1 other reference
Montana Meagher County Castle Mountain Mining District ⓘ Little Jumbo mine	USGS Bull 139
Nevada Clark County Spring Mountains Goodsprings Mining District ⓘ Fredrickson Mine	Haynes (2007)
ⓘ Milford Mine	Castor et al. (2004)
ⓘ Monte Cristo Mine	Castor et al. (2004)
ⓘ Singer Mine	Hayes et al. (2008)
Elko County Jarbidge Mining District ⓘ Cougar Mountain prospect	Tom Moore 2008 Tucson Report
Eureka County ⓘ Eureka Mining District	Castor et al. (2004)
Sulphur Spring Range ⓘ Alpha Mining District	Clive Bailen
Cougar Hill ⓘ Klondike project	Luetcke (n.d.)
Lincoln County ⓘ Pioche Mining District	Castor et al. (2004)
Mineral County ⓘ Broken Hills Mining District ?	Castor et al. (2004)
Silver Star Mining District ⓘ Dispozitch Mine (Disposish Mine)	NBMG Bull 58 Geology and Mineral ...
Nye County Toquima Range Manhattan Mining District Manhattan ⓘ White Caps Mine ?	Castor et al. (2004)
Pershing County Antelope Springs Mining District ⓘ Red Bird Mine	American Mineralogist 37:438-446
White Pine County White Pine Mining District ⓘ Mount Hamilton	Castor et al. (2004)
New Hampshire Carroll County Madison ⓘ Madison Lead Mine ?	Smith (2005)
New Mexico Grant County ⓘ Eureka Mining District	Northrop et al. (1996)
Santa Fe County ⓘ New Placers District	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ Carnahan Mine (Lincoln-Lucky Mine) ?	R & J DeMark Minerals of the Carnahan ...
Sierra County ⓘ Caballo Mountains Mining District	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ Hillsboro Mining District	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ York claim	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ Wilson prospect	Northrop et al. (1996)
Socorro County ⓘ Socorro Peak Mining District	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ Water Canyon Mining District	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ Buckeye Mine	Northrop et al. (1996)
New York St. Lawrence County Balmat-Edwards Zinc Mining District ⓘ Balmat	NY State Museum spec. no. 13929
ⓘ U.S. Virgin Islands	Alminas +2 other references
Utah Iron County ⓘ Cedar City	Luetcke (n.d.)
Juab County Tintic Mining District Eureka ⓘ Centennial Eureka Mine	Excalibur Minerals specimen.
Knightville ⓘ Godiva Mine (Godiva Shaft)	Dana 7:I:518.
Mammoth ⓘ Mammoth Mine	American Mineralogist (1969)
ⓘ North Star Mine (Star Consolidated Mine)	Collected by and in the collection of ...
ⓘ Upper dumps	Collected by and in the collection of ...
Utah County East Tintic Mining District ⓘ Burgin Mine	Bullock (1981)
Virginia Wythe County ⓘ Austin's Mine	Dana 6:1073 +1 other reference
New River-Cripple Creek Region ⓘ Austinville-Ivanhoe Mining District	Dietrich (1990)
Wisconsin Iowa County Upper Mississippi Valley Mining District ⓘ Mineral Point area	Palache et al. (834 p.)

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