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Apatite Supergroup

A group of related mineral species

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Photos of Apatite Supergroup (25113)

Apatite Supergroup Gallery Search Photos of Apatite Supergroup

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Fluorapatite

Ipirá complex, Bahia, Brazil

Britholite-(Ce)

Mendig, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

Vanadinite

Mibladen mining district, Midelt Province, Drâa-Tafilalet Region, Morocco

Fluorapatite

Ipirá complex, Bahia, Brazil

Britholite-(Ce)

Mendig, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

Vanadinite

Mibladen mining district, Midelt Province, Drâa-Tafilalet Region, Morocco

Fluorapatite

Ipirá complex, Bahia, Brazil

Britholite-(Ce)

Mendig, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany

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About Apatite SupergroupHide

Formula:

M1₂ M2₃(TO₄)₃ X

M= Ca²⁺, Pb²⁺, Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺, Mn²⁺, Na⁺, Ce³⁺, La³⁺, Y³⁺, Bi³⁺
T= P⁵⁺, As⁵⁺, V⁵⁺, Si⁴⁺, S⁶⁺, B³⁺
X= F^-, (OH)^-, C l^-,O^2-

Crystal System:

Hexagonal

Name:

The supergroup has its name after the generic name apatite first introduced by the German mineralogist Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1786 (Gerards 1786). It is derived from the Greek ἀπατάω (apatao), to deceive, in allusion to apatite often being confused with other minerals (e.g., beryl, milarite).

A supergroup that includes minerals with a generic chemical formula ^IXM1₂^VIIM2₃(^IVTO₄)₃X (Z = 2). A large number of ions may occupy the key sites in the structure, and thus the possible number of distinct minerals is large. The members of the apatite supergroup characteristically show a wide range of substitutional solid solutions. The nomenclature of the apatite supergroup was approved by the IMA in 2010 (Pasero et al. 2010).

Note that the apatite supergroup is broader and includes more minerals than the historically used "apatite group". (The latter is not to be confused with the new approved subgroup of the apatite supergroup, also named the apatite group). It includes arsenate, vanadate, silicate, silicate-sulphate and sulphate minerals.
Based on both crystallographic and chemical criteria the apatite supergroup is divided into five groups: Apatite Group, Hedyphane Group, Belovite Group, Britholite Group and Ellestadite Group.

Fluorapatite, Apatite Group

Hedyphane, Hedyphane Group

Britholite Group

Ellestadite, Ellestadite Group

Belovite-(Ce), Belovite Group

Fluorapatite, Apatite Group

Hedyphane, Hedyphane Group

Britholite Group

Ellestadite, Ellestadite Group

Belovite-(Ce), Belovite Group

Fluorapatite, Apatite Group

Hedyphane, Hedyphane Group

Britholite Group

Ellestadite, Ellestadite Group

Belovite-(Ce), Belovite Group

Bromine concentration in samples analyzed by Dong (2005) is of a trace level (e.g., 57 ppm). A single study (Broska et al., 2014) reports a possible trace-amount occurrence of CN^- (cyanide) admixture in fluorapatite. Vanadium-rich members of the ellestadite group are observed in pyrometamorphic rocks formed in a burning coal-mining dump (Kruszewski, pers. obs.). A manganate(V) (MnO₄^3-) substitution, likely induced by heat treatment, was determined in blue mastodon ivory (hydroxylapatite) bones (Chadefaux et al., 2009).

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

274

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:274:9

GUID
(UUID V4):

6dc61942-4df8-4aab-a04c-ecad22ef39c5

IMA Classification of Apatite SupergroupHide

IMA status notes:

IMA Approved Group Name

Chemistry of Apatite SupergroupHide

Mindat Formula:

M1₂ M2₃(TO₄)₃ X

M= Ca²⁺, Pb²⁺, Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺, Mn²⁺, Na⁺, Ce³⁺, La³⁺, Y³⁺, Bi³⁺
T= P⁵⁺, As⁵⁺, V⁵⁺, Si⁴⁺, S⁶⁺, B³⁺
X= F^-, (OH)^-, C l^-,O^2-

Crystallography of Apatite SupergroupHide

Crystal System:

Hexagonal

Class (H-M):

6/m - Dipyramidal

Space Group:

P6₃/m

Setting:

P6₃/m

Crystallographic forms of Apatite SupergroupHide

Crystal Atlas:

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Apatite no.1 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Apatite no.5 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Apatite no.7 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Apatite no.8 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Apatite no.9 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Apatite no.12 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Apatite no.25 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Apatite no.68 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Apatite no.129 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Apatite no.146 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0009691	Alforsite	Hata M, Marumo F, Iwai S, Aoki H (1979) Structure of barium chlorapatite Acta Crystallographica B35 2382-2384	1979		0	293
0005690	Belovite-(Ce)	Rakovan J F, Hughes J M (2000) Strontium in the apatite structure: Strontian fluorapatite and belovite-(Ce) The Canadian Mineralogist 38 839-845	2000		0	293
0011042	Britholite-(Ce)	Noe D C, Hughes J M, Mariano A N, Drexler J W, Kato A (1993) The crystal structure of monoclinic britholite-(Ce) and britholite-(Y) Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 206 233-246	1993	the Kipawa syenite gneiss complex	0	293
0011043	Britholite-(Ce)	Noe D C, Hughes J M, Mariano A N, Drexler J W, Kato A (1993) The crystal structure of monoclinic britholite-(Ce) and britholite-(Y) Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 206 233-246	1993	the Kipawa syenite gneiss complex	0	293
0011044	Britholite-(Y)	Noe D C, Hughes J M, Mariano A N, Drexler J W, Kato A (1993) The crystal structure of monoclinic britholite-(Ce) and britholite-(Y) Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 206 233-246	1993	Suishoyama, Japan	0	293
0011045	Britholite-(Y)	Noe D C, Hughes J M, Mariano A N, Drexler J W, Kato A (1993) The crystal structure of monoclinic britholite-(Ce) and britholite-(Y) Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 206 233-246	1993	Suishoyama, Japan	0	293
0014733	Caracolite	Schneider W (1967) Caracolit, das Na3Pb2(SO4)3Cl mit apatitstruktur Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1967 284-289	1967		0	293
0014735	Caracolite	Schneider W (1969) Bestimmung einer uberstruktur am caracolit Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1969 58-64	1969	Caracoles, Chile	0	293
0002812	Cesanite	Piotrowski A, Kahlenberg V, Fischer R X, Lee Y, Parise J B (2002) The crystal structures of cesanite and its synthetic analogue - A comparison American Mineralogist 87 715-720	2002		0	293
0002813	Cesanite	Piotrowski A, Kahlenberg V, Fischer R X, Lee Y, Parise J B (2002) The crystal structures of cesanite and its synthetic analogue - A comparison American Mineralogist 87 715-720	2002		0	293
0014476	Cesanite	Tazzoli V (1983) The crystal structure of cesanite, Ca1+xNa4-x(SO4)3(OH)x(1-x)H2O, a sulphate isotypic of apatite* Mineralogical Magazine 47 59-63	1983	core samples of the Cesano I geothermal well, Cesano area, Latium, Italy	0	293
0001258	Chlorapatite	Hughes J M, Cameron M, Crowley K D (1989) Structural variations in natural F, OH, and Cl apatites American Mineralogist 74 870-876	1989	Kragero, Norway	0	293
0001291	Chlorapatite	Hughes J M, Cameron M, Crowley K D (1990) Crystal structures of natural ternary apatites: Solid solution in the Ca5(PO4)3X (X = F,OH,Cl) system American Mineralogist 75 295-304	1990		0	293
0002516	Chlorapatite	Fleet M E, Liu X, Pan Y (2000) Rare-earth elements in chlorapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(Cl)2]: Uptake, site preference, and degradation of monoclinic structure American Mineralogist 85 1437-1446	2000		0	293
0002517	Chlorapatite	Fleet M E, Liu X, Pan Y (2000) Rare-earth elements in chlorapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(Cl)2]: Uptake, site preference, and degradation of monoclinic structure American Mineralogist 85 1437-1446	2000		0	293
0002518	Chlorapatite	Fleet M E, Liu X, Pan Y (2000) Rare-earth elements in chlorapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(Cl)2]: Uptake, site preference, and degradation of monoclinic structure American Mineralogist 85 1437-1446	2000		0	293
0002519	Chlorapatite	Fleet M E, Liu X, Pan Y (2000) Rare-earth elements in chlorapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(Cl)2]: Uptake, site preference, and degradation of monoclinic structure American Mineralogist 85 1437-1446	2000		0	293
0004838	Chlorapatite	Luo Y, Hughes J M, Rakovan J, Pan Y (2009) Site preference of U and Th in Cl, F, and Sr apatites American Mineralogist 94 345-351	2009	synthetic	0	293
0004840	Chlorapatite	Luo Y, Hughes J M, Rakovan J, Pan Y (2009) Site preference of U and Th in Cl, F, and Sr apatites American Mineralogist 94 345-351	2009	synthetic	0	293
0017642	Chlorapatite	Hendricks S, Jefferson M, Mosley V (1932) The Crystal Structures of Some Natural and Synthetic Apatite-Like Substances _cod_database_code 1010916 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 81 352-369	1932		0	293
0015526	Chlorellestadite	Saint-Jean S J, Hansen S (2005) Nonstoichiometry in chlorellestadite Solid State Sciences 7 97-102	2005	synthetic	0	293
0015527	Chlorellestadite	Saint-Jean S J, Hansen S (2005) Nonstoichiometry in chlorellestadite Solid State Sciences 7 97-102	2005	synthetic	0	293
0001256	Fluorapatite	Hughes J M, Cameron M, Crowley K D (1989) Structural variations in natural F, OH, and Cl apatites American Mineralogist 74 870-876	1989	Durango Mexico	0	293
0001290	Fluorapatite	Hughes J M, Cameron M, Crowley K D (1990) Crystal structures of natural ternary apatites: Solid solution in the Ca5(PO4)3X (X = F,OH,Cl) system American Mineralogist 75 295-304	1990		0	293
0001372	Fluorapatite	Hughes J M, Cameron M, Mariano A N (1991) Rare-earth-element ordering and structural variations in natural rare-earth-bearing apatites sample from Pajarito, New Mexico American Mineralogist 76 1165-1173	1991		0	293
0001373	Fluorapatite	Hughes J M, Cameron M, Mariano A N (1991) Rare-earth-element ordering and structural variations in natural rare-earth-bearing apatites sample from Kipawa, Quebec American Mineralogist 76 1165-1173	1991		0	293
0001374	Fluorapatite	Hughes J M, Cameron M, Mariano A N (1991) Rare-earth-element ordering and structural variations in natural rare-earth-bearing apatites sample from the Oka carbonatite American Mineralogist 76 1165-1173	1991		0	293
0001421	Fluorapatite	Hughes J M, Cameron M, Crowley K D (1991) Ordering of divalent cations in the apatite structure: Crystal structure refinements of natural Mn- and Sr-bearing apatite sample Sr.63 American Mineralogist 76 1857-1862	1991		0	293
0001422	Fluorapatite	Hughes J M, Cameron M, Crowley K D (1991) Ordering of divalent cations in the apatite structure: Crystal structure refinements of natural Mn- and Sr-bearing apatite sample Sr.29 American Mineralogist 76 1857-1862	1991		0	293
0001423	Fluorapatite	Hughes J M, Cameron M, Crowley K D (1991) Ordering of divalent cations in the apatite structure: Crystal structure refinements of natural Mn- and Sr-bearing apatite sample Mn1.21 American Mineralogist 76 1857-1862	1991		0	293
0001424	Fluorapatite	Hughes J M, Cameron M, Crowley K D (1991) Ordering of divalent cations in the apatite structure: Crystal structure refinements of natural Mn- and Sr-bearing apatite sample Mn.42 American Mineralogist 76 1857-1862	1991		0	293
0001723	Fluorapatite	Fleet M E, Pan Y (1995) Site preference of rare earth elements in fluorapatite American Mineralogist 80 329-335	1995		0	293
0001724	Fluorapatite	Fleet M E, Pan Y (1995) Site preference of rare earth elements in fluorapatite American Mineralogist 80 329-335	1995		0	293
0001725	Fluorapatite	Fleet M E, Pan Y (1995) Site preference of rare earth elements in fluorapatite American Mineralogist 80 329-335	1995		0	293
0001726	Fluorapatite	Fleet M E, Pan Y (1995) Site preference of rare earth elements in fluorapatite American Mineralogist 80 329-335	1995		0	293
0001934	Fluorapatite	Fleet M E, Pan Y (1997) Site preference of rare earth elements in fluorapatite: Binary (LREE+HREE)- substituted crystals American Mineralogist 82 870-877	1997		0	293
0001935	Fluorapatite	Fleet M E, Pan Y (1997) Site preference of rare earth elements in fluorapatite: Binary (LREE+HREE)- substituted crystals American Mineralogist 82 870-877	1997		0	293
0001936	Fluorapatite	Fleet M E, Pan Y (1997) Site preference of rare earth elements in fluorapatite: Binary (LREE+HREE)- substituted crystals American Mineralogist 82 870-877	1997		0	293
0001937	Fluorapatite	Fleet M E, Pan Y (1997) Site preference of rare earth elements in fluorapatite: Binary (LREE+HREE)- substituted crystals American Mineralogist 82 870-877	1997		0	293
0003527	Fluorapatite	Hughes J M, Ertl A, Bernhardt H J, Rossman G R, Rakovan J F (2004) Mn-rich fluorapatite from Autria: Crystal structure, chemical analysis, and spectroscopic investigations American Mineralogist 89 629-632	2004		0	293
0004514	Fluorapatite	McCubbin F M, Mason H E, Park H, Phillips B L, Parise J B, Nekvasil H, Lindsley D H (2008) Synthesis and characterization of low-OH- fluor-chlorapatite: a single-crystal XRD and NMR spectroscopic study American Mineralogist 93 210-216	2008	synthetic	0	293
0004637	Fluorapatite	Fleet M E, Liu X (2008) Accommodation of the carbonate ion in fluorapatite synthesized at high pressure American Mineralogist 93 1460-1469	2008	synthetic	0	293
0004638	Fluorapatite	Fleet M E, Liu X (2008) Accommodation of the carbonate ion in fluorapatite synthesized at high pressure American Mineralogist 93 1460-1469	2008	synthetic	0	293
0004639	Fluorapatite	Fleet M E, Liu X (2008) Accommodation of the carbonate ion in fluorapatite synthesized at high pressure American Mineralogist 93 1460-1469	2008	synthetic	0	293
0004837	Fluorapatite	Luo Y, Hughes J M, Rakovan J, Pan Y (2009) Site preference of U and Th in Cl, F, and Sr apatites American Mineralogist 94 345-351	2009	synthetic	0	293
0004839	Fluorapatite	Luo Y, Hughes J M, Rakovan J, Pan Y (2009) Site preference of U and Th in Cl, F, and Sr apatites American Mineralogist 94 345-351	2009	synthetic	0	293
0005688	Fluorapatite	Rakovan J F, Hughes J M (2000) Strontium in the apatite structure: Strontian fluorapatite and belovite-(Ce) The Canadian Mineralogist 38 839-845	2000		0	293
0008534	Fluorapatite	Comodi P, Liu Y, Zanazzi P F, Montagnoli M (2001) Structural and vibrational behaviour of fluorapatite with pressure. Part 1: in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction investigation Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 28 219-224	2001		0.0001	293
0008535	Fluorapatite	Comodi P, Liu Y, Zanazzi P F, Montagnoli M (2001) Structural and vibrational behaviour of fluorapatite with pressure. Part 1: in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction investigation Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 28 219-224	2001		3.04	293
0008536	Fluorapatite	Comodi P, Liu Y, Zanazzi P F, Montagnoli M (2001) Structural and vibrational behaviour of fluorapatite with pressure. Part 1: in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction investigation Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 28 219-224	2001		4.72	293
0017946	Fluorapatite	Naray-Szabo S (1930) The structure of apatite (Ca F) Ca4 (P O4)3 _cod_database_code 1011044 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 75 387-398	1930		0	293
0017911	Fluorapatite	Hendricks S, Jefferson M, Mosley V (1932) The Crystal Structures of Some Natural and Synthetic Apatite-Like Substances _cod_database_code 1010996 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 81 352-369	1932		0	293
0017528	Fluorapatite	Bale W (1940) A comparative Roentgen-ray diffraction study of several natural apatites and the apatite-like constituent of bone and tooth substance _cod_database_code 1010647 American Journal of Roentgenology 43 735-747	1940		0	293
0020482	Fluorapatite	Hughes J M, Fransolet A M, Schreyer W (1993) The atomic arrangement of iron-bearing apatite Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1993 504-510	1993	Northampton Block, Western Australia	0	293
0002669	Fluorbritholite-(Ce)	Oberti R, Ottolini L, Della Ventura G, Parodi G C (2001) On the symmetry and crystal chemistry of britholite: New structural and microanalytical data American Mineralogist 86 1066-1075	2001		0	293
0002670	Fluorbritholite-(Ce)	Oberti R, Ottolini L, Della Ventura G, Parodi G C (2001) On the symmetry and crystal chemistry of britholite: New structural and microanalytical data American Mineralogist 86 1066-1075	2001		0	293
0015322	Fluorellestadite	Pajares I, De la Torre A G, Martinez-Ramirez S, Puertas F, Blanco-Varela M T, Aranda M A G (2002) Quantitative analysis of mineralized white Portland clinkers: The structure of fluorellestadite Powder Diffraction 17 281-286	2002	synthetic	0	293
0000957	Hedyphane	Rouse R C, Dunn P J, Peacor D R (1984) Hedyphane from Franklin, New Jersey and Langban, Sweden: Cation ordering in an arsenate apatite sample H90417 from Langban, Sweden American Mineralogist 69 920-927	1984		0	293
0004257	Hydroxylellestadite	Onac B P, Effenberger H, Ettinger K, Panzaru S P (2006) Hydroxylellestadite from Cioclovina Cave (Romania): Microanalytical, structural, and vibrational spectroscopy data American Mineralogist 91 1927-1931	2006	Cioclovina Cave, Sureanu Mountains, Romania	0	293
0014857	Hydroxylellestadite	Hughes J M, Drexler J W (1991) Cation substitution in the apatite tetrahedral site: crystal structures of type hydroxylellestadtite and type fermorite Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1991 327-336	1991	Crestmore, California, USA	0	293
0001257	Hydroxylapatite	Hughes J M, Cameron M, Crowley K D (1989) Structural variations in natural F, OH, and Cl apatites American Mineralogist 74 870-876	1989	Holly Springs, Georgia, USA	0	293
0001375	Hydroxylapatite	Hughes J M, Cameron M, Mariano A N (1991) Rare-earth-element ordering and structural variations in natural rare-earth-bearing apatites sample B from the Oka carbonatite American Mineralogist 76 1165-1173	1991		0	293
0002281	Hydroxylapatite	Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414	1999		0	293
0002282	Hydroxylapatite	Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414	1999		0	293
0002283	Hydroxylapatite	Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414	1999		0	293
0002284	Hydroxylapatite	Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414	1999		0	293
0002285	Hydroxylapatite	Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414	1999		0	293
0002286	Hydroxylapatite	Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414	1999		0	293
0002287	Hydroxylapatite	Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414	1999		0	293
0002288	Hydroxylapatite	Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414	1999		0	293
0002289	Hydroxylapatite	Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414	1999		0	293
0002290	Hydroxylapatite	Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414	1999		0	293
0002291	Hydroxylapatite	Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414	1999		0	293
0002292	Hydroxylapatite	Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414	1999		0	293
0002293	Hydroxylapatite	Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414	1999		0	293
0002294	Hydroxylapatite	Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414	1999		0	293
0002295	Hydroxylapatite	Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414	1999		0	293
0002296	Hydroxylapatite	Wilson R M, Elliot J C, Dowker S E P (1999) Rietveld refinement of the crystallographic structure of human dental enamel apatites American Mineralogist 84 1406-1414	1999		0	293
0003640	Hydroxylapatite	Fleet M E, Liu X, King P L (2004) Accommodation of the carbonate ion in apatite: An FTIR and X-ray structure study of crystals synthesized at 2-4 GPa American Mineralogist 89 1422-1432	2004		0	293
0003641	Hydroxylapatite	Fleet M E, Liu X, King P L (2004) Accommodation of the carbonate ion in apatite: An FTIR and X-ray structure study of crystals synthesized at 2-4 GPa American Mineralogist 89 1422-1432	2004		0	293
0004924	Hydroxylapatite	Lee Y J, Stephens P W, Tang Y, Li W, Phillips B L, Parise J B, Reeder R J (2009) Arsenate substitution in hydroxylapatite: Structural characterization of the Ca5(PxAs1-xO4)3OH solid solution American Mineralogist 94 666-675	2009	synthetic	0	293
0004925	Hydroxylapatite	Lee Y J, Stephens P W, Tang Y, Li W, Phillips B L, Parise J B, Reeder R J (2009) Arsenate substitution in hydroxylapatite: Structural characterization of the Ca5(PxAs1-xO4)3OH solid solution American Mineralogist 94 666-675	2009	synthetic	0	293
0004926	Hydroxylapatite	Lee Y J, Stephens P W, Tang Y, Li W, Phillips B L, Parise J B, Reeder R J (2009) Arsenate substitution in hydroxylapatite: Structural characterization of the Ca5(PxAs1-xO4)3OH solid solution American Mineralogist 94 666-675	2009	synthetic	0	293
0004927	Hydroxylapatite	Lee Y J, Stephens P W, Tang Y, Li W, Phillips B L, Parise J B, Reeder R J (2009) Arsenate substitution in hydroxylapatite: Structural characterization of the Ca5(PxAs1-xO4)3OH solid solution American Mineralogist 94 666-675	2009	synthetic	0	293
0009353	Hydroxylapatite	Sudarsanan K, Young R A (1969) Significant precision in crystal structural details: Holly Springs hydroxyapatite Acta Crystallographica B25 1534-1543	1969	Holly Springs, Cherokee County, Georgia, USA	0	293
0009354	Hydroxylapatite	Sudarsanan K, Young R A (1969) Significant precision in crystal structural details: Holly Springs hydroxyapatite Acta Crystallographica B25 1534-1543	1969	Holly Springs, Cherokee County, Georgia, USA	0	293
0009355	Hydroxylapatite	Sudarsanan K, Young R A (1969) Significant precision in crystal structural details: Holly Springs hydroxyapatite Acta Crystallographica B25 1534-1543	1969	Holly Springs, Cherokee County, Georgia, USA	0	293
0009356	Hydroxylapatite	Sudarsanan K, Young R A (1969) Significant precision in crystal structural details: Holly Springs hydroxyapatite Acta Crystallographica B25 1534-1543	1969	Holly Springs, Cherokee County, Georgia, USA	0	293
0018108	Hydroxylapatite	Hendricks S, Jefferson M, Mosley V (1932) The Crystal Structures of Some Natural and Synthetic Apatite-Like Substances _cod_database_code 1011242 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 81 352-369	1932		0	293
0004928	Johnbaumite	Lee Y J, Stephens P W, Tang Y, Li W, Phillips B L, Parise J B, Reeder R J (2009) Arsenate substitution in hydroxylapatite: Structural characterization of the Ca5(PxAs1-xO4)3OH solid solution American Mineralogist 94 666-675	2009	synthetic	0	293
0004929	Johnbaumite	Lee Y J, Stephens P W, Tang Y, Li W, Phillips B L, Parise J B, Reeder R J (2009) Arsenate substitution in hydroxylapatite: Structural characterization of the Ca5(PxAs1-xO4)3OH solid solution American Mineralogist 94 666-675	2009	synthetic	0	293
0004930	Johnbaumite	Lee Y J, Stephens P W, Tang Y, Li W, Phillips B L, Parise J B, Reeder R J (2009) Arsenate substitution in hydroxylapatite: Structural characterization of the Ca5(PxAs1-xO4)3OH solid solution American Mineralogist 94 666-675	2009	synthetic	0	293
0020732	Johnbaumite	Biagioni C, Pasero M (2013) The crystal structure of johnbaumite, Ca5(AsO4)3OH, the arsenate analogue of hydroxylapatite American Mineralogist 98 1580-1584	2013	Harstigen mine, Varmland, Sweden	0	293
0014546	Mattheddleite	Steele I M, Pluth J J, Livingstone A (2000) Crystal structure of mattheddleite: a Pb, S, Si phase with the apatite structure Mineralogical Magazine 64 915-921	2000	Leadhills, Scotland	0	293
0020250	Mimetite	Okudera H (2013) Relationships among channel typology and atomic displacements in the structures of Pb5(BO4)3Cl with B = P (pyromorphite), V (vanadinite), and As (mimetite) American Mineralogist 98 1573-1579	2013	Pingtouling mine, Guangdong, China	0	293
0020251	Mimetite	Okudera H (2013) Relationships among channel typology and atomic displacements in the structures of Pb5(BO4)3Cl with B = P (pyromorphite), V (vanadinite), and As (mimetite) American Mineralogist 98 1573-1579	2013	Pingtouling mine, Guangdong, China	0	293
0005264	Mimetite	Yongshan D, Hughes J M, Moore P B (1991) The crystal structures of mimetite and clinomimetite, Pb5(AsO4)3Cl The Canadian Mineralogist 29 369-376	1991	Durango, Mexico	0	293
0005265	Mimetite	Yongshan D, Hughes J M, Moore P B (1991) The crystal structures of mimetite and clinomimetite, Pb5(AsO4)3Cl The Canadian Mineralogist 29 369-376	1991	Johanngeorgenstat, Erzgebirge, Sachsen, Germany	0	293
0017912	Mimetite	Hendricks S, Jefferson M, Mosley V (1932) The Crystal Structures of Some Natural and Synthetic Apatite-Like Substances _cod_database_code 1010997 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 81 352-369	1932		0	293
0020489	Mimetite	Sokolova E V, Egorov-Tismenko Y K (1982) Study of crystalline structures of rare arsentates: duftite and mimetite Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta Geologiya 37 50-56	1982	Cassiterite-sulfide field, Festivalnyi, East Siberia, Russia	0	293
0010345	Morelandite	Dordevic T, Sutovic S, Stojanovic J, Karanovic L (2008) Sr, Ba and Cd arsenates with the apatite-type structure Acta Crystallographica C64 i82-i86	2008	synthetic	0	293
0010488	Morelandite	Bell A M T, Henderson C M B, Wendlandt R F, Harrison W J (2008) Rietveld refinement of Ba5(AsO4)3Cl from high-resolution synchrotron data Acta Crystallographica E64 i63-i64	2008	synthetic	0	293
0020825	Pyromorphite	Mills S J, Ferraris G, Kampf A R, Favreau G (2012) Twinning in pyromorphite: The first documented occurrence of twinning by merohedry in the apatite supergroup American Mineralogist 97 415-418	2012	Puech de Compolibat, Combret, Aveyron	0	293
0020246	Pyromorphite	Okudera H (2013) Relationships among channel typology and atomic displacements in the structures of Pb5(BO4)3Cl with B = P (pyromorphite), V (vanadinite), and As (mimetite) American Mineralogist 98 1573-1579	2013	Daoping mine, Guangxi, China	0	293
0020247	Pyromorphite	Okudera H (2013) Relationships among channel typology and atomic displacements in the structures of Pb5(BO4)3Cl with B = P (pyromorphite), V (vanadinite), and As (mimetite) American Mineralogist 98 1573-1579	2013	Daoping mine, Guangxi, China	0	293
0005226	Pyromorphite	Dai Y S, Hughes J M (1989) Crystal-structure refinements of vanadinite and pyromorphite The Canadian Mineralogist 27 189-192	1989		0	293
0018026	Pyromorphite	Hendricks S, Jefferson M, Mosley V (1932) The crystal structures of some natural and synthetic apatite-like substances _cod_database_code 1011137 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 81 352-369	1932		0	293
0013570	Pyromorphite	Miyake M, Ishigaki K, Suzuki T (1986) Structure refinements of Pb2+ ion-exchanged apatites by X-ray powder pattern-fitting Journal of Solid State Chemistry 61 230-235	1986	synthetic	0	293
0013571	Pyromorphite	Miyake M, Ishigaki K, Suzuki T (1986) Structure refinements of Pb2+ ion-exchanged apatites by X-ray powder pattern-fitting Journal of Solid State Chemistry 61 230-235	1986	synthetic	0	293
0014055	Fluorstrophite	Klevtsova R F (1964) The crystal structure of strontium-apatite Journal of Structural Chemistry 5 318-320	1964		0	293
0010311	Turneaureite	Wardojo T A, Hwu S-J (1996) Chlorapatite: Ca5(AsO4)3Cl Acta Crystallographica C52 2959-2960	1996	synthetic	0	293
0020248	Vanadinite	Okudera H (2013) Relationships among channel typology and atomic displacements in the structures of Pb5(BO4)3Cl with B = P (pyromorphite), V (vanadinite), and As (mimetite) American Mineralogist 98 1573-1579	2013	Mibladen, Morocco	0	293
0020249	Vanadinite	Okudera H (2013) Relationships among channel typology and atomic displacements in the structures of Pb5(BO4)3Cl with B = P (pyromorphite), V (vanadinite), and As (mimetite) American Mineralogist 98 1573-1579	2013	Mibladen, Morocco	0	293
0005076	Vanadinite	Trotter J, Barnes W H (1958) The structure of vanadinite The Canadian Mineralogist 6 161-173	1958		0	293
0005225	Vanadinite	Dai Y S, Hughes J M (1989) Crystal-structure refinements of vanadinite and pyromorphite The Canadian Mineralogist 27 189-192	1989		0	293
0018027	Vanadinite	Hendricks S, Jefferson M, Mosley V (1932) The Crystal Structures of Some Natural and Synthetic Apatite-Like Substances _cod_database_code 1011138 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 81 352-369	1932		0	293
0014110	Vanadinite	Laufek F, Skala R, Haloda J, Cisarova I (2006) Crystal structure of vanadinite: refinement of anisotropic displacement parameters Journal of the Czech Geological Society 51 271-275	2006	Mibladen, Morocco	0	293
0015622	Belovite-(La)	Kabalov Y K, Sokolova E V, Pekov I V (1997) Crystal structure of belovite-(La) Soviet Physics Doklady 42 344-348	1997	Mt. Kukisvumchorr, Khibiny alkaline massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia	0	293
0012350	Deloneite	Rastsvetaeva R K, Khomyakov A P (1996) Structural features of a new naturally occurring representative of the fluorapatite-deloneite series Crystallography Reports 41 789-792	1996	Khibini alkaline massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia	0	293
0012491	Deloneite	Rastsvetaeva R F, Khomyakov A P (1996) Crystal structure of deloneite-(Ce), high ordered Ca analogue of belovite Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 349 354-357	1996		0	293
0006014	Fluorcaphite	Chakhmouradian A R, Hughes J M, Rakovan J F (2005) Fluorcaphite, a second occurrence and detailed structural analysis: Simultaneous accommodation of Ca, Sr, Na, LREE in the apatite atomic arrangement The Canadian Mineralogist 43 735-746	2005		0	293
0006015	Fluorcaphite	Chakhmouradian A R, Hughes J M, Rakovan J F (2005) Fluorcaphite, a second occurrence and detailed structural analysis: Simultaneous accommodation of Ca, Sr, Na, LREE in the apatite atomic arrangement The Canadian Mineralogist 43 735-746	2005		0	293
0005927	Kuannersuite-(Ce)	Friis H, Balic-Zunic T, Pekov I V, Petersen O V (2004) Kuannersuite-(Ce), Ba6Na2REE2(PO4)6FCl, a new member of the apatite group, from the Ilimaussaq Alkaline Complex, South Greenland: Description and crystal chemistry The Canadian Mineralogist 42 95-106	2004	Ilimaussaq Alkaline Complex, South Greenland	0	293
0004255	Phosphohedyphane	Kampf A R, Steele I M, Jenkins R A (2006) Phosphohedyphane, Ca2Pb3(PO4)3Cl, the phosphate analogue of hedyphane: Description and crystal structure American Mineralogist 91 1909-1917	2006	Capitana mine, Copiapo, Atacama Province, Chile	0	293
0004841	Stronadelphite	Luo Y, Hughes J M, Rakovan J, Pan Y (2009) Site preference of U and Th in Cl, F, and Sr apatites American Mineralogist 94 345-351	2009	synthetic	0	293
0017880	Stronadelphite	Pekov I V, Britvin S N, Zubkova N V, Pushcharovsky D Y, Pasero M, Merlino S (2010) Stronadelphite, Sr5(PO4)3F, a new apatite-group mineral in the southern part of the Khibiny alkaline complex, Kola peninsula, Russia European Journal of Mineralogy 22 869-874	2010	Belovitovoye pegmatite, Kirovskii apatite mine at Mt. Kukisvumchorr,	0	293
0005030	Aiolosite	Demartin F, Gramaccioli C M, Campostrini I, Pilati T (2010) Aiolosite, Na2(Na2Bi)(SO4)3Cl, a new sulfate isotypic to apatite from La Fossa Crater, Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy American Mineralogist 95 382-385	2010	La Fossa Crater, Vulcano Island, Aeolian Archipelago, Sicily Italy	0	293
0018322	Fluorphosphohedyphane	Kampf A R, Housley R M (2011) Fluorphosphohedyphane, Ca2Pb3(PO4)3F, the first apatite supergroup mineral with essential Pb and F American Mineralogist 96 423-429	2011	Blue Bell claims, near Baker, San Bernardino County, California, USA	0	293
0013569	Fluorphosphohedyphane	Miyake M, Ishigaki K, Suzuki T (1986) Structure refinements of Pb2+ ion-exchanged apatites by X-ray powder pattern-fitting Journal of Solid State Chemistry 61 230-235	1986	synthetic	0	293
0018905	Fluorbritholite-(Y)	Pekov I V, Zubkova N V, Chukanov N V, Husdal T A, Zadov A E, Pushcharovsky D Y (2011) Fluorbritholite-(Y), (Y,Ca,Ln)5[(Si,P)O4]3F, a new mineral of the britholite group Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Abhandlungen 188 191-197	2011	Lagmannsvik, Hamaroy, Nordland, Norway	0	293
0019705	Carlgieseckeite-(Nd)	Pekov I V, Zubkova N V, Husdal T A, Kononkova N N, Agakhanov A A, Zadov A E, Pushcharovsky D Y (2012) Carlgieseckeite-(Nd), NaNdCa3(PO4)3F, a new belovite-group mineral species from the Ilimaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland The Canadian Mineralogist 50 571-580	2012	the Ilimaussaq alkaline complex, South Greenland	0	293
0020469	Pieczkaite	Tait K, Ball N A, Hawthorne F C (2015) Pieczkaite, ideally Mn5(PO4)3Cl, a new apatite-supergroup mineral from Cross Lake, Manitoba, Canada: Description and crystal structure American Mineralogist 100 1047-1052	2015	Cross Lake, Manitoba, Canada	0	293
0020231	Pieczkaite	Engel G, Pretzsch J, Gramlich V, Baur W H (1975) The crystal structure of hydrothermally grown manganese chlorapatite, Mn5(PO4)3Cl0.9(OH)0.1 Acta Crystallographica B31 1854-1860	1975	synthetic	0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Alforsite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Hata M'
'Marumo F'
'Iwai S'
'Aoki H'
_journal_name_full 'Acta Crystallographica, Section B'
_journal_volume 35 
_journal_year 1979
_journal_page_first 2382
_journal_page_last 2384
_publ_section_title
;
 Structure of barium chlorapatite
;
_database_code_amcsd 0009691
_chemical_formula_sum 'Ba5 P3 O12 Cl'
_cell_length_a 10.284
_cell_length_b 10.284
_cell_length_c 7.651
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 120
_cell_volume 700.766
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      4.772
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'P 63/m'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  '-x+y,-x,1/2-z'
  'x-y,x,1/2+z'
  'y,-x+y,-z'
  '-y,x-y,z'
  'x,y,1/2-z'
  '-x,-y,1/2+z'
  'x-y,x,-z'
  '-x+y,-x,z'
  '-y,x-y,1/2-z'
  'y,-x+y,1/2+z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_U_iso_or_equiv
Ba1   0.33333   0.66667   0.00070   0.00925
Ba2   0.24490   0.26060   0.25000   0.00874
P   0.40640   0.03460   0.25000   0.00633
O1   0.34320  -0.13740   0.25000   0.01583
O2   0.57900   0.11570   0.25000   0.01545
O3   0.35680   0.08580   0.08740   0.01558
Cl   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   0.01229

Relationship of Apatite Supergroup to other SpeciesHide

Group Members:

Apatite Group
Alforsite	Ba₅(PO₄)₃Cl	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Apatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(Cl/F/OH)
Chlorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃Cl	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Fluoralforsite	Ba₅(PO₄)₃F	Hex. 6/m : P6/m
Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Fluorpyromorphite	Pb₅(PO₄)₃F	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Hydroxylapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH)	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Hydroxylpyromorphite	Pb₅(PO₄)₃(OH)	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6₃/mcm
Johnbaumite	Ca₅(AsO₄)₃(OH)	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Mimetite	Pb₅(AsO₄)₃Cl	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Oxypyromorphite	Pb₁₀(PO₄)₆O
Pieczkaite	Mn₅(PO₄)₃Cl	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Pliniusite	Ca₅(VO₄)₃F	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Pyromorphite	Pb₅(PO₄)₃Cl	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Stronadelphite	Sr₅(PO₄)₃F	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Svabite	Ca₅(AsO₄)₃F	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6₃/mmc
Turneaureite	Ca₅(AsO₄)₃Cl	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Unnamed (OH-analogue of Mimetite)	Pb₅(AsO₄)₃(OH)	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Vanadinite	Pb₅(VO₄)₃Cl	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Belovite Group
Belovite-(Ce)	NaCeSr₃(PO₄)₃F	Trig. 3 : P3
Belovite-(La)	NaLaSr₃(PO₄)₃F	Trig. 3 : P3
Carlgieseckeite-(Nd)	NaNdCa₃(PO₄)₃F	Trig. 3 : P3
Deloneite	(Na_0.5REE_0.25Ca_0.25)(Ca_0.75REE_0.25)Sr_1.5(CaNa_0.25REE_0.25)(PO₄)₃F_0.5(OH)_0.5	Trig. 3 : P3
Fluorcaphite	SrCaCa₃(PO₄)₃F	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Fluorstrophite	SrCaSr₃(PO₄)₃F	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Kuannersuite-(Ce)	NaCeBa₃(PO₄)₃F_0.5Cl_0.5	Trig. 3 : P3
Britholite Group	(REE,Ca)₅[(Si,P)O₄]₃X
Britholite-(Ce)	(Ce,Ca)₅(SiO₄)₃OH	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Britholite-(La)	Ca₂(La,Ce,Ca)₃(SiO₄,PO₄)₃(OH,F)
Britholite-(Y)	(Y,Ca)₅(SiO₄)₃OH	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Calciobritholite	(Ca,Y)₅(SiO₄,PO₄)₃(OH)
Fluorbritholite-(Ce)	(Ce,Ca)₅(SiO₄)₃F	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Fluorbritholite-(Nd)	Ca₂Nd₃(SiO₄)₃F	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Fluorbritholite-(Y)	(Y,Ca)₅(SiO₄)₃F	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Fluorcalciobritholite	(Ca,REE)₅(SiO₄,PO₄)₃F	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Tritomite-(Ce)	Ce₅(SiO₄,BO₄)₃(OH,O)
Tritomite-(Y)	Y₅(SiO₄,BO₄)₃(O,OH,F)
Ellestadite Group
Chlorellestadite	Ca₅(SiO₄)_1.5(SO₄)_1.5Cl	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Fluorellestadite	Ca₅(SiO₄)_1.5(SO₄)_1.5F	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Hydroxylellestadite	Ca₅(SiO₄)_1.5(SO₄)_1.5(OH)	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6₃/mcm
Mattheddleite	Pb₅(SiO₄)_1.5(SO₄)_1.5(Cl,OH)	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Hedyphane Group
Aiolosite	Na₄Bi(SO₄)₃Cl	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Caracolite	Na₃Pb₂(SO₄)₃Cl	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
Cesanite	Na₃Ca₂(SO₄)₃(OH)	Hex. 6 : P6
Fluorphosphohedyphane	Ca₂Pb₃(PO₄)₃F	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Fluorsigaiite	Ca₂Sr₃(PO₄)₃F	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Hedyphane	Ca₂Pb₃(AsO₄)₃Cl	Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P6₃/mmc
Hydroxylhedyphane	Ca₂Pb₃(AsO₄)₃(OH)	Trig. 3 : P3
Miyahisaite	(Sr,Ca)₂Ba₃(PO₄)₃F	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Morelandite	Ca₂Ba₃(AsO₄)₃Cl	Hex.
Parafiniukite	Ca₂Mn₃(PO₄)₃Cl	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
Phosphohedyphane	Ca₂Pb₃(PO₄)₃Cl	Hex. 6/m : P6₃/m
UM2002-53-PO:CaHPb	Ca₂Pb₃(PO₄)₃(OH,Cl,F)
Vanackerite	Pb₄Cd(AsO₄)₃Cl	Trig. 3 : P3

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Apatite Supergroup in petrologyHide

An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.

Internet Links for Apatite SupergroupHide

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References for Apatite SupergroupHide

Reference List:

Gerhards, C. A. (1786) Erster Ahnung. Von einigen noch nicht genau bestimmten und ganz neu entdecken Mineralien. in Grundriss des Mineralsystems, Christian Friedrich Himburg (Berlin): 281-287 [First introduction of the name apatite, Werner credited as the originator]

Náray-Szabó (1930) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 75: 387.

Mehmel (1930) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 75: 323.

Mehmel (1931) Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Leipzig, Berlin: 15: 223.

McConnell, Duncan (1938) A structural investigation of the isomorphism of the apatite group. American Mineralogist, 23 (1) 1-19

McConnell, D. (1973) Apatite, its Crystal Chemistry, Mineralogy, Utilization, and Geologic and Biologic Occurrences. Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y.

Lang, A.R., Walmsley, J.C. (1983) Apatite inclusions in natural diamond coat. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals: 9: 6-8.

Farver, J.R., Gletti, B.J. (1989) Oxygen and strontium diffusion kinetics in apatite and potential application to thermal history determinations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 53: 1621-1631.

Hogarth, D. D. (1989) Pyrochlore, apatite and amphibole: distinctive minerals in carbonatite. In Carbonatites: Genesis and Evolution:. Unwin Hyman Ltd, London, UK. p.105-148.

Elliott, J.C. (1994) Structure and Chemistry of the Apatites and Other Calcium Orthophosphates. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Fleet, M.E., Pan, Y. (1997) Rare earth elements in apatite: uptake from H2O-bearing phosphate-fluoride melts and role of volatile components. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 61: 4645-4760.

Jonckheere, R., Wagner, G. (2000) On the occurrence of anomalous fission tracks in apatite and titanite. American Mineralogist: 85: 1744-1753.

Hughes, J.M., Rakovan, J. (2002) The crystal structure of apatite, Ca₅(PO₄)₃(F,OH,Cl). In: Phosphates - Geochemical, Geobiological, and Materials Importance (M.L. Kohn, J. Rakovan, and J.M. Hughes, Eds.). Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry: 48: 1-12.

Pan, Y., Fleet, M.E. (2002) Compositions of the apatite group minerals: substitution mechanisms and controlling factors. In: Phosphates - Geochemical, Geobiological, and Materials Importance (M.L. Kohn, J. Rakovan, and J.M. Hughes, Eds.). Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry: 48: 13-49.

Flora, N.J., Yoder, C.H., Jenkins, H.D.B. (2003) Lattice energies of apatites and estimation of ΔH1°(PO3- 4 g). Inorganic Chemistry: 34: 499-517.

Dong, P. (2005) Halogen-element (F, Cl, and Br) behaviour in apatites, scapolite, and sodalite: an experimental investigation with field applications. Ph.D. Thesis, College of Graduate Studies and Research, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon.

Chadefaux, C., Vignaud, C., Chalmin, E., Robles-Camacho, J., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Johnson, E., Reiche, I. (2009) Color origin and heat evidence of paleontological bones: Case study of blue and gray bones from San Josecito Cave, Mexico. European Journal of Mineralogy: 94(1): 27-33.

Pasero, Marco, Kampf, Anthony R., Ferraris, Cristiano, Pekov, Igor V., Rakovan, John, White, Timothy J. (2010) Nomenclature of the apatite supergroup minerals. European Journal of Mineralogy, 22 (2) 163-179 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2010/0022-2022

Broska, Igor, Krogh Ravna, Erling J., Vojtko, Peter, Janák, Marian, Konečný, Patrik, Pentrák, Martin, Bačík, Peter, Luptáková, Jarmila, Kullerud, Kåre (2014) Oriented inclusions in apatite in a post-UHP fluid-mediated regime (Tromsø Nappe, Norway) European Journal of Mineralogy, 26 (5) 623-634 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2014/0026-2396

Hughes, J. M., Rakovan, J. F. (2015) Structurally Robust, Chemically Diverse: Apatite and Apatite Supergroup Minerals. Elements, 11 (3) 165-170 doi:10.2113/gselements.11.3.165

Rakovan, John, Scovil, Jeffrey A. (2021) Apatite and the Apatite Supergroup. Rocks & Minerals, 96 (1). 13-19 doi:10.1080/00357529.2021.1827906

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