Willemite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by John Kashuba
About Willemite
William I of the Netherlands
Formula:
Zn2SiO4
Colour:
Colorless, white, pastel green, apple-green, light blue, azure-blue, yellow, burgundy-red, brown, mahogany-brown, gray, black, pink
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
5½
Specific Gravity:
3.89 - 4.19
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1830 by Serve-Dieu Abailard "Armand" Lévy in honor of William I (Willem) (1772-1843), King (1813-1840) of the Netherlands, wherein the type locality was located at the time, in gratitude of having been granted Professorship at the University of Liège by the king (Lévy had been banished from France during the French Restoration). This species was previously discovered in 1825 and was identified as "siliceous oxyde of zinc" by Lardner Vanuxem and William Hypolitus Keating. At the time, "siliceous oxyde of zinc" was a synonym of electric calamine, now known as hemimorphite. Willemite and hemimorphite have about the same weight percentage of zinc and silica. Vanuxem and Keating (1824) noted their "siliceous oxyde of zinc" had an additional component of iron and manganese that was coincidentally the same weight percentage as the amount of water in hemimorphite. Vanuxem and Keating also made a mistake in describing the crystallography of their specimens and confounded their mineral with one previously described. Gerard Troost (1825) wrote that the mineral of Vanuxem and Keating was not the same as the previously named siliceous oxide of zinc and that it was probably a new mineral. Troost sent specimens for chemical analysis to Thomas Thomson, but Thomson did not analyze the potentially new mineral. He analyzed a more prominent mineral on the specimen that had been sent to him because the unknown was not clearly indicated. When Lévy named willemite, it was not a re-naming, as has sometimes been supposed. No species had been previously proposed that was the same as willemite.
Type Locality:
Phenakite Group.
Crystals prismatic, both stout and slender, terminated by rhombohedra and {0001}, to 20 cm. Commonly tiny simple hexagonal prisms or radial tufts of acicular needles outside of the New Jersey occurrences. Coarse to finely granular, disseminated; in fibrous aggregates, botryoidal, and massive.
A relatively common secondary zinc silicate in many Pb-Zn or Zn deposits which contain or contained sphalerite, from which it is commonly formed upon oxidation in a siliceous environment. While phenakite is frequently found as twinned crystals, twinning in willemite is rare. Metcalf-Johansen (1977) reported willemite trillings {1010} from Illimausaq, Greenland. At least one definite trilling twin of willemite crystals is known from Franklin, New Jersey.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Willemite.
Crystals prismatic, both stout and slender, terminated by rhombohedra and {0001}, to 20 cm. Commonly tiny simple hexagonal prisms or radial tufts of acicular needles outside of the New Jersey occurrences. Coarse to finely granular, disseminated; in fibrous aggregates, botryoidal, and massive.
A relatively common secondary zinc silicate in many Pb-Zn or Zn deposits which contain or contained sphalerite, from which it is commonly formed upon oxidation in a siliceous environment. While phenakite is frequently found as twinned crystals, twinning in willemite is rare. Metcalf-Johansen (1977) reported willemite trillings {1010} from Illimausaq, Greenland. At least one definite trilling twin of willemite crystals is known from Franklin, New Jersey.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Willemite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4292
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4292:1
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
1de9bb4b-d62a-4380-b75d-be19b40ef8f4
IMA Classification of Willemite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Willemite
9.AA.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
A : Nesosilicates without additional anions; cations in tetrahedral [4] coordination
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
A : Nesosilicates
A : Nesosilicates without additional anions; cations in tetrahedral [4] coordination
Dana 7th ed.:
51.1.1.2
51.1.1.2
51 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups Only
1 : Insular SiO4 Groups Only with cations in [4] coordination
51 : NESOSILICATES Insular SiO4 Groups Only
1 : Insular SiO4 Groups Only with cations in [4] coordination
14.7.11
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
7 : Silicates of Ba, Sr and Zn
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
7 : Silicates of Ba, Sr and Zn
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAβCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Wlm | IMAβCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAβCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Wlm | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185β187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Wil | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Willemite
Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colorless, white, pastel green, apple-green, light blue, azure-blue, yellow, burgundy-red, brown, mahogany-brown, gray, black, pink
Streak:
White
Hardness:
5½ on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good to poor {1120}, poor {0001}
Good to poor {1120}, poor {0001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
3.89 - 4.19 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.224 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Willemite
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.691 - 1.694 nε = 1.719 - 1.725
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.028
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
High
Chemistry of Willemite
Mindat Formula:
Zn2SiO4
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Al,Fe,Mn,Pb,Mg,Ca
Crystallography of Willemite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Class (H-M):
3 - Rhombohedral
Space Group:
R3
Cell Parameters:
a = 13.93 Å, c = 9.31 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.668
Unit Cell V:
1,564.53 Γ
Β³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
18
Morphology:
Blocky, hexagonal, barrel-shaped crystals, often with rounded terminations (Franklin area); commonly acicular in clusters to radial-fibrous aggregates; long-prismatic, hexagonal, doubly-terminated crystals; layered, botryoidal masses (Putta).
Forms include {0001}, {101}, {3034), {1120}, {1011}, {0112}, {2131}.
Forms include {0001}, {101}, {3034), {1120}, {1011}, {0112}, {2131}.
Twinning:
Twinning in willemite is rare. Metcalf-Johansen (1977) reported willemite trillings {1010} from Illimausaq, Greenland. At least one definite trilling twin of willemite crystals is known from Franklin, New Jersey.
Crystallographic forms of Willemite
Crystal Atlas:
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Willemite no.11 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0009399 | Willemite | Marumo F, Syono Y (1971) The crystal structure of Zn2SiO4-II, a high-pressure phase of willemite Acta Crystallographica B27 1868-1870 |  | 1971 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0009645 | Willemite | Klaska K-H, Eck J C, Pohl D (1978) New investigation of willemite Acta Crystallographica B34 3324-3325 | | 1978 | Synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0018743 | Willemite | Simonov M A, Sandomirskii P A, Egorov-Tismenko Y K, Belov N V (1977) The crystal structure of willemite Zn2[SiO4] Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 237 581-584 | 1977 | Franklin, New Jersey, USA | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018744 | Willemite | Hang C, Simonov M A, Belov N V (1970) Crystal structures of willemite Zn2[SiO4] and its germanium analog Zn2[GeO4] Soviet Physics Crystallography 15 387-390 | 1970 | Synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
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Radiation - Copper Kα
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.10 Γ | (20) |
| 4.02 Γ | (30) |
| 3.49 Γ | (70) |
| 2.84 Γ | (100) |
| 2.63 Γ | (90) |
| 2.32 Γ | (50) |
| 1.860 Γ | (40) |
| 1.552 Γ | (20) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-π alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 32 : Ba/Mn/Pb/Zn deposits, including metamorphic deposits | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] |
Geological Setting:
Occurs generally as a secondary zinc mineral derived from the supergene weathering of sphalerite (gossan & other oxidized deposits) or by the alteration of primary sphalerite in hydrothermal veins. The Franklin-Sterling Hill orebodies are unique in the context of massive willemite as a primary ore mineral, derived from an unknown proto-ore during Cambrian, or older, times.
Type Occurrence of Willemite
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Willemite
Other Language Names for Willemite
Varieties of Willemite
| Beta-Willemite | A variety willemite that occurs as crusts of small, barrel-shaped crystals lining cavities in fault gouge cavities or solution cavities in regular willemite-bearing ore at the Sterling Mine, Ogdensburg, NJ. A fluorescent response of golden-yellow to orang... |
| Grape Willemite | A variety of willemite distinguished solely by its dark burgundy-red to purplish color. Occurred with massive andradite in coarse-textured ore in the Franklin ore body. |
| Radial Willemite | A local name at Franklin, NJ, applied to colorless to off-white secondary willemite from veinlets traversing ore that forms radial-fibrous aggregates and phosphoresces bright green very persistently. |
| Sea Foam Willemite | A locally applied name for a variety of secondary willemite with a seeming cryptocrystalline texture and delicate pastel-green colour occurring in veins and veinlets in typical red willemite-franklinite ore at the Sterling Mine, Ogdensburg, NJ. |
| Troostite | A Mn-bearing variety of willemite with MnO contents above 3 mas.% (up to 12 mas.% and may be more). |
| Xingshaoite | A variety of Willemite containing up to 25.4% of CoO. Originally reported from Xinshao Co., Shaoyang Prefecture, Hunan Province, China. |
Relationship of Willemite to other Species
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 2,123 photos of Willemite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 1,590 photos of Willemite associated with Franklinite | Zn2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 480 photos of Willemite associated with Zincite | ZnO |
| 365 photos of Willemite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 339 photos of Willemite associated with Hardystonite | Ca2Zn[Si2O7] |
| 238 photos of Willemite associated with Clinohedrite | CaZn(SiO4) Β· H2O |
| 238 photos of Willemite associated with Mimetite | Pb5(AsO4)3Cl |
| 224 photos of Willemite associated with Andradite | Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 |
| 207 photos of Willemite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 174 photos of Willemite associated with Wulfenite | Pb(MoO4) |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.AA.05 | Eucryptite | LiAlSiO4 |
| 9.AA.05 | Phenakite | Be2SiO4 |
| 9.AA.10 | Liberite | Li2BeSiO4 |
Fluorescence of Willemite
Bright green (SW UV & X-ray), often with very strong green phosphorescence; green (LW SW); creamy-white to pastel yellow (SW & LW UV)(common). Non-fluorescent willemite exists, but is very rare.
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
In forceps before the blowpipe, glows and fuses with difficulty to a white enamel. From New Jersey, fuses 3 to 4.
Notes:
Decomposed by HCl with separation of gelatinous silica.
Specimens from New Jersey are triboluminescent, producing a green light (Wick, 1937).
Specimens from New Jersey are triboluminescent, producing a green light (Wick, 1937).
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Ore of zinc / zinc oxide
Internet Links for Willemite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4292.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Willemite
Localities for Willemite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
β - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Minerals acquired from Nelson Valenzuela |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Maslennikov et al. (2023) |
Australia | |
| Plimer I.R. (1994) |
| Noble R.J. +1 other reference |
| Grubb (1971) +1 other reference |
| Muller (1972) +1 other reference | |
| SARIG database - deposit No. 4310. |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
| Ferguson (1999) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| G. Niedermayr: Der Hochobir (Klagenfurt) | |
| Kolitsch (2013) |
Belgium | |
| |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Braun (1857) +1 other reference |
| Daltry et al. (1994) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Schulz (1886) +1 other reference |
| Centenaire de l`Association des ... +2 other references | |
| Schulz (1886) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| CesΓ ro (1887) +3 other references | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Dejonghe et al. (1993) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Dejonghe et al. (1993) | |
| Coppola et al. (2008) | |
| Daltry et al. (1994) | |
| Dejonghe et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
Botswana | |
| Forrester +1 other reference |
Brazil | |
| Slezak et al. (pdf available at https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/7027?mode=full) |
| Slezak et al. (pdf available at https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/handle/1974/7027?mode=full) +1 other reference | |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Paradis et al. (2015) |
| Z. Magyarosi +2 other references |
| SHEARD et al. (2012) |
| Sheard (2010) +1 other reference |
| Sangster (1986) |
| 166-175. +2 other references |
| Petrella (2013) |
| Miller (1990) +4 other references | |
Chile | |
| Camus et al. (1991) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| sample analysed by Tony Kampf |
| maurizio dini collection - analysed ... |
China | |
| Yongqiang Yang and Li Li (2010) |
| Jinyan Yao (1994) +1 other reference |
| Ernan Fan et al. (1986) |
| Ernan Fan et al. (1986) |
| Pengtao Yu et al. (2010) | |
| Yuhua Pei and Haiqi Yan (2006) +1 other reference |
| Xingmin Luo (2006) |
| Yuchun Zhen and Zhenheng Huang (1989) |
| Juemin Bao et al. (2003) |
| Hunan Metallurgical Exploration Team 238 (1976) |
| Wenliang Gao et al. (2006) |
| Wen Qi et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Baogui Zhang et al. (2002) |
| Jingchun Wang and Daliang Yu (2006) |
| National Geological Archives of China ... | |
| National Geological Archives of China ... | |
| Yunman Zhou (2003) |
| Chen (2002) |
| Chen (2002) |
| Changqing Zhang et al. (2005) |
Czech Republic | |
| PauliΕ‘ P. MineralogickΓ© lokality ... |
| SEJKORA et al. (2022) |
| Rocks & Min.:64:58-59. |
| J.Hyrsl (1992) | |
| J.Suchankova et al. (2007) |
DR Congo | |
| Deliens (1996) +1 other reference |
Egypt | |
| Kamar et al. (2022, August) |
| Bisher (2012) |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Mikkola collection |
France | |
| Ambert et al. (2014) |
| BΓ©laygue (2023) |
| François GARRIC collection - EDX ... +1 other reference | |
| Bernadi G. (1992) +1 other reference | |
Germany | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2019) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Schnorrer-KΓΆhler (1988) | |
| Verein der Hegauer Mineralienfreunde (1983) +3 other references |
| BlaΓ et al. (1995) |
| WeiΓ (1990) |
| Aufschluss 90 (2) |
| Aufschluss 90 (2) | |
| Aufschluss 90 (2) | |
| BlaΓ et al. (1995) | |
| Lapis 30 (7/8) |
Greece | |
| |
| 58. +1 other reference | |
Greenland | |
| Finch (1990) |
| Finch (1990) | |
| Petersen (2001) | |
| Metcalf-Johansen (1977) | |
| Metcalf-Johansen (1977) | |
| BΓΈggild (1953) |
India | |
| Nalin Shah (2002) |
Indonesia | |
| The Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 41 (2003) +1 other reference |
Iran | |
| Bariand |
| XRD analysis |
| Wilke (1977) |
| USGS database +1 other reference |
Ireland | |
| Balassone et al. (2008) |
Italy | |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (3) |
| Maida (2002) |
| Gentile et al. (2023) |
| Olmi F. et al. (1995) |
| Bazzoni et al. (2007) |
| Batacchi et al. (2011) |
Japan | |
| Yamada et al. (2019) |
| [MinRec 33:168] () |
| Sueoka Y (2013) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Ohe Rikosha specimens |
Mexico | |
| Wilson (1980) |
| Megaw |
| Min News (1997) |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Rob Lavinsky | |
| Min Rec 35:6 pp4-17 |
| Wilson (2004) | |
| Mineralium Deposita (2009) |
| Reyes (2020) |
| J.R. de Wet and J.D. Singleton (2008) |
| www.amsac.com.mx (1999) |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Panczner (1987) | |
| Dana 7:I:518. +1 other reference | |
| Parker (2010) |
Mongolia | |
| G.M. Tsareva data +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Khadem Allah (1993) |
| Flavien Choulet et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
Myanmar | |
| Barber et al. (2017) |
Namibia | |
| Mason (1976) +2 other references |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| [Mineralogical Record 28:124] | |
| Cairncross (1997) +1 other reference | |
| Cairncross (1997) |
Niger | |
| Wolley (2001) |
| consequences. Bulletin de la SociΓ©tΓ© gΓ©ologique de France (6) +4 other references |
Norway | |
| Goldschmidt (1911) +1 other reference |
| Berge (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Peter Andresen collection (identified by UV) | |
Peru | |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
Poland | |
| WΕodyka et al. (2015) |
| Puziewicz et al. (2007) |
| Nowinska (2020) |
Portugal | |
| Pimentel et al. (2007) |
Republic of the Congo | |
| Michel Arliguie specimens |
| Demetrius Pohl | |
| EDXS analyses by P. Roth |
Russia | |
| ... |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Serbia | |
| PaΔevski et al. (2018) |
Slovakia | |
| KodΔra (1986) |
| KodΔra (1986) | |
Spain | |
| Castro et al. (2019) |
| Jean-Marc Johannet collection |
| Calvo (2018) |
| I. Ramos MΓ‘rquez +3 other references |
| Ignacio Herrera +13 other references |
Sweden | |
| Trevor Boyd/ Causeway Minerals Photo ... |
| Holtstam (2002) +2 other references | |
| Γhman et al. (2000) | |
| Tranefors et al. (2017) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 60:243 +1 other reference |
Tajikistan | |
| Pautov et al. (2004) |
Tunisia | |
| Dill |
UK | |
| Norman Wilson collection +1 other reference |
| Rust (2022) |
Ukraine | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Philpotts et al. (1998) |
| Graeme (1981) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| C. Lemanski Jr. - self collected. | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Rocks & Min.:64:58. +4 other references | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Rocks & Min.: 64: 58. +2 other references | |
| Cooper (1964) +1 other reference | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Mr. Roy Parsons |
| - (1951, July) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10046172 |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Marek Chorazewicz (2022) |
| The Rocksmiths (former mine owners) |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:329. |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Collected by Joe Ruiz. Ananlyzed by ... | |
| Keith (1972) |
| Wilson et al. (1950) +3 other references |
| Peterson (1962) |
| Peterson (1962) |
| Lindgren (1905) +3 other references |
| Dale (1959) +2 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Rocks & Min.:64:58. +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:58. +2 other references | |
| Visually identified by Dana Slaughter ... | |
| Collected by C. Lemanski | |
| Self-collected: C. Lemanski +4 other references | |
| Rocks & Min.: 61:55-56 +4 other references | |
| Southern California Micromounters ... | |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference |
| C. Lemanski |
| Granger (1962) | |
| Williams (1968) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 328 +4 other references |
| |
| Mineralogical Record 22:381 +2 other references |
| Kampf et al. (2019) | |
| |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:58. +3 other references | |
| Personally collected by Jerry A. Baird ... |
| Wilson (1949) +2 other references |
| Williams et al. (1963) +1 other reference |
| Williams et al. (1963) +1 other reference | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| |
| Rocks & Min.:63:327 & 64:58. |
| Galbraith (1959) | |
| Rocks & Min.:64:58. +2 other references |
| Min.Rec.: 19: 312. +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID #10102392 | |
| R. O. Meyer collection. |
| Fahey (1955) +3 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Collected and identified by John Ebner (2007) |
| Rolf Luetcke |
| M. Ascher Collection +4 other references |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 327 +2 other references |
| Bideaux et al. (1960) +1 other reference |
| Williams et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Collection of Tom Trebisky |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Rocks & Min.:63:328 & 64:58. |
| Mr. William Gardner +1 other reference |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Personal communication with Richard Zimmerman (claim owner) |
| Rocks & Mins.:64:58. |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Rocks & Min.: 64: 58. |
| Parsons +3 other references |
| [Margerum (2003) |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Calif. Div. of Mines & Geology Bull. #189 et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| Merriam (1963) +1 other reference |
| Irelan et al. (1890a) +4 other references | |
| Adams (2017) |
| MarekC pers. coll. 2019 |
| Rocks & Min.:64:58. |
| Rocks & Min.:61:33-34. | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Tony Kampf |
| "The Blue Bell Claims San Bernardaino ... |
| Dan Evanich field collected specimen. ... | |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Rocks & Minerals: Sept |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Iles (1881) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Found by Fred Schuster |
| Ream (2004) |
| Piatak et al. (2010) |
| Gobla (2012) |
| www.mineraltown.com (2006) | |
| Richard W. Thomssen +1 other reference |
| Robert M. Housley (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| U. S. Geological Survey Open-File ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| collected by and in the collection of ... | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Manchester (1931) |
| Cummings |
| The Iron Mines of NJ (1910) | |
| Palache (1935) +1 other reference |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Palache (1935) | |
| Moritz (n.d.) | |
| Palache (1935) | |
| King (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| King (n.d.) | |
| Palache (1935) | |
| David bernstein | |
| Palache (1935) | |
| Mason (1976) +1 other reference | |
| Steve Sanford +1 other reference |
| [MinRec 1:86 +2 other references | |
| Franklin Mineral Museum specimens | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Jerry Cone Collection | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| NMBMMR New Mexico Mineral symposium (2003) |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| 2009 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... +1 other reference |
| 2009 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... +1 other reference | |
| Rocks & Minerals 83:1 pp 34-43 |
| 2008 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... |
| DeMark (2004) |
| Min News 20:10 p 8 | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| R&M 77:5 p298-305 |
| In the collection of Brent Thorne. ... | |
| R&M 77:5 p298-305 | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Min News 20:6 p8 |
| NMBMMR Bull 72 Mineral Deposits of Luna ... |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| NMBGMR Open-file Report OF-459 |
| Min Rec 20:1 p57 +1 other reference | |
| Jerry Cone Collection | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Steve Stuart collection- from 2011 ... | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Jerry Cone Collection +1 other reference | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Virginia T. McLemore et al. (2000) |
| Walstrom 2006 New Mexico Mineral ... | |
| Jerry Cone Collection |
| Jerry A. Baird | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Robert E. Wastrom Collection | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) | |
| Min Rec 20:1 p59 |
| USGS Bull 945C +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| USGS Bull 945C +1 other reference | |
| USGS Bull 945C | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Gibbs (1989) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Min Rec 20:1 pp13-24 +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| C. Lemanski +1 other reference |
| R&M 66:1 p56-63 |
| R&M 66:1 p56-63 | |
| R&M 66:1 p56-63 | |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:57 +1 other reference | |
| R&M 66:1 p56-63 | |
| Brown (1936) |
| Chamberlain et al. (2023) | |
| A.Mathauser collection | |
| J.D. Price et al. |
| Howard Heitner specimen |
| Rick Dalrymple Collection |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
Yemen | |
| Mondillo et al. (2014) |
Zambia | |
| |
| Mineralogical Record (1980) +2 other references |
| Maria Boni et al. (2011) |
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Tsumeb Mine, Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia