Sylvanite
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About Sylvanite
Formula:
(Au,Ag)2Te4
Au:Ag ratio usually is close to 1:1
Colour:
Grey, white, pale yellow silver-white
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
1½ - 2
Specific Gravity:
8.16
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named in 1835 by Louis Albert Necker-de Saussure for the Transylvania region of Romania, where it was first found, and Sylvanium, one of the names proposed for the newly discovered element tellurium, which it contains.
Type Locality:
Classification of Sylvanite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
2/D.16-20
2.EA.05
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
E : Metal Sulfides, M: S <= 1:2
A : M:S = 1:2 - With Cu, Ag, Au
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
E : Metal Sulfides, M: S <= 1:2
A : M:S = 1:2 - With Cu, Ag, Au
2.12.13.3
2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
2 : SULFIDES
12 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 1:2
3.3.9
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
3 : Sulphides etc. of Au
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
3 : Sulphides etc. of Au
Physical Properties of Sylvanite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Comment:
Usually very bright
Colour:
Grey, white, pale yellow silver-white
Streak:
Silver-white
Hardness:
1½ - 2 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=154 - 172 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {010}
on {010}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
8.16 g/cm3 (Measured) 8.161 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Sylvanite
Anisotropism:
Very strong
Colour in reflected light:
Creamy white
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
Cream white to leather brown.
Chemical Properties of Sylvanite
Formula:
(Au,Ag)2Te4
Au:Ag ratio usually is close to 1:1
Au:Ag ratio usually is close to 1:1
IMA Formula:
AgAuTe4
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Sb,Pb,Cu,Ni
Crystallography of Sylvanite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P2/b
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.95(1) Å, b = 4.478(5) Å, c = 14.62(2) Å
β = 145.35(5)°
β = 145.35(5)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.999 : 1 : 3.265
Unit Cell V:
333.14 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Short prismatic, thick tabular, skeletal, bladed, columnar, granular.
Twinning:
Common on {100}
Crystallographic forms of Sylvanite
Crystal Atlas:
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0000029 | Sylvanite | Tunell G (1941) The atomic arrangement of sylvanite American Mineralogist 26 457-477 | ![]() | 1941 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
7.36 Å | (5) |
5.09 Å | (10) |
4.53 Å | (5) |
3.98 Å | (10) |
3.83 Å | (10) |
3.17 Å | (5) |
3.05 Å | (100) |
2.47 Å | (5) |
2.39 Å | (5) |
2.25 Å | (30) |
2.14 Å | (50) |
2.12 Å | (10) |
2.08 Å | (10) |
1.988 Å | (30) |
1.840 Å | (10) |
1.796 Å | (20) |
1.754 Å | (5) |
1.717 Å | (10) |
1.646 Å | (5) |
1.574 Å | (5) |
1.522 Å | (20) |
1.496 Å | (5) |
1.470 Å | (5) |
1.418 Å | (10) |
1.414 Å | (10) |
1.364 Å | (10) |
1.347 Å | (10) |
1.322 Å | (5) |
1.275 Å | (5) |
1.235 Å | (5) |
1.221 Å | (10) |
1.192 Å | (10) |
1.138 Å | (5) |
1.086 Å | (5) |
1.051 Å | (5) |
1.022 Å | (10) |
1.001 Å | (5) |
Comments:
ICDD 9-477
Geological Environment
Geological Setting:
Low-temperature hydrothermal veins. Late forming mineral in medium to high-temperature hydrothermal veins.
Type Occurrence of Sylvanite
Synonyms of Sylvanite
Other Language Names for Sylvanite
German:Aurotellurit
Goldschmidtit (of Hobbs)
Goldtellur
Schrifterz
Sylvanit
Weißgolderz
Weisstellur
Silvanerz(in part)
Weißsilvanerz(in part)
Goldschmidtit (of Hobbs)
Goldtellur
Schrifterz
Sylvanit
Weißgolderz
Weisstellur
Silvanerz(in part)
Weißsilvanerz(in part)
Russian:Сильванит
Spanish:Aurotellurita
Sylvanita
Sylvanita
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
114 photos of Sylvanite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
52 photos of Sylvanite associated with Gold | Au |
43 photos of Sylvanite associated with Coloradoite | HgTe |
39 photos of Sylvanite associated with Hessite | Ag2Te |
27 photos of Sylvanite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
9 photos of Sylvanite associated with Calaverite | AuTe2 |
9 photos of Sylvanite associated with Petzite | Ag3AuTe2 |
7 photos of Sylvanite associated with Laumontite | CaAl2Si4O12 · 4H2O |
6 photos of Sylvanite associated with Tellurium | Te |
6 photos of Sylvanite associated with Apatite | Ca5(PO4)3(Cl/F/OH) |
Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping
2.EA.10 | Calaverite | AuTe2 | Mon. |
2.EA.15 | Kostovite | CuAuTe4 | Orth. |
2.EA.15 | Krennerite | Au3AgTe8 | Orth. mm2 : Pma2 |
2.EA.20 | Berndtite | SnS2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
2.EA.20 | Kitkaite | NiTeSe | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
2.EA.20 | Melonite | NiTe2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
2.EA.20 | Merenskyite | PdTe2 | Trig. 3m : P3m1 |
2.EA.20 | Moncheite | (Pt,Pd)(Te,Bi)2 | Trig. |
2.EA.20 | Shuangfengite | IrTe2 | Trig. |
2.EA.20 | Sudovikovite | PtSe2 | Trig. |
2.EA.25 | Verbeekite | PdSe2 | Mon. |
2.EA.30 | Drysdallite | MoSe2 | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
2.EA.30 | Jordisite | MoS2 | Amor. |
2.EA.30 | Molybdenite | MoS2 | Hex. 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) : P63/mmc |
2.EA.30 | Tungstenite | WS2 | Trig. 3m : R3m |
Related Minerals - Dana Grouping (8th Ed.)
2.12.13.1 | Krennerite | Au3AgTe8 | Orth. mm2 : Pma2 |
2.12.13.2 | Calaverite | AuTe2 | Mon. |
2.12.13.4 | Kostovite | CuAuTe4 | Orth. |
Related Minerals - Hey's Chemical Index of Minerals Grouping
3.3.1 | Calaverite | AuTe2 | Mon. |
3.3.2 | Krennerite | Au3AgTe8 | Orth. mm2 : Pma2 |
3.3.3 | Kostovite | CuAuTe4 | Orth. |
3.3.4 | Uytenbogaardtite | Ag3AuS2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3c |
3.3.5 | Fischesserite | Ag3AuSe2 | Iso. 4 3 2 : I41 3 2 |
3.3.6 | Petrovskaite | AuAgS | Mon. |
3.3.7 | Petzite | Ag3AuTe2 | Iso. 4 3 2 : I41 3 2 |
3.3.8 | Muthmannite | AuAgTe2 | Mon. 2/m : P2/m |
3.3.10 | Penzhinite | (Ag,Cu)4Au(S,Se)4 | Hex. |
3.3.11 | Bezsmertnovite | (Au,Ag)4Cu(Te,Pb) | Orth. |
3.3.12 | Bilibinskite | PbCu2Au3Te2 | Iso. |
3.3.13 | Bogdanovite | (Au,Te,Pb)3(Cu,Fe) | Iso. |
3.3.14 | Montbrayite | (Au,Ag,Sb,Bi,Pb)23(Te,Sb,Bi,Pb)38 | Tric. |
Fluorescence of Sylvanite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
References for Sylvanite
Reference List:
Sort by Year (asc) | by Year (desc) | by Author (A-Z) | by Author (Z-A)
von Reichenstein (1785) Phys. Arb. Wien: 3: 48.
von Born (1790) 2: 467.
Klaproth, M.H. (1802) Chemische Untersuchung der siebenbürgischen Golderze, B. Schrifterz, Beiträge zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkörper, Dritter Band, Rottmann Berlin, 16-19.
Necker (1835) Sylvanit. [?]
Palache, C. (1900) American Journal of Science: 10: 419.
Spencer (1903) Mineralogical Magazine: 13: 271.
Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 338-341.
American Mineralogist (1949) 34: 342.
Kelly, William C. and Goddard, Edwin N. (1969) Telluride Ores of Boulder County, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 109, pp. 237.
Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen (1984) 33: 203-212.
Internet Links for Sylvanite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3849.html
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Localities for Sylvanite
Locality List




All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina. Vol. 1 (elements, sulphides and sulphosalts). (Asociacion Mineralogica Argentina); DE BRODTKORB, Milka K. Precious metaltellurides and other Te-bearing minerals in different paragenesis of Argentina: A review. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 365-372. |
PUTZ, Hubert; PAAR, Werner H and TOPA, Dan. A contributionto the knowledge of the mineralization at mina Capillitas, Catamarca. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 514-524. | |
PUTZ, Hubert; PAAR, Werner H and TOPA, Dan. A contributionto the knowledge of the mineralization at mina Capillitas, Catamarca. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 514-524. | |
| DE BRODTKORB, Milka K. Precious metaltellurides and other Te-bearing minerals in different paragenesis of Argentina: A review. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 365-372. |
Brotkorb (2002): las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina; W. H. Paar, H. Putz, D. Topa, M. K. de Brodtkorb and R. J. Sureda (2005) Occurrence and paragenesis of tellurium in mineral deposits of Argentina Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge 2005, Session 13, 1419-1422; Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2005): USGS Open-File Report 05-1060 | |
Paar, W. H., Putz, H., Topa, D., de Brodtkorb, M. K., & Sureda, R. J. (2005, January). Occurrence and paragenesis of tellurium in mineral deposits of Argentina. In Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge (pp. 1419-1422). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. | |
| Milka K. de Brodtkorb (2002) Las Especies Minerales de la Republica Argentina. Vol. 1 (elements, sulphides and sulphosalts). (Asociacion Mineralogica Argentina); DE BRODTKORB, Milka K. Precious metaltellurides and other Te-bearing minerals in different paragenesis of Argentina: A review. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 365-372. |
| DE BRODTKORB, Milka K. Precious metaltellurides and other Te-bearing minerals in different paragenesis of Argentina: A review. Rev. Asoc. Geol. Argent. [online]. 2009, vol.64, n.3, pp. 365-372. |
Gallard-Esquivel, M.C., Cepedal, A., Fuertes-Fuente, M., Martin-Izard, A. (2018) Enrichment in critical metals (In-Ge) and Te-Se in epithermal deposits of the ‘La Carolina’district, San Luis, Argentina. Mineralogical Magazine, 82(S1), S61-S87. | |
Armenia | |
| Kovalenker, V. A., Zalibekyan, M. A., Laputina, I. P., Malov, V. S., Sandomirskaya, S. M., Garas' ko, M. I., & Mkhitaryan, D. I. (1990). Sulfide-telluride mineralization of the Megradzor ore field, Armenia. International Geology Review, 32(7), 705-720. |
| Kukulyan, M. A. (1988): Mineral composition of the Mardzhan ore deposit (Armenian SSR). Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Armyanskoi SSR, Nauki o Zemle 41(3), 22-32 (in Russian). |
Australia | |
| Gilligan, L.B. (1975) Part 1. Mine Data Sheets to accompany Metallogenic Map, Canberra 1:250 000 Sheet. Geological Survey of New South Wales, Department of Mines, 297 pages. |
| Exploration and Mining Geology; July-October 2007; v. 16; no. 3-4; p. 125-143; Williams, P. J., Barton, M. D., Johnson, D. A., Fontboté, L., De Haller, A., Mark, G., ... & Marschik, R. (2005). Iron oxide copper-gold deposits: Geology, space-time distribution, and possible modes of origin. Economic Geology, 371-405. |
| Lawrence, L.J. (2000) Mineral History of the Mount Morgan Copper-Gold Deposit, Queensland. The Royal Society of New South Wales 133:17-20 |
| McCuaig, T.C. (1997), The Genesis and Evolution of Lode Gold Mineralisation and Mafic Host Lithologies in the Late-Archean Norseman Terrane Yilgarn Block Western Australia, (thesis) University of Saskketchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, 1997 & Mueller, A.G (2011), Petrogenesis of Amphibole-Biotite-Calcite-Plagioclase Alteration and Laminated Gold-Silver Quartz Veins in Four Archean Shear Zones of the Norseman District Western Australia, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Feb 2011, 29(3) pp388-417 |
| Canadian Mineralogist (2003) 41, 1503-1524; Noble, R.J. (2017): The Golden Mile. Australian Journal of Mineralogy, 18 (1), 5-20. |
Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 3, pp 352, 1948 | |
Simpson, E.S, (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 3, pp 606, 1948 | |
Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 3, pp 606, 1948 | |
Econ Geol (1997) 92:468-484 | |
Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 2, pp 576, 1948 | |
Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 1, pp 276, 1948 | |
Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 1, pp 40, 1948 | |
Mueller, A. G., & Muhling, J. R. (2019). Early pyrite and late telluride mineralization in vanadium-rich gold ore from the Oroya Shoot, Paringa South mine, Golden Mile, Kalgoorlie: 3. Ore mineralogy, Pb-Te (Au-Ag) melt inclusions, and stable isotope constraints on fluid sources. Mineralium Deposita, 1-34. | |
Simpson, E.S. (1948), Minerals of Western Australia, Vol 1, pp 40, 1948 | |
| Spaggiari, G.V., Kirkland, C.L., Pawley, M.J., Smithies, R.H., Wingate, M.T.D., Doyle, M.C., Blenkinsop, T.G., Clark, C., Oorschot, C.W., Fox, L.J., Savage, J. (2011): The Geology of the East Albany-Fraser Orogen - a field guide, Geological Society of Western Australia, Department of Mines and Petroleum, State Government of Western Australia, Record 2011/23. |
Austria | |
| Pichler, A. (2009) Bergbau in Westkärnten, Eine Bestandsaufnahme der noch sichtbaren Merkmale der historischen Bergbaue in Westkärnten. Verlag des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Kärnten, Klagenfurt, Sonderheft 63, 416 pages [in German]. |
| A.Pichler, A. (2009) Bergbau in Westkärnten, Eine Bestandsaufnahme der noch sichtbaren Merkmale der historischen Bergbaue in Westkärnten. Verlag des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Kärnten, Klagenfurt, Sonderheft 63, 416 pages [in German]. |
| R. Exel: Die Mineralien und Erzlagerstätten Österreichs (1993) |
C. Auer: Lapis 20(11):11-20 (1995) | |
Azerbaijan | |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia |
Bulgaria | |
| Cook, N. J., Ciobanu, C. L., & Bogdanov, K. (2002) Trace mineralogy of the Upper Cretaceous banatitic Magmatic and metallogenetic Belt, SE Europe. In 11th Quadrennial IAGOD symposium–Geocongress 2002, Windhoek, Namibia, July 2002. CD Volume of extended abstracts. |
| Cook, N. J., Ciobanu, C. L., & Bogdanov, K. (2002) Trace mineralogy of the Upper Cretaceous banatitic Magmatic and metallogenetic Belt, SE Europe. In 11th Quadrennial IAGOD symposium–Geocongress 2002, Windhoek, Namibia, July 2002. CD Volume of extended abstracts. |
| American Mineralogist (1966): 51: 29-36; Econ.Geol.: 83; 395-404; Bonev, I.K.; Petrunov, R.; Cook, N. J.; Ciobanu, C. L. (2005): Kostovite and its argentian varieties: Deposits and mineral associations. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrology. 42, 1-22; Cook, N. J., Ciobanu, C. L., & Bogdanov, K. (2002) Trace mineralogy of the Upper Cretaceous banatitic Magmatic and metallogenetic Belt, SE Europe. In 11th Quadrennial IAGOD symposium–Geocongress 2002, Windhoek, Namibia, July 2002. CD Volume of extended abstracts. |
| Georgiev, Georgi (2008) A genetic model of the Elatsite porphyry copper deposit, Bulgaria. GEOCHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY • SOFIA 46, 143-160.; K. Bogdanov, A. Filipov, R. Kehayov (2005): Au-Ag-Te-Se minerals in the Elatsite porphyry-copper deposit, Bulgaria. Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrology, 43, 13-19. |
Canada | |
| MINFILE database (2006) |
| Reiner Mielke |
| Harry, Warren.V and Philip, Day 1940, Some Bismuth Minerals From British Columbia in University of Toronto Studies Geological No.44 Contributions to Canadian Mineralogy 1940, U.of Toronto Press, p109 |
| Sabina, A.P. (1972) Rocks & minerals for the collector: La Ronge - Creighton, Saskatchewan, Flin Flon, Thompson, Manitoba. GSC paper 71-27, 65. |
| RIDLAND, G. C (1941): Mineralogy of the Negus and Con Mines, Yellowknife, Northwest |
COLEMAN, L.C. (1953) Mineralogy of the Yellowknife Bay are, N.W.T. American Mineralogist 38, 506-527. | |
RIDLAND, G. C (1941): Mineralogy of the Negus and Con Mines, Yellowknife, Northwest | |
| MDI Number: MDI42A09SE00012 |
| Dana 7:I:340; Traill, R. J. (1980) Catalog of Canadian Minerals: Revised 1980. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 80-18. |
| Ann P. Sabina,(1974), " Rocks and Minerals for the Collector- Cobalt-Belleterre-Timmins; Ontario and Quebec", Geological Survey of Canada Paper 73-13 (1974), |
| MDI Number: MDI52N04SW00020 |
MDI Number: MDI52N04SW00017 | |
| Dana 6:1100.; R. P Rothwell (1898) The Mineral Industry, its statistics, technology and trade. Vol. 6 Scientific Publishing Co., New York |
| Rocks & Min.: 24:26. |
Engineering and Mining Journal (1913) July 26 no.4 p184 | |
| Sabina, A.P. (2003) Rocks & Minerals for the collector; Kirkland Lake - Rouyne-Noranda - Val d'Or, Ontario & Quebec. GSC Misc. Report 77, 150-151. |
| Sabina (2003) 66. |
Sabina, A.P. (2003): Rocks & Minerals for the collector; Kirkland Lake - Rouyn-Noranda - Val d'Or, Ontario & Quebec. GSC Misc. Report 77, Pg. 53. | |
| Legault, M., and Daigneault, R. (2006): Mineralium Deposita 41, 203-228. |
Chile | |
| Gibbons, Jack. (2018) "Magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of the pampa escondida porphyry copper deposit northern, chile." PhD diss., The University of Arizona, 2018. |
| Sernageomin database 2005;Stgo de Chile |
Sernageomin database 2005;Stgo de Chile | |
| Llaumet C./Henríquez F. (1976); "Faja de mineralización de oro, plata, cobre y arsenico en la Cordillera Andina de la III y IV región"; Primero Congreso Geológico Chileno, Vol. II. |
| Velásquez, G.; Estay, H.; Vela, I.; Salvi, S.; Pablo, M. (2020) Metal-Selective Processing from the Los Sulfatos Porphyry-Type Deposit in Chile: Co, Au, and Re Recovery Workflows Based on Advanced Geochemical Characterization. Minerals 10, 531. |
China | |
| Cui, Y., Qi, S. (1996): A study of telluride minerals from the Detiangau gold deposit, Beijing. Acta Petrolog. Mineralog.: 15(1): 80-91 (in Chinese, with English abs.); in: Jambor, J.L., Roberts, A.C. (1997): New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 82: 209 |
| Yanhe Cui, Shaomei Qi, Mingsheng Peng, and Bin Shi (1994): Mineral Deposits 13(3), 261-270 |
| Shiqi Wang, Zhiguo Mu, and Chengye Chen (1985): Mineral Deposits 4(1), 84-89, 30 |
| Wang, D., Liu, J., Zhai, D., Carranza, E. J., Wang, Y., Zhen, S., ... & Zhang, F. (2019). Mineral Paragenesis and Ore‐Forming Processes of the Dongping Gold Deposit, Hebei Province, China. Resource Geology, 69(3), 287-313. |
| Shiqi Wang, Zhiguo Mu, and Chengye Chen (1985): Mineral Deposits 4(1), 84-89, 30 |
| Kuicheng Guo, Jun Lü, Huajuan Gu, Hua Song, and Derong Li (2010): Geology and Exploration 46(4), 616-621; Jun Lü, Xuguang Liu, Zhenzhe Han, Aikui Zhang, Handong Zhao, and Derong Li (2009): Geology and Exploration 45(4), 395-401; Hong Xu, Yuxing Yu, Shen Gao, Zhu Tian, Xiangke Wu, Lijun Yang, Qiushu Wang, and Yi Sun (2011): Geological Bulletin of China 30(11), 1779-1784; Siyu Han, Degao Zhai, Jiajun Liu, Jun Lü, Shenghua Wu, and Longbo Yang (2011): Mineral Deposits 30(5), 855-866; Xuxing Yu, Hong Xu, Xiangke Wu, Lijun Yang, Zhu Tian, Shen Gao, and Qiushu Wang (2012): Acta Petrologica Sinica 28(1), 345-356; Zhai, D., & Liu, J. (2014). Gold-telluride-sulfide association in the Sandaowanzi epithermal Au-Ag-Te deposit, NE China: implications for phase equilibrium and physicochemical conditions. Mineralogy and Petrology, 108(6), 853-871.; Zhai, D., Liu, J., Ripley, E. M., & Wang, J. (2015). Geochronological and He–Ar–S isotopic constraints on the origin of the Sandaowanzi gold-telluride deposit, northeastern China. Lithos, 212, 338-352.; Zhai, D., Williams-Jones, A. E., Liu, J., Tombros, S. F., & Cook, N. J. (2018) Mineralogical, fluid inclusion, and multiple isotope (HOS-Pb) constraints on the genesis of the Sandaowanzi epithermal Au-Ag-Te deposit, NE China. Economic Geology, 113(6), 1359-1382. |
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Czech Republic | |
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Egypt | |
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Fiji | |
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Finland | |
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France | |
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Georgia | |
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Germany | |
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Ghana | |
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Greece | |
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Guyana | |
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Hungary | |
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India | |
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Indonesia | |
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Italy | |
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Japan | |
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Philippines | |
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Russia | |
| Maslennikov, V. V., Maslennikova, S. P., Large, R. R., Danyushevsky, L. V., Herrington, R. J., & Stanley, C. J. (2013). Tellurium-bearing minerals in zoned sulfide chimneys from Cu-Zn massive sulfide deposits of the Urals, Russia. Mineralogy and Petrology, 107(1), 67-99. |
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| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel | |
USGS Bull 583 | |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel | |
| Eckel, Edwin Butt, Robert R. Cobban, Shirley K. Mosburg (1997), Minerals of Colorado, updated & revised., 676 pp., Fulcrum Publishing (ISBN-10: 1555913652; ISBN-13: 978-1555913656). |
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 | |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.; U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 | |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel; William Crowley Kelly, Edwin Newell Goddard (1969) Telluride Ores of Boulder County, Colorado. GSA Memoir 109. | |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel; U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel | |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel | |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel | |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel; U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 | |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel; U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 | |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel | |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel | |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. | |
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 | |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. | |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. | |
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 | |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel | |
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 | |
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 | |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 |
RWMW specimem | |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.; U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 | |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel | |
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 | |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.; U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.; U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 | |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.; U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.; U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 | |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. | |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel | |
In the collection of Brent Thorne. | |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. |
| |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. |
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 | |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel; USGS OFR 1966-87 | |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B.; U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223; U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 319 |
| USGS OFR 1966-87 |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel | |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel; U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel | |
| Dana 7:I:199. |
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U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
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Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel | |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel |
| R & K Metals and Mining - Bob Ross - Part owner of the Bessie G; Saunders, J. A. (1986). Petrology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of representative gold telluride ores from Colorado (Doctoral dissertation, Colorado School of Mines). |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
| Dana 6:1090; Dana 7:I:446. |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.; American Mineralogist (1930) 15: 272-273 |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
| Rocks & Minerals 75:339 |
| [www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com] |
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 | |
Min Rec 36:2 pp143-185 | |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) E.B. Eckel | |
Min Rec 36:2 pp143-185 | |
| Linda Semenyna P.Geo. (2014) at FLSmidth. Mineral Identification and Analysis MP-1 thru MP-12. Pg. 2, 13. |
John Betts specimen No. 20460 | |
Min Rec 36:2 pp143-185; U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 | |
Min Rec 36:2 pp143-185 | |
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 | |
| Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. |
Dana 6:A1:30. | |
Labeled specimen from Dr. Wilke (Germany). Brent Thorne specimen. | |
Min Rec 36:2 pp143-185 | |
Min Rec 36:2 pp143-185 | |
Min Rec 36:2 pp143-185 | |
2009 New Mexico Mineral Symposium abstracts | |
Min Rec 36:2 pp143-185; U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 223 | |
Min Rec 36:2 pp143-185 | |
Minerals of Colorado (1997) Eckel, E. B. | |
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| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
| R&M 70:4 pp 242-263 |
| U.S. Geological Survey, (2005) Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
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| USGS Bull 574 |
| USGS Bull 574 |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
| USGS Prof Paper 610 "Gold Producing Districts of the United States" |
| Econ Geol (1994) 89:602-627 |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
Gobla, M.J. (2012) Montana mineral locality index. Rocks & Minerals, 87, #3, 208-240; Chris Tucker and John Betts specimens. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
Gobla, M.J. (2012) Montana mineral locality index. Rocks & Minerals, 87, #3, 208-240; Chris Tucker and John Betts specimens. | |
Min.Rec.:21:103.; U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
| www.deq.state.mt.us/AbandonedMines/linkdocs/techdocs/66tech.asp; U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
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| USGS Bull 574 |
USGS Bull 574 | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1996 60 : 871-876 |
| USGS Prof Paper 610 "Principal Gold Producing Districts of the United States" |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
| NBMG Spec. Pub. 31 Minerals of Nevada |
| NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada |
| NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada |
| NBMG Spec Pub 31 Minerals of Nevada |
| NBMG Bull 73 Geology and Mineral Resources of Lincoln County, Nevada |
| ora K. Foley, Robert A. Ayuso, Joseph D. Ayotte, Denise L. Montgomery, and Gilpin R. Robinson, Jr. (2006): Geological Assessment of Cores from the Great Bay National Wildlife Refuge, New Hampshire (USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5203). |
| Northrop, Minerals of New Mexico, 3rd. rev. ed. (1996) |
| [www.johnbetts-fineminerals.com] |
| Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. |
| Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. |
Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. | |
Minerals of New Mexico 3rd ed. | |
| Callahan,J.E., J.R Craig, and T.N. Solberg,1995, Telluride mineralization of the southeastern United States, Southeastern Geology 35: 139- 151 |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
| Oregon Metal Mines Handbook, 1952, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries: Bulletin No. 14-C, Vol. 2, Section 1 - Josephine Co., 2nd Edition, page 82. |
| Callahen,J.E.,J.R. Craig and T.N Solberg,1995, Telluride mineralization of the southeastern United States. Southeastern Geology 35: 139-151; Bell.H and Larson,R.R.,1984,A new occurrence of telluride minerals in South Carolina:Southeastern Geology,v..24n.4,pg.189-194 |
| Back,J.M and Clark,S.H.B.,1993,Prelominary results of petographic studies of the Barite Hill gold deposit in southern Carolina slate belt,South Carolina:South Carolina,v.35 pg.67-68; Seal II, R.R., Ayuso, R.A., Foley, N.K., and Clark, S.H.B. (2001): Mineralium Deposita 36, 137-148. |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.; USGS Prof Paper 297F |
| USGS Prof Paper 610 "Principal Gold Producing Districts of the United States" |
SDSMT Bull 18 Roberts and Rapp "Mineralogy of the Black Hills" | |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
| Rocks & Min.:60:111. |
| Rocks & Min.: 60: 111. |
| SDSMT Bull 18 Roberts and Rapp "Mineralogy of the Black Hills" |
| UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah |
| UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah |
UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah | |
| UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah |
| UGMS Bull 117 Minerals and Mineral Localities of Utah |
Rick Dalrymple Collection | |
Georges FAVREAU collection | |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
| Minerals of Washington, Bart Cannon, 1975 |
| Cannon, B. (1975): Minerals of Washington, p.64, 136, 166 |
| ``Inventory of Washington Minerals, Part II, Metalic Minerals, Vol. 1; M. Huntting, 1956; Minerals of Washington, B. Cannon, 1975; R&M Sept/Oct, 2005 |
| `Inventory of Washington Minerals, Part II, Metalic Minerals, Vol. 1; M. Huntting, 1956; Metal Mines of Washington-Preliminary Report; R. Derkey, N. Joseph, R. Lasmanis, 1990 |
| ```Inventory of Washington Minerals, Part II, Metalic Minerals, Vol. 1; M. Huntting, 1956; Minerals of Washington, B. Cannon, 1975; Metal Mines of Washington-Preliminary Report; R. Derkey, N. Joseph, R. Lasmanis, 1990; R&M,Sept/Oct.,2005 |
| ```Inventory of Washington Minerals, Part II, Metalic Minerals, Vol. 1; M. Huntting, 1956; Minerals of Washington, B. Cannon, 1975; Metal Mines of Washington-Preliminary Report; R. Derkey, N. Joseph, R. Lasmanis, 1990; R&M,Sept/Oct.,2005 |
| U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
U.S. Geological Survey, 2005, Mineral Resources Data System: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. | |
Uzbekistan | |
| Koneev, R.I., Turesebekov, A.H., Ignatikov, E.N., Vasilevsky, B.B., and Rakhimov, R.R. (2005), In: Jingwen Mao and Bierlein, F.P. (Eds.): Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, Vol. 1, 1403-1406 |
| Kovalenker, V. et al New Data on Minerals (2003): 38: 45-56; Eleonora A. Dunin-Barkovskaya, Umid K. Aripov, L.A. Tsoy, M.A. Kim (2005) Mineralogical features and ore-forming conditions of goldbearing deposits of Uzbekistan. GEOCHMISTRY, MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY 43 SOFIA pp 69-74 |
Anthony, Bideaux, Bladh, Nichols: "Handbook of Mineralogy", Vol. 1, 1990; Pekov, I. (1998) Minerals First discovered on the territory of the former Soviet Union 369p. Ocean Pictures, Moscow; Dmitriy I. Belakovskiy (2003): New Data on Minerals: 38: 101-112.; Rustam Koneev, Evgeniy Ignatikov, Arpay Turesebekov, Umid Aripov, Rustam Khalmatov, Obidjon Kodirov, Miraziz Usmanov (2005) Gold ore deposits of Uzbekistan: Geochemistry and nanomineralogy of tellurium and selenium. IGCP Project 486, 2005 Field Workshop, Kiten, Bulgaria, 14-19 September 2005; GEOCHMISTRY, MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY • 4 3 • SOFIA pp 69-74; Evseev, A. A. (1995) Kazaknstan and Middle Asia. A brief Mineralogical Guide. World of Stone 8:24-30; Bonev, I. K., Petrunov, R., Cook, N. J., & Ciobanu, C. L. (2005). Kostovite and its argentian varieties: Deposits and mineral associations. Geochem. Mineral. Petrol.(Bulg. Acad. Sci.), 42, 1-22.; Plotinskaya, O. Y., Kovalenker, V. A., Seltmann, R., & Stanley, C. J. (2006). Te and Se mineralogy of the high-sulfidation Kochbulak and Kairagach epithermal gold telluride deposits (Kurama Ridge, Middle Tien Shan, Uzbekistan). Mineralogy and Petrology, 87(3-4), 187-207.; Kovalenker, V. A., Safonov, Y. G., Naumov, V. B., & Rusinov, V. L. (1997). The Epithermal Gold-Telluride Kochbulak Deposit. Geology of Ore Deposits C/C of Geologiia Rudnykh Mestorozhdenii, 39, 107-128. | |
Zimbabwe | |
| Econ.Geol.: 83; 395-404; Bonev, I. K., Petrunov, R., Cook, N. J., & Ciobanu, C. L. (2005). Kostovite and its argentian varieties: Deposits and mineral associations. Geochem. Mineral. Petrol.(Bulg. Acad. Sci.), 42, 1-22. |
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