Beidellite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Beidellite
Formula:
(Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Colour:
White, reddish, brownish-grey.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Waxy
Hardness:
1 - 2
Specific Gravity:
2 - 3
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named for the type locality at Beidell, Colorado, USA. Pronounced bei-dell'-ite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
604
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:604:6
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
3bdd27fc-73d8-49f7-8530-a4fd5129b39a
IMA Classification of Beidellite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
(Na,Ca)0.3Al2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 · nH2O
Classification of Beidellite
9.EC.40
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
71.3.1a.1
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
3 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 clays
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
3 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 clays
16.11.17
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
11 : Aluminosilicates of Ca and Mg with or without alkalis
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
11 : Aluminosilicates of Ca and Mg with or without alkalis
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Bei | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Bei | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Bei | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Beidellite
Vitreous, Waxy
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
White, reddish, brownish-grey.
Hardness:
1 - 2 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
{001}
{001}
Density:
2 - 3 g/cm3 (Measured)
Comment:
depending on hydration.
Optical Data of Beidellite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.494 - 1.503 nβ = 1.525 - 1.532 nγ = 1.526 - 1.533
2V:
Measured: 9° to 16°, Calculated: 20°
Max Birefringence:
δ = 0.032
Image shows birefringence interference colour range (at 30µm thickness)
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
and does not take into account mineral colouration.
Surface Relief:
Low
Dispersion:
none
Chemistry of Beidellite
Mindat Formula:
(Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O
Common Impurities:
Ti,K,Mg,Fe
Crystallography of Beidellite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Setting:
C2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.17 Å, b = 8.97 Å, c = 17.57 Å
β = 90°
β = 90°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.576 : 1 : 1.959
Unit Cell V:
814.81 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Comment:
Z = n.d.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
17.6 Å | (100) |
4.42 Å | (100) |
3.95 Å | (100) |
3.54 Å | (100) |
2.50 Å | (100) |
1.498 Å | (100) |
2.57 Å | (80) |
Comments:
glycolated, diffuse pattern.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
9 : Lava/xenolith minerals (hornfels, sanidinite facies) | |
Near-surface Processes | |
22 : Hydration and low-𝑇 subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23) | |
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] |
Geological Setting:
A constituent of bentonitic clays; an alteration product in hydrothermal mineral deposits, especially porphyry Cu-Mo systems; in soils derived from mafic rocks.
Type Occurrence of Beidellite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, R4762 (Black Jack mine, Idaho, USA); R4761 (Beidell, Colorado, USA, material determined to be a mixture in part).
Reference:
Larsen, E.S., Wherry, E.T. (1925) Beidellite, a new mineral name. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences: 15: 465-466.
Other Language Names for Beidellite
Varieties of Beidellite
Aluminium Montmorillonite | A synthetic end-member in the montmorillonite series. |
Chrome-Beidellite | A chromian Beidellite |
Ferribeidellite | Fe(III)-bearing variety of beidellite. |
Relationship of Beidellite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Ferrosaponite | Ca0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
Hectorite | Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Pimelite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O | Hex. |
Saliotite | (Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O | Mon. |
Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
Swinefordite | Li(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O | Mon. 2/m |
Volkonskoite | Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O | Mon. |
Yakhontovite | (Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2O | Mon. |
Zincsilite | Zn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?) | Mon. |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
9.EC. | Balestraite | KLi2V5+Si4O12 |
9.EC. | Meifuite | KFe6(Si7Al)O19(OH)4Cl2 |
9.EC.05 | Minnesotaite | Fe2+3Si4O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.05 | Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.05 | Willemseite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.9.EC. | Voloshinite | Rb(LiAl1.5◻0.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10F2 |
9.EC.10 | Ferripyrophyllite | Fe3+Si2O5(OH) |
9.EC.10 | Pyrophyllite | Al2Si4O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.10 | Luanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.10 | Fluorluanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10F2 |
9.EC.10 | Manganiceladonite | K(MgMn3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.10 | Garmite | CsLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.10 | Gorbunovite | CsLi2(Ti,Fe)Si4O10(F,OH,O)2 |
9.EC.15 | Boromuscovite | KAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Celadonite | K(MgFe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Chernykhite | (Ba,Na)(V3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Montdorite | (K,Na)2(Fe2+,Mn2+,Mg)5(Si4O10)2(OH,F)4 |
9.EC.15 | Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Nanpingite | CsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 |
9.EC.15 | Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Roscoelite | K(V3+,Al)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Tobelite | (NH4,K)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Aluminoceladonite | K(MgAl◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Chromphyllite | K(Cr,Al)2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 |
9.EC.15 | Ferroaluminoceladonite | K(Fe2+Al◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Ferroceladonite | K(Fe2+Fe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Chromceladonite | K(MgCr◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | Tainiolite | KLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.15 | Ganterite | (Ba,Na,K)(Al,Mg)2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.15 | UM1988-22-SiO:AlCaFFeHKLiMg | KLiMgAl2Si3O10F2 |
9.EC.15 | Kreiterite | CsLi2Fe3+(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Annite | KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Ephesite | NaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Hendricksite | KZn3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Masutomilite | (K,Rb)(Li,Mn3+,Al)3(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Norrishite | KLiMn3+2(Si4O10)O2 |
9.EC.20 | Phlogopite | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Polylithionite | KLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Preiswerkite | NaMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Siderophyllite | KFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH,F)2 |
9.EC.20 | Fluorotetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Wonesite | (Na,K)(Mg,Fe,Al)6((Al,Si)4O10)2(OH,F)4 |
9.EC.20 | Eastonite | KMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Tetraferriannite | KFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Trilithionite | K(Li1.5Al1.5)(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Fluorannite | KFe2+3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
9.EC.20 | Shirokshinite | K(NaMg2)(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Shirozulite | KMn2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Sokolovaite | CsLi2Al(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Aspidolite | NaMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Fluorophlogopite | KMg3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
9.EC.20 | UM2004-49-SiO:AlCsFHKLi | (Cs,K)(Al,Li)2.6((Si,Al)4O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Suhailite | (NH4)Fe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.20 | Yangzhumingite | KMg2.5(Si4O10)F2 |
9.EC.20 | Orlovite | KLi2Ti(Si4O10)OF |
9.EC.20 | Oxyphlogopite | K(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2 |
9.EC.20 | Chloroferrokinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(Cl,OH,F)2 |
9.EC.22 | Pimelite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O |
9.EC.30 | Chlorophaeite | (Ca,Mg,Fe)2Fe2Si4O13 · 10H2O |
9.EC.30 | Margarite | CaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Anandite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3((Si,Al,Fe)4O10)(S,OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Bityite | CaLiAl2(AlBeSi2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Clintonite | CaAlMg2(SiAl3O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Kinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Mn2+,Al)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.35 | Ferrokinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH,F)2 |
9.EC.35 | Oxykinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(O,OH,F)2 |
9.EC.35 | Fluorokinoshitalite | BaMg3(Al2Si2O10)F2 |
9.EC.40 | Kurumsakite | (Zn,Ni,Cu)8Al8V5+2Si5O35 · 27H2O (?) |
9.EC.40 | Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
9.EC.40 | Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
9.EC.40 | Volkonskoite | Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
9.EC.40 | Yakhontovite | (Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2O |
9.EC.45 | Hectorite | Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
9.EC.45 | Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
9.EC.45 | Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
9.EC.45 | Spadaite | MgSiO2(OH)2 · H2O (?) |
9.EC.45 | Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
9.EC.45 | Swinefordite | Li(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2O |
9.EC.45 | Zincsilite | Zn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?) |
9.EC.45 | Ferrosaponite | Ca0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
9.EC.45 | Hanjiangite | Ba2CaV3+Al(H2AlSi3O12)(CO3)2F |
9.EC.50 | Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O |
9.EC.52 | Tarasovite | near NaKAl11Si13O40(OH)9 · 3H2O |
9.EC.55 | Baileychlore | (Zn,Fe2+,Al,Mg)6(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Chamosite | (Fe2+)5Al(Si,Al)4O10(OH,O)8 |
9.EC.55 | Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Cookeite | (LiAl4◻)[AlSi3O10](OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Franklinfurnaceite | Ca2Fe3+Mn2+3Mn3+(Zn2Si2O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Gonyerite | (Mn2+,Mg)5Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Nimite | (Ni,Mg,Al)6((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Orthochamosite | (Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
9.EC.55 | Pennantite | Mn2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Sudoite | Mg2Al3(Si3Al)O10)(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Donbassite | Al4.33(Si3Al)O10(OH)8 |
9.EC.55 | Glagolevite | Na(Mg,Al)6(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
9.EC.55 | Borocookeite | (LiAl4◻)[BSi3O10](OH)8 |
9.EC.60 | Aliettite | Ca0.2Mg6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 4H2O |
9.EC.60 | Corrensite | (Mg,Fe)9((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)10 · nH2O |
9.EC.60 | Dozyite | Mg7Al2(Al2Si4O15)(OH)12 |
9.EC.60 | Hydrobiotite | K(Mg,Fe2+)6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · nH2O |
9.EC.60 | Karpinskite | (Ni,Mg)2Si2O5(OH)2 (?) |
9.EC.60 | Kulkeite | Mg8Al(AlSi7O20)(OH)10 |
9.EC.60 | Lunijianlaite | Li0.7Al6.2(AlSi7O20)(OH,O)10 |
9.EC.60 | Rectorite | (Na,Ca)Al4((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 2H2O |
9.EC.60 | Saliotite | (Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5 |
9.EC.60 | Tosudite | Na0.5(Al,Mg)6((Si,Al)8O18)(OH)12 · 5H2O |
9.EC.60 | Brinrobertsite | Na0.3Al4(Si4O10)2(OH)4 · 3.5 H2O |
9.EC.65 | Macaulayite | (Fe,Al)24Si4O43(OH)2 |
9.EC.70 | Burckhardtite | Pb2(Fe3+Te6+)[AlSi3O8]O6 |
9.EC.75 | Ferrisurite | (Pb,Ca)2.4Fe3+2(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2O |
9.EC.75 | Surite | (Pb,Ca)3(Al,Fe2+,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(CO3)2(OH)2 |
9.EC.75 | Niksergievite | (Ba,Ca)2Al3(AlSi3O10)(CO3)(OH)6 · nH2O |
9.EC.80 | Kegelite | Pb8Al4(Si8O20)(SO4)2(CO3)4(OH)8 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Beidellite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Beidellite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-604.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Beidellite
Reference List:
Localities for Beidellite
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) |
Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
| Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) |
Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) | |
| Padrón de Minas de la Provincia de Chubut (2005) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
Martos-Villa +5 other references | |
Australia | |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| Murrin Murrin Nickel Laterite Deposit +2 other references |
| Lintern (1998) |
| Simpson (1948) |
Bolivia | |
| Wilson (2001) |
Bulgaria | |
| Radonova et al. (1967) |
Cameroon | |
| Yongue-Fouateu et al. (2009) |
Canada | |
| Pe-Piper +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
Chile | |
| Vidal et al. (2022) |
Faroe Islands | |
| Weisenberger et al. (2012) |
France | |
| J.C. Parneix (Allier, France) |
| l'exemple de l'Auvergne +1 other reference |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Chauris (2014) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| mikon-online.com (n.d.) |
| www.geologica-saxonica.de (n.d.) |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2018) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. |
Indian Ocean | |
| D. Besse et al. |
Italy | |
| Pinzari et al. (2021) |
Japan | |
| The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) |
| The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) |
| Masaharu NAKAGAWA (2001) |
| Dr Yohachiro Okamoto (1876-1960) |
| The Mineral Species of Japan (5th ed) |
Jordan | |
| Techer et al. (2006) |
Mexico | |
| Cross (2006) |
| Panczner (1987) |
Mozambique | |
| Gomes et al. (2022) |
New Zealand | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
Carlson et al. (1974) | |
| Cody et al. (1981) |
Norway | |
| Isachsen et al. (1948) |
| Barth (1940) |
Russia | |
| Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka |
Okrugin (2004) | |
| Rudmin et al. (Western Siberia) |
| |
... | |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Ďuďa |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
UK | |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
Ukraine | |
| Golubovskaya (2001) |
| Emetz et al. (2005) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) +3 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Peterson et al. (1946) +3 other references |
| Schwartz (1947) +2 other references |
| Gilluly (1937) +3 other references |
Gilluly (1946) | |
| Schwartz (1947) +1 other reference |
| Rocks and Minerals (1976) |
Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
Howard (2007) | |
Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 440. +2 other references |
| Beverly (1934) +1 other reference |
| www.mineralsocal.org |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 440. +1 other reference |
| Van Nostrand Reinholt Press: 441. +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Lovering et al. (1950) | |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
Holmes et al. (1983) | |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
- (2005) | |
- (2005) | |
| Ream (2004) |
| Chipera et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
Collins (2012) | |
| Collins (2012) |
| - (1956) |
| King et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Ostrander (1940) |
| - (2005) |
- (2005) | |
| Gnanou (2018) |
| Gnanou (2018) |
| Foord et al. (1999) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Origlieri (1990) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Wyant |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) |
Dietrich (1990) | |
| Tony Nikischer and Luis Menezes |
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Cameron, Cameron Mining District, Coconino County, Arizona, USA