Salammoniac

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered

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Photos of Salammoniac (182)

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Salammoniac

Lichtenberg Absetzer dump, Kauern, Greiz District, Thuringia, Germany

Salammoniac, etc.

Solfatara di Pozzuoli, Pozzuoli, Naples, Campania, Italy

Salammoniac

Ravat Village, Yagnob River, Zeravshan Range, Sughd, Tajikistan

Salammoniac

Lichtenberg Absetzer dump, Kauern, Greiz District, Thuringia, Germany

Salammoniac, etc.

Solfatara di Pozzuoli, Pozzuoli, Naples, Campania, Italy

Salammoniac

Ravat Village, Yagnob River, Zeravshan Range, Sughd, Tajikistan

Salammoniac

Lichtenberg Absetzer dump, Kauern, Greiz District, Thuringia, Germany

Salammoniac, etc.

Solfatara di Pozzuoli, Pozzuoli, Naples, Campania, Italy

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About SalammoniacHide

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Formula:

NH₄Cl

Colour:

Colourless, White, sometimes yellow or brown.

Lustre:

Vitreous

Hardness:

1 - 2

Specific Gravity:

1.532

Crystal System:

Isometric

Name:

From Greek, άλς άμμωυιακός sals ammonikos, salt of Ammon, because of its early manufacture in Egypt. Sal ammoniac was early collected near the temple of Jupiter Ammon in ancient Egypt (now Libya).

CsCl structure type.

Unique IdentifiersHide

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Mindat ID:

3507

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:3507:7

GUID
(UUID V4):

114bb0f3-d26b-4376-8c19-4cf4d509a3c0

Classification of SalammoniacHide

Mineral SymbolsHide

Pronunciation of SalammoniacHide

Physical Properties of SalammoniacHide

Optical Data of SalammoniacHide

Chemical Properties of SalammoniacHide

Crystallography of SalammoniacHide

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0009319	Salammoniac	Sirdeshmukh D B, Deshpande V T (1970) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of ammonium chloride Acta Crystallographica A26 295-295		1970	synthetic	0	293
0009320	Salammoniac	Sirdeshmukh D B, Deshpande V T (1970) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of ammonium chloride Acta Crystallographica A26 295-295		1970	synthetic	0	293
0015628	Salammoniac	Vainshtein B K (1956) Refinement of the structure of the group NH4 in the structure of ammonium chloride Trudy Instituta Kristallografii Akademiya Nauk SSSR 12 18-24		1956		0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to closedata_global _chemical_name_mineral 'Salammoniac' loop_ _publ_author_name 'Sirdeshmukh D B' 'Deshpande V T' _journal_name_full 'Acta Crystallographica, Section A' _journal_volume 26 _journal_year 1970 _journal_page_first 295 _journal_page_last 295 _publ_section_title ; X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of ammonium chloride Sample: T = 31.5 C ; _database_code_amcsd 0009319 _chemical_compound_source 'Synthetic' _chemical_formula_sum 'N Cl' _cell_length_a 3.8771 _cell_length_b 3.8771 _cell_length_c 3.8771 _cell_angle_alpha 90 _cell_angle_beta 90 _cell_angle_gamma 90 _cell_volume 58.280 _exptl_crystal_density_diffrn 1.409 _symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'P m -3 m' loop_ _space_group_symop_operation_xyz 'x,y,z' 'z,-x,y' '-y,z,-x' 'x,-y,z' '-z,x,-y' 'y,-z,x' '-x,y,-z' 'x,-z,-y' '-z,y,x' 'y,-x,-z' '-x,z,y' 'z,-y,-x' '-y,x,z' 'x,z,y' '-z,-y,-x' 'y,x,z' '-x,-z,-y' 'z,y,x' '-y,-x,-z' 'z,x,-y' '-y,-z,x' 'x,y,-z' '-z,-x,y' 'y,z,-x' '-x,-y,z' '-z,x,y' 'y,-z,-x' '-x,y,z' 'z,-x,-y' '-y,z,x' 'x,-y,-z' '-x,z,-y' 'z,-y,x' '-y,x,-z' 'x,-z,y' '-z,y,-x' 'y,-x,z' '-x,-z,y' 'z,y,-x' '-y,-x,z' 'x,z,-y' '-z,-y,x' 'y,x,-z' '-z,-x,-y' 'y,z,x' '-x,-y,-z' 'z,x,y' '-y,-z,-x' loop_ _atom_site_label _atom_site_fract_x _atom_site_fract_y _atom_site_fract_z NH4 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Cl 0.50000 0.50000 0.50000

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

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Synonyms of SalammoniacHide

Other Language Names for SalammoniacHide

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Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

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Internet Links for SalammoniacHide

References for SalammoniacHide

Reference List:

Year ⬇Author Title Publisher

Agricola G (1556) Sal-ammoniac. in De Re Metallica, translated by Hoover H C and Hoover L H 1950, Dover (New York) 560-560

Wallerius J G (1747) in Mineralogia, eller Mineralriket, (Stockholm)

Model, G. (1758) Versuche und Gedanken über ein natürliches und gewachsenes Salmiak, Leipzig 1758

Klaproth, M.H. (1802) Chemische Untersuchung des natürlichen Salmiaks, Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper, Dritter Band, Rottmann Berlin, 89-94

Rammelsberg (1855) 41 (das Chlorammonium).

Scacchi (1875) Acc. Napoli: 67: 28 (as Chlorammonio).

Rammelsberg (1881) 247.

Groth (1906) 1: 182 (as Ammoniumchlorid).

Johnsen (1907) Jb. Min. Beil.-Bd.: 33: 311.

Wyckoff (1922) American Journal of Science: 3: 177.

Wyckoff (1922) American Journal of Science: 4: 469.

Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.pp.15-18

Vainshtein B K (1956) Refinement of the structure of the group NH4 in the structure of ammonium chloride. Trudy Instituta Kristallografii Akademiya Nauk SSSR 12, 18-24

Journal of the Physical Society of Japan (1959) 1205.

Sirdeshmukh D B, Deshpande V T (1970) X-ray measurement of the thermal expansion of ammonium chloride. Acta Crystallographica A26, 295-295

Localities for SalammoniacHide

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This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Locality ListHide

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- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.

Austria
Styria Leoben District Leoben ⓘ Münzenberg	FREYN, R. (1906): Über einige neue Mineralfunde und Fundorte in Steiermark. Mitteilungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines für Steiermark 42, 283-317.
ⓘ Seegraben mine	FREYN, R. (1906): Über einige neue Mineralfunde und Fundorte in Steiermark. Mitteilungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines für Steiermark 42, 283-317.
Voitsberg District Köflach Köflach - Voitsberg lignite deposit Zangtal ⓘ Muttlkogel	Exel, R. (1993) Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs.
Tyrol Innsbruck-Land District Absam Hall valley ⓘ Salt mine	R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993)
Belgium
Flanders Limburg Maasmechelen Eisden ⓘ Eisden colliery	www.strahlen.org/vp/be/eisden/eisden.htm
Wallonia Hainaut ⓘ Charleroi	Bellière, M. (1930) Contribution à l'étude de la minéralisation du terrain houiller. Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique, 53, B125. Mélon, J., Bourguignon, P., Fransolet, A.-M. (1976) Les minéraux de Belgique. Editions G. Lelotte, Dison (Belgique), 283 pages. Hatert, F., Deliens, M., Fransolet, A.-M., Van Der Meersche, E. (2002) Les minéraux de Belgique (2nd ed.) Muséum des Sciences Naturelles, Bruxelles.
Gilly Viviers colliery ⓘ Terril des Viviers coal dump	Bellière, M. (1930) Contribution à l'étude de la minéralisation du terrain houiller. Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique, 53, B125. Hatert, F., Deliens, M., Fransolet, A.-M., Van Der Meersche, E. (2002) Les minéraux de Belgique (2nd ed.) Muséum des Sciences Naturelles, Bruxelles.
Ransart ⓘ Terril St. Charles coal dump	Rui Nunes collection e-rocks.com (n.d.) https://e-rocks.com/item/bck212275/salammoniac www.artefascista.it (n.d.) http://www.artefascista.it/EUROPA_ALTRI_PAESIi__micromineral.htm
Châtelet ⓘ Trieu Kaisin coal dump	Bellière, M. (1930) Contribution à l'étude de la minéralisation du terrain houiller. Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique, 53, B125. Hatert, F., Deliens, M., Fransolet, A.-M., Van Der Meersche, E. (2002) Les minéraux de Belgique (2nd ed.) Muséum des Sciences Naturelles, Bruxelles.
Fleurus Soleilmont ⓘ Gilly North colliery	Hatert, F., Deliens, M., Fransolet, A.-M., Van Der Meersche, E. (2002) Les minéraux de Belgique (2nd ed.) Muséum des Sciences Naturelles, Bruxelles.
Liège Liège ⓘ Chartreuse coal dump	Forir, H. (1881) Soufre, salmiac et mascagnine sur un talus en combustion de la Chartreuse. Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique, 8, LXXXIII. Mélon, J., Bourguignon, P., Fransolet, A.-M. (1976) Les minéraux de Belgique. Editions G. Lelotte, Dison (Belgique), 283 pages. Hatert, F., Deliens, M., Fransolet, A.-M., Van Der Meersche, E. (2002) Les minéraux de Belgique (2nd ed.) Muséum des Sciences Naturelles, Bruxelles.
ⓘ Cointe	Hatert, F., Deliens, M., Fransolet, A.-M., Van Der Meersche, E. (2002) Les minéraux de Belgique (2nd ed.) Muséum des Sciences Naturelles, Bruxelles.
Sclessin ⓘ Perron coal dumps	Cocheteux, A. (1886) Sur des échantillons de soufre provenant de la houillère du Perron (Ougrée). Annales de la Société géologique de Belgique, 13, CXL. Mélon, J., Bourguignon, P., Fransolet, A.-M. (1976) Les minéraux de Belgique. Editions G. Lelotte, Dison (Belgique), 283 pages. Hatert, F., Deliens, M., Fransolet, A.-M., Van Der Meersche, E. (2002) Les minéraux de Belgique (2nd ed.) Muséum des Sciences Naturelles, Bruxelles.
Chile
Antofagasta Antofagasta Province Antofagasta La Negra ⓘ Minera Escondida tailings pond	e-rocks.com (n.d.) https://e-rocks.com/blogs/1/chilean-blues-update-find-coronel-manuel-rodriguez-mine
Mejillones Mejillones peninsula ⓘ Coronel Manuel Rodríguez mine	www.mindat.org (n.d.) https://www.mindat.org/mesg-105-464001.html e-rocks.com (n.d.) https://e-rocks.com/blogs/1/chilean-blues-update-find-coronel-manuel-rodriguez-mine
ⓘ Tarapacá	Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Iquique Province Chanabaya ⓘ Pabellón de Pica	collected by Reynaldo Contreira Chukanov, Nikita V., Zubkova, Natalia V., Möhn, Gerhard, Pekov, Igor V., Belakovskiy, Dmitriy I., Van, Konstantin V., Britvin, Sergey N., Pushcharovsky, Dmitry Y. (2018) Triazolite, NaCu2(N3C2H2)2(NH3)2Cl3·4H2O, a new mineral species containing 1,2,4-triazolate anion, from a guano deposit at Pabellón de Pica, Iquique Province, Chile. Mineralogical Magazine: 82(4): 1007-1014.
Iquique Puerta Patillos ⓘ Punta Patache	forum.amiminerals.org (n.d.) http://forum.amiminerals.org/viewtopic.php?t=3756&highlight=patache
China
Inner Mongolia Wuhai (Wuhai Prefecture) Wuda District Wuda Coal mining area ⓘ Huangbaici coal field	Stracher, G.B., Prakash, A., Schroeder, P., McCormack, J., Zhang, X., Van Dijk, P., Blake, D. (2005) New mineral occurrences and mineralization processes: Wuda coal-fire gas vents of Inner Mongolia. American Mineralogist: 90: 1729-1739.
Ningxia Shizuishan Dawukou District ⓘ Gulaben coal field	Kuenzer, C., Jianzhong Zhang, Tetzlaff, A., van Dijk, P., Voigt, S., Mehl, H., and Wagner, W. (2007): Applied Geography 27, 42-62.
ⓘ Rujigou coal field	Kuenzer, C., Jianzhong Zhang, Tetzlaff, A., van Dijk, P., Voigt, S., Mehl, H., and Wagner, W. (2007): Applied Geography 27, 42-62.
Costa Rica
Alajuela Province San Carlos Canton Arenal Vulcano National Parc ⓘ Arenal Volcano	Stoiber, R.E., Rose Jr., W.I. (1974) Fumarole incrustations at active Central American volcanoes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 38, 495-516.
Czech Republic
Central Bohemian Region ⓘ Kladno District	Zacek, V., Oplustil, S., Mayova, A. & Meyer, F. R. (1995): Die Mineralien von Kladno in Mittelböhmen, Tschechische Republik. Mineralien-Welt 6 (1), 13-30 (in German).
Libušin ⓘ Kladno mine	"Dan Costian" Collection pages: 23 - 26 Žáček V, Ondruš P (2000) Lesukite, cubic Al2Cl(OH)5.2H2O from Kladno, Czech Republic. Bulletin of Geosciences, volume 75, issue 1 Zacek, V., Skoda, R., Laufek, F., Kosek, F., & Jehlicka, J. (2019). Complementing knowledge about rare sulphates lonecreekite, NH4Fe3+ (SO4) 2· 12 H2O and sabieite, NH4Fe3+ (SO4) 2: chemical composition, XRD and RAMAN spectroscopy (Libusin near Kladno, the Czech Republic). Journal of Geosciences, 64(2), 149-159.
Hradec Králové Region Trutnov District Lampertice ⓘ Jan Šverma Mine	Harapát, L.: Minerály hořících hald dolu Jan Šverma u Žacléře. Časopis pro mineralogii a geologii, 1986, roč. 31, č. 1, s. 99-100.
Radvanice ⓘ Kateřina Coal Mine	Žáček, V., Ondruš, P. (1998) Mineralogy of recently formed sublimates from Kateřina colliery in Radvanice, Eastern Bohemia, Czech Republic. Bulletin of the Czech geological survey, 73(2), 289-302.
Moravian-Silesian Region Ostrava-City District Ostrava ⓘ Heřmanice	Dalibor Matýsek, Jakub Jirásek, Mineralogy of the coal waste dumps from the Czech part of the Upper Silesian Basin: Emphasized role of halides for element mobility,International Journal of Coal Geology,Volume 264,2022,104138,ISSN 0166-5162
South Moravian Region Brno-Country District Oslavany ⓘ Rosice-Oslavany coalfield	Hršelová, P., Cempírek, J., Houzar, S., Sejkora, J. (2013): S,F,Cl-rich mineral assemblages from burned spoil heaps in the Rosice-Oslavany coalfield, Czech Republic. Can. Mineral.: 51(1): 171-188
Hodonín District Žádovice ⓘ Barbora I lignite mine	Kruťa T. (1944): Nález nové recentní síry a salmiaku v Kelčanech na Moravě. Věda přírodní, 23, 61.
Ústí nad Labem Region Děčín District ⓘ Pravčice rock arch	Varilová, Z., Prikryl, R., & Cílek, V. (2011). Erratum to: Pravcice Rock Arch (Bohemian Switzerland National Park, Czech Republic) deterioration due to natural and anthropogenic weathering. Environmental Earth Sciences, 64(4), 1191.
Teplice District Bílina ⓘ Bílina coal mine	Bouška, V., Dvořák, Z.: Nerosty severočeské hěndouhelné pánve. Praha: Severočeské doly, a.s., 160 s.
Ecuador
Pichincha Province Quito Canton ⓘ Pichincha Volcano	On exhibit at, and analyzed at, the Geominero Museum, IGME (Instituto Geologico y Minero de España), in Madrid, 2021.
France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Allier Montluçon Commentry ⓘ Commentry coal mine	"Les minéraux, leurs gisements, leurs associations", P. Bariand, F. Cesbron et J. Geffroy (1977), Editions Minéraux et Fossiles, BRGM
Loire Saint-Étienne Genilac ⓘ Mont du Feu	Gonnard F. (1906) - Minéralogie des départements du Rhône et de la Loire, p.23
La Ricamarie ⓘ Crassier Saint-Pierre	Laurent, H. (1995) - Minéralisations des houillères embrasées, Le Règne Minéral,(2), 41-45.
Saint-Étienne ⓘ Couriot pit and Chatelus pits	Laurent, H. (1995) - Minéralisations des houillères embrasées, Le Règne Minéral,(2), 41-45.
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Haute-Saône Lure Ronchamp ⓘ Coal mine	Hohl: "Minéraux et Mines du Massif Vosgien", Editions du Rhin (Mulhouse), 1994
Nièvre Nevers La Machine ⓘ La Machine coal tips	OLLIC Pascal Collection
Hauts-de-France Pas-de-Calais Lens ⓘ Avion	Naze-Nancy Masalehdani, M., Mees, F., Dubois, M., Coquinot, Y., Potdevin, J.-L., Fialin, M. & Blanc-Valleron, M.-M. (2009): Condensate minerals from a burning coal-waste heap in Avion, Northern France. Can. Mineral. 47, 573-591.
Martinique Arrondissement of La Trinité Grand'Rivière ⓘ Montagne Pelée	Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Occitanie Aveyron Villefranche-de-Rouergue ⓘ Cransac
Decazeville Decazeville coal basin ⓘ Découverte de Lassalle	www.pangeaminerals.com (n.d.) http://www.pangeaminerals.com/aveyron/houiller/houiller.htm
Germany
Bavaria Upper Bavaria Berchtesgadener Land District Berchtesgaden Berchtesgadener Salzberg ⓘ Salt Mine
Brandenburg Märkisch-Oderland Bad Freienwalde ⓘ Clay pit	Andreas Gerstenberg collection
North Rhine-Westphalia Cologne Aachen Alsdorf ⓘ Anna mine	Blaß, G. and Strehler, H. (1993): Mineralbildungen in einer durch Selbstentzündung brennenden Bergehalde des Aachener Steinkohlenreviers. Mineralien-Welt 4 (4), 35-42. (in German) Witzke, T., de Wit, F., Kolitsch, U. and Blaß, G. (2015): Mineralogy of the Burning Anna I Coal Mine Dump, Alsdorf, Germany. Chapter 7, pp. 203-240, in: Stracher, G. B., Prakash, A. and Sokol, E. V.: Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective, Volume 3: Case Studies - Coal Fires, Elsevier, 786 pp.
Düsseldorf Oberhausen Alstaden ⓘ Alstaden coal mine	Vertacnik, W. (1983): Salmiak von der Abraumhalde der ehemaligen Zeche Alstaden, Rheinland. Aufschluss 34, 177-180. Weiss, S. (1990) Mineralfundstellen Atlas, Deutschland West. Weise Verlag, München, 320 pages.
Saarland Saarbrücken Dudweiler (Duttweiler) ⓘ Brennender Berg	Ramdohr, Strunz: Klockmann's Lehrbuch der Mineralogie
Quierschied Fischbach-Camphausen Camphausen ⓘ Camphausen Mine	Richard Dale Collection
Saxony Erzgebirgskreis Oelsnitz ⓘ Gewerkschaft Deutschland Mine	T. Witzke (1996): Die Minerale der brennenden Halde der Steinkohlengrube "Deutschland-schacht" in Oelsnitz bei Zwickau.- Aufschluss 47, 41-48
Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge Bannewitz Hänichen ⓘ Beckerschacht mine	www.strahlen.org (n.d.) https://www.strahlen.org/tw/haldenbrand/burningdumps_haenichen.html www.strahlen.org (n.d.) https://www.strahlen.org/tw/haldenbrand/burningdumps_haenichen.html Schmorl (1866) Sitzungsberichte der naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft ISIS in Dresden, p. 23 Schmorl (1866) Sitzungsberichte der naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft ISIS in Dresden, p. 23 Groth, P. (1867): Ueber neu gebildete Mineralproducte auf einem brennenden Steinkohlenfelde bei Dresden.- Sitzungsberichte der naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft ISIS in Dresden, p. 68-70 Groth, P. (1867): Ueber neu gebildete Mineralproducte auf einem brennenden Steinkohlenfelde bei Dresden.- Sitzungsberichte der naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft ISIS in Dresden, p. 68-70
Freital Döhlen ⓘ Carola Mine	P Haas collection
Thuringia Greiz District Kauern ⓘ Lichtenberg Absetzer dump	T. Witzke & F. Rüger: Lapis 1998(7/8), 26-64
Hungary
Baranya County Komló District Komló ⓘ Budafa coal mine
ⓘ Shaft No. III	Csaba Papp specimen
Pécs District ⓘ Pécs-Vasas	Koller G.Own found.
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County Edelény District ⓘ Edelény	Szakáll, S., Gatter, I., Szendrei, G. (2005): A Magyarországi Ásványfajok. (The Mineral Species of Hungary). Kőország Kiadó, Budapest, 427 (in Hungarian).
Kazincbarcika District Múcsony ⓘ Szeles Shaft	Szakáll, S. & Jánosi, M. (1996) Minerals of Hungary. Topographia mineralogica Hungariae 4, 130p.
Miskolc District ⓘ Lyukóbánya	Szakáll & Jánosi: minerals of hungary, 1995
Heves County Eger District Egercsehi ⓘ Egercsehi Coal Mine	Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary, 1995
Nógrád County Bátonyterenye ⓘ Kányáspuszta	Szakáll-Jánosi: Minerals of Hungary
ⓘ Szorospatak
Iceland
Southern Region Rangárþing ytra ⓘ Hekla	Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Vestmannaeyjar Vestmannaeyjar archipelago (Westman islands) Heimaey island ⓘ Eldfell	Mitolo, D., Garavelli, A., Pedersen, L., Balić-Žunić, T., Jakobsson, S.P., Vurro, F. (2008): Mineralogy of actually forming sublimates at Eldfell Volcano, Heimaey (Vestmannaeyjar archipelago), Iceland. Plinius, 34, 322. Balić-Žunić, T., Garavelli, A., Jakobsson, S. P., Jonasson, K., Katerinopoulos, A., Kyriakopoulos, K., & Acquafredda, P. (2016). Fumarolic minerals: An overview of active European volcanoes. In Updates in Volcanology-From Volcano Modelling To Volcano Geology. InTechOpen.
Indonesia
Special Region of Yogyakarta ⓘ Fumaroles	Symonds, R. (1993): Scanning electron microscope observations of Merapi Volcano, Indonesia. Geochemical Journal: 26: 337-350
West Java Province Garut Regency ⓘ Papandayan volcano	Bonifazi Marco Collection
Italy
Campania Naples Pozzuoli ⓘ Solfatara di Pozzuoli	Russo, M. (2004): Realgar e pararealgar della Solfatara di Pozzuoli. Micro (notizie mineralogiche), 2004, 25-28
ⓘ "Bocca Grande" fumarole	Russo, M., Campostrini, I., Demartin, F. (2017) I minerali di origine fumarolica dei Campi Flegrei: Solfatara di Pozzuoli (Napoli) e dintorni. Micro: 15: 122-192.
Somma-Vesuvius Complex ⓘ Mount Vesuvius	Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
ⓘ Vesuvius fumaroles	Pelloux, A. (1927) The minerals of Vesuvius. American Mineralogist, 12, 14–21 Parascandola, A. (1951) I minerali del Vesuvio nella eruzione del marzo 1944 e quelli formati durante l’attuale periodo di riposo. Bollettino della Societa` Geologica Italiana, 70, 523–526 Russo, M., and Punzo, I. (2004) I Minerali del Somma-Vesuvio. AMI Associazione Micro-mineralogica Italiana, Tipografia Fantigrafica s.r.l., Cremona, 320 pp.
Sicily Metropolitan City of Catania Etna Volcanic Complex ⓘ Mount Etna	AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work. Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Metropolitan City of Messina Eolie Islands (Aeolian Islands) Lipari ⓘ Stromboli Island	AA. VV., 1996. Collezionare minerali. Hobby & Work. Renzulli, Alberto Taussi, Marco Brink, Frank J. Del Moro, Stefano Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Henley, Richard W. (2021) "Sulphide Globules in a Porcellanite–Buchite Composite Xenolith from Stromboli Volcano (Aeolian Islands, Southern Italy): Products of Open-System Igneous Pyrometamorphism" Minerals 11, no. 6: 639. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11060639
Vulcano Island ⓘ La Fossa crater	Jervis, G. (1881): I tesori sotterranei dell'Italia. Vol. 3: Regioni delle Isole. Sardegna e Sicilia. Addenda ai precedenti volumi. Loescher, Torino, XXII+539 pp. Panichi, U. (1914): Contributo allo studio dei minerali dell’isola di Vulcano. Memorie di Matematica e Scienze Fisiche e Naturali della Società Italiana delle Scienze (detta dei XL), ser. 3, 19, 3-55, AQUILANO D., FRANCHINI ANGELA M., BEDARIDA F. (1984): Crystal habit and growth conditions of NH4(Cl,Br) solid solutions from Vulcano Island (Italy). - Rendiconti della Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrografia - 39, 705-710. CORADOSSI N., MAZZI F. (1985): Variazione della costante reticolare a0 con il contenuto di bromo nel cloruro di ammonio naturale (salmiak) di Vulcano (Isole Eolie). - Rendiconti della Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrografia - 40, 267-275.
Porto Levante ⓘ Faraglioni di Levante	Spallanzani, L. (1792): Viaggi alle Due Sicilie e in alcune parti dell'Appennino. Vol. 2. Stamperia Baldassarre Comini, Pavia, 351 pp. Cossa, A. (1881): Allume potassico dell'isola di Vulcano. In: Ricerche chimiche e microscopiche su roccie e minerali d'Italia (1875-1880). Regia Stazione Agraria Sperimentale di Torino, Tip. V. Bona, Torino, pages 208-221 Jervis, G. (1881): I tesori sotterranei dell'Italia. Vol. 3: Regioni delle Isole. Sardegna e Sicilia. Addenda ai precedenti volumi. Loescher, Torino, XXII+539 pp. Panichi, U. (1914): Contributo allo studio dei minerali dell’isola di Vulcano. Memorie di Matematica e Scienze Fisiche e Naturali della Società Italiana delle Scienze (detta dei XL), ser. 3, 19, 3-55.
ⓘ Faraglione Nico	JERVIS G. (1873): I tesori sotterranei d’Italia. - Ed. Loescher, Torino. AQUILANO D., FRANCHINI ANGELA M., BEDARIDA F. (1984): Crystal habit and growth conditions of NH4(Cl,Br) solid solutions from Vulcano Island (Italy). - Rendiconti della Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrografia - 39, 705-710. CORADOSSI N., MAZZI F. (1985): Variazione della costante reticolare a0 con il contenuto di bromo nel cloruro di ammonio naturale (salmiak) di Vulcano (Isole Eolie). - Rendiconti della Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrografia - 40, 267-275.
ⓘ Grotta dell'Allume	Panichi, U. (1914): Contributo allo studio dei minerali dell’isola di Vulcano. Memorie di Matematica e Scienze Fisiche e Naturali della Società Italiana delle Scienze (detta dei XL), ser. 3, 19, 3-55.
Japan
Hokkaidō Prefecture Sorachi Subprefecture Mikasa City ⓘ Ikushunbetsu	Shimobayashi, N., Ohnishi, M., & Miura, H. (2011). Ammonium sulfate minerals from Mikasa, Hokkaido, Japan: boussingaultite, godovikovite, efremovite and tschermigite. Journal of mineralogical and petrological sciences, 106(3), 158-163.
Kenya
Trans-Nzoia County Mount Elgon ⓘ Kitum Cave	Bowell, R. J., Warren, A., & Redmond, I. (1996). Formation of cave salts and utilization by elephants in the Mount Elgon region, Kenya. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 113(1), 63-79.
Mexico
Michoacan Uruapan Municipality ⓘ Paricutin volcano	Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences Volume 11, Issue 2 Series II, pages 28–33, December 1948
Netherlands
Limburg Kerkrade Municipality ⓘ Willem-Sophia mine	De Wit, F.C.A., Kruijen, F. (2003) En nu ben ik even naar de Willem-Sophia…. Gea: 36(2): 60–62 (in Dutch). Mestrom, P. (2023) Willem-Sophia (NL): een brandende berg, het begin van een passie. Geonieuws: 48(1): 20-24 (in Dutch).
Nicaragua
León Department ⓘ Cerro Negro volcano	Stoiber, R.E., Rose Jr., W.I. (1974) Fumarole incrustations at active Central American volcanoes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 38, 495-516.
Norway
Svalbard Spitsbergen ⓘ Pyramiden Coal Mine	Oftedahl, I. (1929) Minerals from the burning coal seam at Mt.Pyramide, Spitsbergen (part II of Werenskiold, W. and Oftedal, I: A burning coal seam at Mt.Pyramide, Spitsbergen) Skrifter om Svalbard og Nordishavet. Resultater av de Norske Statsunderstottede Spitsbergenekspeditioner Vol. 1 (3) Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi, H.J. Dybwad p.9-14. Rune S. Selbekk (2010) Norges mineraler - En revidert utgave av Norges mineraler (Neumann 1985) Tapir Akademiske Forlag, Trondheim. p.1-552.p.104
Peru
Ica Pisco Province San Clemente District Chincha Islands ⓘ North Chincha Island	Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
La Libertad Virù Province ⓘ Guañape Islands	Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Poland
Lower Silesian Voivodeship Kłodzko County Nowa Ruda Słupiec Mine ⓘ Słupiec heap	Wielogórski Z., Zawidzki P., Koisar B. 1975. Procesy powstawania minerałów w strefach pożarów hałdy kopalni węgla "Słupiec". Przegląd Górniczy, 9, 443-448 Ciesielczukk, J., Kruszewski, Ł., Fabiańska, M.J., Misz-Kennan, M., Kowalski, A., Mysza, B., 2014: Efflorescences and gas composition emitted from the burning coal-waste dump in Słupiec, Lower Silesian Coal Basin, Poland. Proceedings of the International Symposium CEMC 2014, Skalský Dvůr, April 23-26th, 26-27
Wałbrzych Śródmieście ⓘ Julia Mine	Lis, Józef, Sylwestrzak, Hubert (1986) Minerały Dolnego Śląska [Minerals of the Lower Silesia]. Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa. p.1-791.
Silesian Voivodeship Katowice Wełnowiec-Józefowiec ⓘ "Alpy" dump	Fabiańska, M.J., Ciesielczuk, J., Kruszewski, Ł., Misz-Kennan, M., Blake, D.R., Stracher, G., Moszumańska, I., 2013: Gaseous compounds and efflorescences generated in self-heating coal-waste dumps — A case study from the Upper and Lower Silesian Coal Basins (Poland). International Journal of Coal Geology: 116-117: 247-261
Mikołów County Łaziska Górne ⓘ Skalny dump	Lukasz Kruszewski 2005: Minerals arising in cause of underground fires of "Skalny" coal mine dump in Laziska, Upper Silesia.Mag. Thesis (unpublished) Parafiniuk, J. and Kruszewski, Ł. (2009): Ammonium minerals from burning coal-dumps of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland). Geol. Quart., 53, 341-356. http://www.pgi.gov.pl/images/stories/G_Q/53_3/parafiniuk.pdf]
Rybnik Niedobczyce ⓘ Rybnik-Rymer (Stożki) coal-mining dump	Parafiniuk, J. and Kruszewski, Ł. (2009): Ammonium minerals from burning coal-dumps of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland). Geol. Quart., 53, 341-356. http://www.pgi.gov.pl/images/stories/G_Q/53_3/parafiniuk.pdf]
Rybnik County Gmina Czerwionka-Leszczyny ⓘ Dębieńsko Mine heap	Parafiniuk, J. and Kruszewski, Ł. (2009): Ammonium minerals from burning coal-dumps of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland). Geol. Quart., 53, 341-356. http://www.pgi.gov.pl/images/stories/G_Q/53_3/parafiniuk.pdf]
Siemianowice Śląskie ⓘ Dąbrowka Wielka	Lukasz Kruszewski (visual identification)
Wodzisław County Radlin ⓘ Marcel mine heap	Łukasz Kruszewski (2012) Unique chloride assemblage of exhalative origin from burning coal-mining dump in Radlin (Rybnik Coal Area, S Poland). Mineralogical Society of Poland Special Papers 40
Rydułtowy ROW Ruch Rydułtowy Mine ⓘ Rydułtowy heap (Szarlota heap)	Parafiniuk, J. and Kruszewski, Ł. (2009): Ammonium minerals from burning coal-dumps of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland). Geol. Quart., 53, 341-356. http://www.pgi.gov.pl/images/stories/G_Q/53_3/parafiniuk.pdf]
Wodzisław Śląski ⓘ Pszów	Kruszewski, Ł., Fabiańska, M.J., Ciesielczuk, J., Segit, T., Orłowski, R., Motyliński, R., Kusy, D., Moszumańska, I. (2018): First multi-tool exploration of a gas-condensate-pyrolysate system from the environment of burning coal mine heaps: An in situ FTIR and laboratory GC and PXRD study based on Upper Silesian materials. Science of the Total Environment: 640-641: 1044-1071
Portugal
Porto Gondomar São Pedro da Cova ⓘ São Pedro da Cova Mine	Rui Nunes - Jan/2006
Russia
Chelyabinsk Oblast ⓘ Chelyabinsk coal basin	Cesnokov, B., Kotrly, M. and Nisanbajev, T. (1998): Brennende Abraumhalden und Aufschlüsse im Tscheljabinsker Kohlenbecken - eine reiche Mineralienküche. Mineralien-Welt, 9 (3), 54-63 (in German).
Kamchatka Krai Ust-Kamchatsky District ⓘ Klyuchevsk Stratovolcano
Yelizovsky District ⓘ Mutnovskoe	[Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p163-180]
ⓘ Rodnikovoe	[Der Aufschluss 1995:4 p.163-180]
Sakhalin Oblast Kuril Islands (Kurile Islands) Severo-Kurilsky District Atlasov Island Alaid volcano ⓘ Olimpiyskiy Fissure	Vergasova, L.P. [Вергасова, Л.П. ] (1977) Olimpiyiskiy breakthrough fumarole minerals [Фумарольные минералы прорыва Олимпийского]. Bulletin of the Kamchatka Volcanologic Station [Бюллетень вулканологической станции на Камчатке], 53, 77–89 (in Russian) Zhitova, E.S., Anikin, L.P., Sergeeva, A.V., Ismagilova, R.M., Rashidov, V.A. , Chubarov, V.M., and Kupchinenko, A.N. [Житова, Е.С., Аникин, Л.П., Сергеева, А.В., Исмагилова, Р.М., Рашидов, В.А., Чубаров, В.М., и Купчиненко, А.Н.] (2020) Volborthite Occurrence at the Alaid Volcano (Atlasov Island, Kuril Islands, Russia) [Проявление фольбортита на вулкане Алаид (о. Атласова, Курильские острова, Россия)] Zapiski Vserossiyskogo Mineralogicheskogo Obshchestva [Записки Всероссийского Mинералогического Oбщества], 149, 3, 78–95 (in Russian).
South Africa
Free State Fezile Dabi District Municipality ⓘ Vereeniging - Sasolburg coalfields	International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124–140
Mpumalanga Nkangala District Municipality Emalahleni Local Municipality eMalahleni (Witbank) ⓘ Witbank coalfield	International Journal of Coal Geology 72 (2007) 124–140
Western Cape City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality ⓘ Marion Island	Allan William Fraser collection, photo ID 1058741
Spain
Canary Islands Santa Cruz de Tenerife Province Tenerife Santiago del Teide ⓘ Chinyero volcano	Agudo, A. y Calvo, M. (2014) Una rareza mineralógica española recuperada: El Salmiac del Chinyero. Revista de Minerales. Vol V núm.5, 55-56.
Switzerland
Vaud Aigle Bex ⓘ Salt mine	Stalder, H. A., Wagner, A., Graeser, S. and Stuker, P. (1998): "Mineralienlexikon der Schweiz", Wepf (Basel), p. 359.
Tajikistan
Sughd Ayni District Ravat Kishlak ⓘ Ermakovite and Novikovite type locality	Karpenko, V., Pautov, L., Siidra, O., Mirakov, M., Zaitsev, A., Plechov, P., Makhmadsharif, S. (2023). Ermakovite (NH4)(As2O3)2Br, a new exhalative arsenite bromide mineral from the Fan-Yagnob coal deposit, Tajikistan. Mineralogical Magazine, 87(1), 69-78.
Gissar Range ⓘ Jijikrut (Dzhidzhikrut)	Lukasz Kruszewski (PXRD, visual identification)
Zeravshan Range Yagnob River ⓘ Kukhi-Malik area (Kuhi-malik)	Lukasz Kruszewski (visual identification)
ⓘ Ravat Village (site of)	Belakovskiy D.I., Galuskin E. (1990) Hopper crystals of natural salammoniac. Mineralogiceskiy Zhurnal, 12, xx-xx. (in Russian). Nasdala, L., & Pekov, I. V. (1993). Ravatite, C14HIO, a new organic mineral species from Ravat, Tadzhikistan. Eur. J. Mineral, 5, 699-705.
UK
England Staffordshire Stafford ⓘ Bradley	Hall, T.M. (1868): The Mineralogist's Directory. Edward Stanford (London), 168 pp.
Tyne & Wear ⓘ Newcastle upon Tyne	P D Trebilcock collection F. Rutley: "Elements of Mineralogy", 12th Ed. (1900) Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Ukraine
Lviv Oblast L'viv-Volynskii Coal Basin (L'vov-Volynskii Coal Basin) Chervonograd ⓘ Coal Mine	Pekov, Igor V. (1998) Minerals first discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union. Ocean Pictures, Moscow. 369pp.
USA
Arizona Maricopa County Painted Rock Mountains Painted Rock Mining District Theba Rowley Mine ⓘ 125 foot level	Kampf, A. R., Celestian, A. J., Nash, B. P., & Marty, J. (2019). Phoxite,(NH4) 2Mg2 (C2O4)(PO3OH) 2 (H2O) 4, the first phosphate-oxalate mineral. American Mineralogist, 104(7), 973-979.
Yuma County Yuma Mining District ⓘ Yuma	Galbraith, F.W. & Brennan (1959), Minerals of AZ: 43.
California Imperial County Niland ⓘ Davis–Schrimpf Fumarole Field (Mud Volcanoes area; Mud Pots area)	Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 193. Le Conte, John Lawrence (1855), Account of some volcanic springs in the desert of the Colorado, in southern California: American Journal of Science, 2nd. series: 19: 5 Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 326 Pemberton, H. Earl (1983) Minerals of California. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc.
Salton Sea Mullet Island ⓘ F1 fumarole field	Adams, P., & Lynch, D. (2014). A mineralogical inventory of geothermal features southeast of the Salton Sea, Imperial County, California. Trough to trough: The Colorado River and the Salton Sea (Reynolds, R, 39-43.
ⓘ F2 fumarole field	Adams, P., & Lynch, D. (2014). A mineralogical inventory of geothermal features southeast of the Salton Sea, Imperial County, California. Trough to trough: The Colorado River and the Salton Sea (Reynolds, R, 39-43.
Los Angeles County Pacific Palisades Burning Mountain ⓘ Bernheimer Gardens	Rogers, Austin Flint (1912), Notes on rare minerals from California: Columbia University, School of Mines Quarterly: 33: 373 Clearwater, C.D. (1944), “Burning Canyon”: Palisadian: 16(49): 2 Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 326.
Santa Barbara County ⓘ Hope Ranch	Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 193. Rogers, Austin Flint (1912), Notes on rare minerals from California: Columbia University, School of Mines Quarterly: 33: 373 Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 326. Pemberton, H. Earl (1983) Minerals of California. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc.
ⓘ Death Valley National Park	Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 193. Bailey, Gilbert E. (1902), The saline deposits of California: California Mining Bureau Bulletin 24: 106 Murdoch, Joseph & Robert W. Webb (1966), Minerals of California, Centennial Volume (1866-1966): California Division Mines & Geology Bulletin 189: 326 Pemberton, H. Earl (1983) Minerals of California. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc.
Hawaii Hawaii County ⓘ Kilauea Volcano	Palache, Charles, Berman, Harry, Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Ect. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Kentucky Floyd County ⓘ Truman Shepherd coal mine	Hower, J. C., O'Keefe, J. M., Henke, K. R., Wagner, N. J., Copley, G., Blake, D. R., ... & Silva, L. F. (2013). Gaseous emissions and sublimates from the Truman Shepherd coal fire, Floyd County, Kentucky: a re-investigation following attempted mitigation of the fire. International Journal of Coal Geology, 116, 63-74.
Perry County Bulan ⓘ Hazard No. 7 seam	Stracher, G.B., Finkelman, R.B., Hower, J.C., Pone, J.D.N., Prakash, A., Blake, D.R., Schroeder, P.A., Emsbo-Mattingly, S.D., and O'Keefe, J.M.K. (2009): Natural and anthropogenic coal fires. In: Umran Dogan, A., and Cutler, J. (eds.): Encyclopedia of Earth. Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment, Cleveland (Washington, D.C.)
Ohio Huron County Huron River ⓘ Huron Shale burn site	Richards, R.P., Shewfelt, W.R., Carlson, E.H., Kampf, A.R., Nash, B.P. (2017). Mineralogy of the Huron River Shale Fire, Huron County, Ohio. Rocks & Minerals: 92(3): 244–263.
Oklahoma Okmulgee County ⓘ Schulter	Rocks & Minerals: 72(4): 252-264.
Tulsa County Tulsa ⓘ Acme Coal mine	Rocks & Min. vol. 72 (1997)
Pennsylvania Columbia County ⓘ Centralia
Schuylkill County Shenandoah ⓘ Kehley's Run Mine	Mineralogy Associated with Burning Anthracite Deposits of Eastern Pennsylvania. D. M. Lapham, J. Barns, W. Downey Jr., R. Finkelman MRR#78 1980
Vermont Windsor County ⓘ Hinchman prospect	Perkins, G.H., (1904), Report Of The State Geologist On The Mineral Industries And Geology Of Certain Areas Of Vermont, 1903-1904: Montpelier, Vermont, Argus And Patriot Printing House, P. 58-60.
Washington ⓘ Mount Rainier National Park	Rye, R. O., Breit, G. N., & Zimbelman, D. R. (2003). Preliminary mineralogic and stable isotope studies of altered summit and flank rocks and Osceola Mudflow deposits on Mount Rainier, Washington. US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey.
Venezuela
Bolívar Pedregal city ⓘ Cerro Pelado Formation	Journal of South American Earth Sciences Volume 27, Issues 2-3, February-March 2009, Pages 211-218