Iron
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Iron
Formula:
Fe
Colour:
Iron-black
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
4½
Specific Gravity:
7.3 - 7.87
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
Old English word for the metal.
Type Locality:
Dimorph of:
Very rare in igneous and sedimentary rocks. Forms the majority of the earth's core.
Nickel is commonly reported in iron in quantities up to several percents; meteoric iron generally contains at least 5%, and up to 25% to 65%, nickel. Because of the instability of iron under oxidizing conditions and the abundance of oxygen in the Earth's crust and atmosphere, practically all terrestrial iron occurs in the divalent (ferrous) or trivalent (ferric) state combined with other metals and nonmetallic elements in silicates, oxides, sulfides, etc.
Nickel is commonly reported in iron in quantities up to several percents; meteoric iron generally contains at least 5%, and up to 25% to 65%, nickel. Because of the instability of iron under oxidizing conditions and the abundance of oxygen in the Earth's crust and atmosphere, practically all terrestrial iron occurs in the divalent (ferrous) or trivalent (ferric) state combined with other metals and nonmetallic elements in silicates, oxides, sulfides, etc.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Iron.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2047
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2047:9
GUID
(UUID V4):
(UUID V4):
5f9c04d2-6729-44b8-bf79-df09f63d6866
IMA Classification of Iron
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Iron
1.AE.05
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
E : Iron-chromium family
1 : ELEMENTS (Metals and intermetallic alloys; metalloids and nonmetals; carbides, silicides, nitrides, phosphides)
A : Metals and Intermetallic Alloys
E : Iron-chromium family
Dana 7th ed.:
1.1.17.1
1.57
1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
1 : Elements and Alloys (including the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au)
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Symbol | Source | Reference |
---|---|---|
Fe | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Iron
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Iron-black
Streak:
Grey
Hardness:
4½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=160 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Malleable
Cleavage:
Imperfect/Fair
On {001}
On {001}
Parting:
On (112)
Fracture:
Hackly
Density:
7.3 - 7.87 g/cm3 (Measured) 7.874 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Iron
Type:
Isotropic
Reflectivity:
Wavelength | R |
---|---|
400nm | 56.8% |
420nm | 57.2% |
440nm | 57.6% |
460nm | 57.8% |
480nm | 57.9% |
500nm | 58.0% |
520nm | 58.1% |
540nm | 58.1% |
560nm | 58.1% |
580nm | 58.1% |
600nm | 58.1% |
620nm | 58.2% |
640nm | 58.2% |
660nm | 58.4% |
680nm | 58.6% |
700nm | 58.8% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 58.8%.
Colour in reflected light:
White
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Iron
Mindat Formula:
Fe
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ni,C,Co,P,Cu,S
Crystallography of Iron
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Im3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 2.8664 Å
Unit Cell V:
23.55 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Usually in small blebs or grains.
Twinning:
(111), in lamellar masses also {112}.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0000670 | Iron | Wilburn D R, Bassett W A (1978) Hydrostatic compression of iron and related compounds: An overview American Mineralogist 63 591-596 | 1978 | 0.1 | 293 | ||
0000671 | Iron | Wilburn D R, Bassett W A (1978) Hydrostatic compression of iron and related compounds: An overview American Mineralogist 63 591-596 | 1978 | 1 | 293 | ||
0000672 | Iron | Wilburn D R, Bassett W A (1978) Hydrostatic compression of iron and related compounds: An overview American Mineralogist 63 591-596 | 1978 | 2.9 | 293 | ||
0000673 | Iron | Wilburn D R, Bassett W A (1978) Hydrostatic compression of iron and related compounds: An overview American Mineralogist 63 591-596 | 1978 | 3.9 | 293 | ||
0000674 | Iron | Wilburn D R, Bassett W A (1978) Hydrostatic compression of iron and related compounds: An overview American Mineralogist 63 591-596 | 1978 | 4.3 | 293 | ||
0000675 | Iron | Wilburn D R, Bassett W A (1978) Hydrostatic compression of iron and related compounds: An overview American Mineralogist 63 591-596 | 1978 | 5.2 | 293 | ||
0000676 | Iron | Wilburn D R, Bassett W A (1978) Hydrostatic compression of iron and related compounds: An overview American Mineralogist 63 591-596 | 1978 | 5.7 | 293 | ||
0000677 | Iron | Wilburn D R, Bassett W A (1978) Hydrostatic compression of iron and related compounds: An overview American Mineralogist 63 591-596 | 1978 | 6.9 | 293 | ||
0000678 | Iron | Wilburn D R, Bassett W A (1978) Hydrostatic compression of iron and related compounds: An overview American Mineralogist 63 591-596 | 1978 | 7.5 | 293 | ||
0000679 | Iron | Wilburn D R, Bassett W A (1978) Hydrostatic compression of iron and related compounds: An overview American Mineralogist 63 591-596 | 1978 | 8.2 | 293 | ||
0000680 | Iron | Wilburn D R, Bassett W A (1978) Hydrostatic compression of iron and related compounds: An overview American Mineralogist 63 591-596 | 1978 | 9.8 | 293 | ||
0000681 | Iron | Wilburn D R, Bassett W A (1978) Hydrostatic compression of iron and related compounds: An overview American Mineralogist 63 591-596 | 1978 | 10.1 | 293 | ||
0000682 | Iron | Wilburn D R, Bassett W A (1978) Hydrostatic compression of iron and related compounds: An overview American Mineralogist 63 591-596 | 1978 | 10.8 | 293 | ||
0002760 | Iron | Fjellvag H, Hauback B C, Vogt T, Stolen S (2002) Monoclinic nearly stoichiometric wustite at low temperatures American Mineralogist 87 347-349 | 2002 | 0 | 10 | ||
0002761 | Iron | Fjellvag H, Hauback B C, Vogt T, Stolen S (2002) Monoclinic nearly stoichiometric wustite at low temperatures American Mineralogist 87 347-349 | 2002 | 0 | 8 | ||
0019406 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 6.81 | 1273 | |
0019407 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 8.36 | 1273 | |
0019408 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 10.08 | 1273 | |
0019409 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 11.66 | 1273 | |
0019410 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 12.71 | 1273 | |
0019411 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 13.63 | 1273 | |
0019412 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 14.45 | 1273 | |
0019413 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 15.58 | 1273 | |
0019414 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 16.63 | 1273 | |
0019415 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 17.59 | 1273 | |
0019416 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 18.69 | 1273 | |
0019417 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 19.7 | 1273 | |
0019418 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 20.64 | 1273 | |
0019419 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 21.57 | 1273 | |
0019420 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 22.44 | 1273 | |
0019421 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 23.17 | 1273 | |
0019422 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 24.19 | 1273 | |
0019423 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 25.01 | 1273 | |
0019424 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 25.72 | 1273 | |
0019425 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 26.55 | 1273 | |
0019426 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 27.44 | 1273 | |
0019427 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 6.81 | 1273 | |
0019428 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 8.36 | 1273 | |
0019429 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 10.08 | 1273 | |
0019430 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 11.66 | 1273 | |
0019431 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 12.71 | 1273 | |
0019432 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 13.63 | 1273 | |
0019433 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 14.45 | 1273 | |
0019434 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 15.58 | 1273 | |
0019435 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 16.63 | 1273 | |
0019436 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 17.59 | 1273 | |
0019437 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 18.69 | 1273 | |
0019438 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 19.7 | 1273 | |
0019439 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 20.64 | 1273 | |
0019440 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 21.57 | 1273 | |
0019441 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 22.44 | 1273 | |
0019442 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 23.17 | 1273 | |
0019443 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 24.19 | 1273 | |
0019444 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 25.01 | 1273 | |
0019445 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 25.72 | 1273 | |
0019446 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 26.55 | 1273 | |
0019447 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 27.44 | 1273 | |
0019448 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 4.73 | 1073 | |
0019449 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 6.41 | 1073 | |
0019450 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 8.02 | 1073 | |
0019451 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 9.9 | 1073 | |
0019452 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 11.48 | 1073 | |
0019453 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 13.36 | 1073 | |
0019454 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 15.37 | 1073 | |
0019455 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 17.47 | 1073 | |
0019456 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 19.82 | 1073 | |
0019457 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 22.34 | 1073 | |
0019458 | Iron | Nishihara Y, Nakajima Y, Akashi A, Tsujino N, Takahashi E, Funakoshi K, Higo Y (2012) Isothermal compression of face-centered cubic iron American Mineralogist 97 1417-1420 | 2012 | synthetic | 24.37 | 1073 | |
0008169 | Iron | Zhang J, Guyot F (1999) Thermal equation of iron and Fe0.91Si0.09 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 26 206-211 | 1999 | 0 | 298 | ||
0008170 | Iron | Zhang J, Guyot F (1999) Thermal equation of iron and Fe0.91Si0.09 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 26 206-211 | 1999 | 0 | 300 | ||
0008171 | Iron | Zhang J, Guyot F (1999) Thermal equation of iron and Fe0.91Si0.09 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 26 206-211 | 1999 | 1.3 | 299 | ||
0008172 | Iron | Zhang J, Guyot F (1999) Thermal equation of iron and Fe0.91Si0.09 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 26 206-211 | 1999 | 3 | 299 | ||
0008173 | Iron | Zhang J, Guyot F (1999) Thermal equation of iron and Fe0.91Si0.09 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 26 206-211 | 1999 | 4.3 | 299 | ||
0008174 | Iron | Zhang J, Guyot F (1999) Thermal equation of iron and Fe0.91Si0.09 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 26 206-211 | 1999 | 5.6 | 299 | ||
0008175 | Iron | Zhang J, Guyot F (1999) Thermal equation of iron and Fe0.91Si0.09 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 26 206-211 | 1999 | 6.6 | 299 | ||
0008176 | Iron | Zhang J, Guyot F (1999) Thermal equation of iron and Fe0.91Si0.09 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 26 206-211 | 1999 | 8.1 | 299 | ||
0008177 | Iron | Zhang J, Guyot F (1999) Thermal equation of iron and Fe0.91Si0.09 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 26 206-211 | 1999 | 1.8 | 573 | ||
0008178 | Iron | Zhang J, Guyot F (1999) Thermal equation of iron and Fe0.91Si0.09 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 26 206-211 | 1999 | 3.6 | 573 | ||
0008179 | Iron | Zhang J, Guyot F (1999) Thermal equation of iron and Fe0.91Si0.09 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 26 206-211 | 1999 | 4.9 | 573 | ||
0008180 | Iron | Zhang J, Guyot F (1999) Thermal equation of iron and Fe0.91Si0.09 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 26 206-211 | 1999 | 6.1 | 573 | ||
0008181 | Iron | Zhang J, Guyot F (1999) Thermal equation of iron and Fe0.91Si0.09 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 26 206-211 | 1999 | 7.2 | 572 | ||
0008182 | Iron | Zhang J, Guyot F (1999) Thermal equation of iron and Fe0.91Si0.09 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 26 206-211 | 1999 | 8.7 | 573 | ||
0008183 | Iron | Zhang J, Guyot F (1999) Thermal equation of iron and Fe0.91Si0.09 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 26 206-211 | 1999 | 2.3 | 773 | ||
0008184 | Iron | Zhang J, Guyot F (1999) Thermal equation of iron and Fe0.91Si0.09 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 26 206-211 | 1999 | 3.9 | 773 | ||
0008185 | Iron | Zhang J, Guyot F (1999) Thermal equation of iron and Fe0.91Si0.09 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 26 206-211 | 1999 | 5.3 | 774 | ||
0008186 | Iron | Zhang J, Guyot F (1999) Thermal equation of iron and Fe0.91Si0.09 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 26 206-211 | 1999 | 6.6 | 773 | ||
0008187 | Iron | Zhang J, Guyot F (1999) Thermal equation of iron and Fe0.91Si0.09 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 26 206-211 | 1999 | 7.7 | 774 | ||
0008188 | Iron | Zhang J, Guyot F (1999) Thermal equation of iron and Fe0.91Si0.09 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 26 206-211 | 1999 | 8.9 | 773 | ||
0011146 | Iron | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Cubic closest packed, ccp, structure Crystal Structures 1 7-83 | 1963 | 0 | 293 | ||
0011214 | Iron | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Body centered cubic, bcc, structure Crystal Structures 1 7-83 | 1963 | 0 | 298 | ||
0011215 | Iron | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Body centered cubic, bcc, structure Crystal Structures 1 7-83 | 1963 | 0 | 1073 | ||
0011216 | Iron | Wyckoff R W G (1963) Second edition. Interscience Publishers, New York, New York Body centered cubic, bcc, structure Crystal Structures 1 7-83 | 1963 | 0 | 1700 | ||
0012931 | Iron | Jette E R, Foote F (1935) Precision determination of lattice constants Journal of Chemical Physics 3 605-616 | 1935 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0015119 | Iron | Davey W P (1925) Lattice constants of twelve common metals Physical Review 25 753-761 | 1925 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0015120 | Iron | Davey W P (1925) Lattice constants of twelve common metals Physical Review 25 753-761 | 1925 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
0015335 | Iron | Basinski Z S, Hume-Rothery W, Sutton A L (1955) The lattice expansion of iron Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A229 459-467 | 1955 | synthetic | 0 | 513 | |
0015336 | Iron | Basinski Z S, Hume-Rothery W, Sutton A L (1955) The lattice expansion of iron Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A229 459-467 | 1955 | synthetic | 0 | 623 | |
0015337 | Iron | Basinski Z S, Hume-Rothery W, Sutton A L (1955) The lattice expansion of iron Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A229 459-467 | 1955 | synthetic | 0 | 722 | |
0015338 | Iron | Basinski Z S, Hume-Rothery W, Sutton A L (1955) The lattice expansion of iron Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A229 459-467 | 1955 | synthetic | 0 | 822 | |
0015339 | Iron | Basinski Z S, Hume-Rothery W, Sutton A L (1955) The lattice expansion of iron Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A229 459-467 | 1955 | synthetic | 0 | 921 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacing | Intensity |
---|---|
2.0268 Å | (100) |
1.4332 Å | (20) |
1.1702 Å | (30) |
1.0134 Å | (10) |
0.9064 Å | (12) |
0.8275 Å | (6) |
Comments:
ICDD 6-696 (Synthetic)
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
---|---|
Pre-terrestrial "Ur-minerals" | >4.57 |
1 : Stellar atmosphere condensates | |
Stage 1: Primary nebular phases | 4.567-4.561 |
3 : Solar nebular condensates (CAIs, AOAs, URIs) | >4.565 |
4 : Primary chondrule phases | 4.566–4.561 |
Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
5 : Primary asteroid phases | 4.566–4.560 |
6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
7 : Ultramafic igneous rocks | |
8 : Mafic igneous rocks | |
11 : Volcanic fumarole minerals; reduced phases (see also #45) | |
Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
38 : Ophiolites | |
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
53 : Other minerals with taphonomic origins | <0.4 |
Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Type Occurrence of Iron
Synonyms of Iron
Other Language Names for Iron
Afrikaans:Yster
Albanian:Hekuri
Alemannic:Eisen
Arabic:حديد
Armenian:Երկաթ
Asturian:Fierro
Azeri:Dəmir
Basque:Burdina
Belarusian:Жалеза
Belarusian (Tarashkevitsa):Жалеза
Bengali:লোহা
Bosnian:Željezo
Breton:Houarn
Bulgarian:Желязо
Catalan:Ferro
Chuvash:Тимĕр
Corsican:Ferru
Croatian:Željezo
Czech:Železo
Danish:Jern
Dutch:IJzer
Erzya:Кшни
Esperanto:Fero
Estonian:Raud
Farsi/Persian:آهن
Finnish:Rauta
Friulian:Fier
Galician:Ferro
Georgian:რკინა
Greek:Σίδηρος
Guarani:Kuarepoti
Gujarati:લોખંડ
Haitian:Fè
Hakka:Thiet
Hebrew:ברזל
Hindi:लोहम्
Hungarian:Vas
Icelandic:Járn
Ido:Fero
Indonesian:Besi
Interlingua:Ferro
Irish Gaelic:Iarann
Italian:Ferro
Japanese:鉄
Javanese:Wesi
Kongo:Kibende
Korean:철
Kurdish (Latin Script):Hesin
Latin:Ferrum
Latvian:Dzelzs
Limburgian:Iezer
Lingala:Ebendé
Lithuanian:Geležis
Lojban:Tirse
Low Saxon/Low German:Iesen
Luxembourgish:Eisen
Macedonian:Железо
Malay:Besi
Malayalam:ഇരുമ്പ്
Maltese:Ħadid
Manx:Yiarn
Maori:Rino
Marathi:लोखंड
Min Nan:Fe
Mongolian:Төмөр
Nahuatl:Tlīltepoztli
Norman:Fé
Norwegian:Jern
Norwegian (Nynorsk):Jern
Occitan:Fèrre
Polish:Żelazo
Portuguese:Ferro
Quechua:Chuki
Ripuarian:Eisen
Romanian:Fier
Russian:Железо
Sanskrit:लोहम्
Scots:Airn
Scottish Gaelic:Iarann
Serbian:Гвожђе
Serbo-Croatian:Željezo
Sicilian:Ferru
Simplified Chinese:自然铁
Slovak:Železo
Slovenian:Železo
Spanish:Hierro
Swahili:Chuma
Swedish:Järn
Tajik (Cyrillic Script):Оҳан
Tamil:இரும்பு
Telugu:ఇనుము
Thai:เหล็ก
Traditional Chinese:自然鐵
Turkish:Demir
Ukrainian:Залізо
Uzbek (Latin Script):Temir
Venetian:Fero
Vietnamese:Sắt
Welsh:Haearn
Yiddish:אייזן
Varieties of Iron
Carltonite | Meteoric Iron from the Carlton meteorite. |
Kamacite | A nickel-rich variety of iron; α-(Fe,Ni). The principle constituent of a typical octahedrite meteorite with about 92% iron and 7% nickel. Compare also taenite, γ-(Ni,Fe). |
Martensite | A solid-solution of carbon in alpha-iron, a deformed tetragonal phase in some meteorites and artificial steels. α2-Fe(Ni, Co) A solid solution of iron and up to one percent of carbon, the chief constituent of hardened carbon tool steels. |
Wickelkmamzite | A name given to kamacite surrounding accessory constituents in meteoritic irons. |
Relationship of Iron to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of this group:
Steinhardtite | Al0.38Ni0.32Fe0.30 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Im3m |
Taenite | (Fe,Ni) | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fm3m |
Tetrataenite | FeNi | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : P4/mmm |
Vanadium | V | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Im3m |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
25 photos of Iron associated with Taenite | (Fe,Ni) |
22 photos of Iron associated with Troilite | FeS |
22 photos of Iron associated with Fayalite-Forsterite Series | |
20 photos of Iron associated with Kamacite | (Fe,Ni) |
16 photos of Iron associated with Pyroxene Group | ADSi2O6 |
14 photos of Iron associated with Plagioclase | (Na,Ca)[(Si,Al)AlSi2]O8 |
11 photos of Iron associated with Forsterite | Mg2SiO4 |
10 photos of Iron associated with Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS |
10 photos of Iron associated with Augite | (CaxMgyFez)(Mgy1Fez1)Si2O6 |
9 photos of Iron associated with Hypersthene | (Mg,Fe)SiO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
1.AE. | Vanadium | V |
1.AE.05 | Molybdenum | Mo |
1.AE.05 | Chromium | Cr |
1.AE.05 | Tungsten | W |
1.AE.05 | UM2001-06-E:CrFeNi | Fe7Cr2Ni |
1.AE.05 | Hexamolybdenum | (Mo,Ru,Fe,Ir,Os) |
1.AE.10 | Taenite | (Fe,Ni) |
1.AE.10 | Tetrataenite | FeNi |
1.AE.10 | Antitaenite | Fe3Ni |
1.AE.15 | Chromferide | Fe3Cr1-x (x=0.6) |
1.AE.15 | Ferchromide | Cr3Fe1-x |
1.AE.15 | Wairauite | CoFe |
1.AE.20 | Awaruite | Ni3Fe |
1.AE.25 | Jedwabite | Fe7(Ta,Nb)3 |
1.AE.30 | Manganese | Mn |
1.AE.35 | Nisnite | Ni3Sn |
Fluorescence of Iron
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Magnetism:
Ferromagnetic
Notes:
Magnetic
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Iron in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Iron
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2047.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Iron
Localities for Iron
Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality.
Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Algeria | |
| Vorobyov (2023) |
| Wlotzka (ed.) +1 other reference |
Ramdohr (1972) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Newton et al. (1995) |
| Mason et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (2020) |
Angola | |
| Wood (1967) |
| Sighinolfi et al. (1990) |
Antarctica | |
| Shen et al. (2022) |
Shen et al. (2022) | |
- (n.d.) | |
Yin et al. (2018) | |
| Lee et al. (2019) |
Zhang et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
Weisberg (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Ramdohr (1967) |
Lin et al. (1991) | |
| Beck et al. (2011) |
| Berkley (1986) |
| Krinov (1965) +1 other reference |
| Prinz et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| Ravich et al. (1968) +2 other references |
| Ikeda Yukio (1988) |
Mukherjee et al. (1986) | |
Ohgo et al. (2017) | |
| Brandstätter et al. (2014) |
Brandstätter et al. (2014) | |
Brandstätter et al. (2014) | |
Bouvier et al. (2016) +1 other reference | |
| bersite |
Jeffrey N. Grossman (1988) | |
Scott et al. (1981) +2 other references | |
Nagahara (1980) | |
Berkley et al. (1985) | |
Rubin (1990) | |
Gannoun et al. (2011) | |
Nagahara (1882) +2 other references | |
Scott et al. (1981) +2 other references | |
| Meteorite Working Group (1985) |
Beard et al. (2009) | |
Fogel (1997) | |
Meteoritical Bulletin (Aug. 2000) | |
Burroni et al. (2008) | |
| Rubin et al. (2011) |
| Enstatite +2 other references |
| Meteoritical Bulletin Database +1 other reference |
McCoy et al. (2006) | |
| Danielson et al. (2009) |
Argentina | |
| Bunch et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Giacomelli (1962) +1 other reference |
| Palmer et al. (Oct 2011) +1 other reference |
| Voldman et al. (2013) |
| Kaneda et al. (2000) |
| |
| Taylor et al. (1971) |
Armenia | |
| Nazarov et al. (1993) |
Australia | |
| |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Lovering (1975) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Tchirvinsky (1919) +1 other reference |
| Fujita et al. (1991) |
Ramdohr (1972) | |
| |
| Garcia et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Phil Schmitz colln |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| Magirian (1998) +1 other reference |
| Edwards (1943) +1 other reference |
| Madigan (1940) |
| Madigan (1939) |
| 1. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta +18 other references |
| Excalibur Minerals CATALOG #20506 - ... +2 other references |
| Grady +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Baker (1953) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Alderman (1940) +2 other references |
| Mason et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| Bunch et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Sprigg (1955) |
| Keller et al. (1992) |
| Birch et al. (2001) |
| Cohen (1897) +1 other reference |
| Stadermann +2 other references |
| Scott et al. (1971) |
| Buseck et al. (1972) |
| en.wikipedia.org (2005) |
| Bevan et al. (1988) |
| Palme et al. (1988) |
| Gennady P. Vdovykin (1970) |
Vdovykin (1970) | |
| Buchwald (1975) +2 other references |
| Some New and Little Known Meteorites ... +1 other reference |
| Some New and Little Known Meteorites ... +2 other references |
| McCall et al. (1966) +2 other references |
| Thompson |
| Some New and Little Known Meteorites ... +2 other references |
| Buchwald (1975) |
Some New and Little Known Meteorites ... +2 other references | |
| Alexander N. Krot et al. (2002) |
| Some New and Little Known Meteorites ... +2 other references |
| |
| |
| DeLaeter (1973) +1 other reference |
| |
| Journal of the Royal Society of Western ... |
Thomas R. Watters & Martin Prinz (1980) | |
| The Wiluna Meteorite Fall +1 other reference |
| The Redfields Meteorite +2 other references |
| New Material From +2 other references |
Austria | |
| Grachev et al. (2008) +2 other references |
| Brandstätter et al. (2013) |
| K.A.Redlich et al. (Springer Verlag und Verlag Stahleisen m.b.H.) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
Neschen (n.d.) | |
Azerbaijan | |
| American Mineralogist |
| Novgorodova M.I. (caspian Sea) |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
Bangladesh | |
| Scott et al. (1981) |
| Powell (1969) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Belarus | |
| Hewins (1979) |
| Dymkin et al. (1984) +2 other references |
| Levitskiy et al. (2018, July) |
Belgium | |
| Ottenburgs et al. (1998) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Bolivia | |
| Meteoritical Bulletin #106 - ... |
| Anthony (1997) |
Brazil | |
| www.igc.usp.br/museu/artigos05.htm. |
| Zucolotto et al. (2001) |
| Danon (1981) |
| www.meteorito.com.br (2011) |
| Clarke et al. (1978) |
| The Meteoritical Bulletin |
| Gomes et al. (1980) |
| Kaminsky et al. (2013) |
Kaminsky et al. (2015) | |
| Bulanova et al. (2010) |
Thomson et al. (2014) | |
| Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114) |
| Reisener et al. (2003) |
| Heim et al. (March 1999) |
London +1 other reference | |
| Gomes et al. (1980) |
dan weinrich | |
| Gomes et al. (1980) |
| Atencio et al. (2020) |
| Brooks (1990) |
| Gomes et al. (1980) |
| Cavarretta et al. (1975) +1 other reference |
| Prinz et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| Meteoritical Bulletin |
| ... +1 other reference |
| Gomes et al. (1980) |
| Symes et al. (1970) +3 other references |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Ramdohr (1972) +3 other references |
| Unlisted Editors (2016) +1 other reference |
| Anonymous (2015) |
| Gomes et al. (1980) |
| Queiroz (2016) |
Burkina Faso | |
| Domanik et al. (2004) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
Cambodia | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Cameroon | |
| 489-492. (July 1997) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| Smith (1980) +2 other references |
| Rubin (1990) |
| Dawson +5 other references |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Wasson et al. (2003) |
| Chen +2 other references |
| Walton et al. (2001) |
| Cabri et al. (2007) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
S. Aulbach et al. (2002) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Chamberlain et al. (1965) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| G Hoffman |
| Gatineau (Hull) +1 other reference |
| Keil (1968) |
| castaing.eps.mcgill.ca (n.d.) |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (2012) |
| H. H. Nininger (1932) +2 other references |
| |
Cape Verde | |
Chile | |
| Pedersen +2 other references |
H. J. Axon et al. (1981) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) +2 other references |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
China | |
| Kuiren Wang (1987) +1 other reference |
| scholar.ilib.cn (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| M. Chen and X. Xie |
Xiuqing Liu (1984) | |
| Chen et al. (1994) |
| Lin et al. (2007) |
| Kejie Tao and Peishan Zhang (1987) |
| Housely et al. (1983) |
| Zhiwei Bao (2001) |
| Yu (1984) |
| Wang et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Peixue Tian et al. (1983) |
| Zhang Liangju (1987) |
| Wen Chuanfen (1980) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Shangyue Shen and Xiaoli Zhuang (1990) +2 other references |
| Ruzicka (2013,2015) +1 other reference |
| Cong Yan et al. (2011) |
| Bian (1981) +1 other reference |
| Grossman (1997) +1 other reference |
| Kallemeyn et al. (1989) |
| Jingsui Yang et al. (2006) |
| Wang et al. (1987) |
| Lunar and Planetary Science +1 other reference |
| Xinzhi Zhan (1978) |
| Zhao +1 other reference |
| Zhang Dequan et al. (2002) |
| Xiyue Wang et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| Yongheng Chen et al. (1998) |
| Gorshkov et al. (2006) |
| Gorshkov et al. (2006) |
| Changfu Chen et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Lin et al. (2008) |
| Zengqian Hou et al. (2009) |
| Guo et al. (2016) +1 other reference |
| Wenji Bai et al. (2001) |
Xu et al. (2008) | |
Xiangzhen et al. (2009) | |
Zhang et al. (2016) | |
| Connolly et al. (2006) |
| Bartoschewitz et al. (2001) |
| Lin Xu et al. (2008) |
| Wasson et al. (1988) |
| Zhu et al. (2019) |
| Xianfan Liu et al. (2007) |
| Xianfan Liu et al. (2009) |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (2020) |
| Daode et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
Colombia | |
| Connolly Jr. (2008) +1 other reference |
Costa Rica | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Croatia | |
| Ramdohr (1972) +2 other references |
| Buchwald (1975) |
Cuba | |
| The Meteoritical Bulletin +1 other reference |
Czech Republic | |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... +1 other reference |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Borovička et al. (2003) |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Ramdohr (1972) +2 other references |
| Neumann (1857) +3 other references |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
| Rost R.: Doplňky k mineralogii ... |
| Skála R. |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (2020) |
| Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... |
Denmark | |
| Callisen et al. (1963) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
DR Congo | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Egypt | |
| Meteoritics & Planetary Science 41 et al. (2006) |
| tin.er.usgs.gov (2010) |
Methot et al. (1975) | |
| Belyanin et al. (2017) |
Estonia | |
| Mason et al. (1965) +1 other reference |
| Marini et al. (2004) |
| Easton (1986) |
Finland | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Tuisku |
| Tuisku |
| Eilu (2003) |
| Kinnunen et al. (2017) |
| |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... |
| Rubin |
| Hewins (1979) |
| Ramdohr |
| Ramdohr (1972) +2 other references |
France | |
| Ducluzaux B. (2022) |
| Harlow et al. (1980) |
| M. Christophe Michel-Lévy |
| Grady et al. (2015) |
| Wood (1967) |
| Grady et al. (2015) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Mason et al. (1961) +1 other reference |
| Gattacceca et al. (2007) |
| Kurat et al. (2005) |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| J.-L. Hohl: "Minéraux et Mines du Massif Vosgien" (Mulhouse) |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (n.d.) +4 other references |
| Collinson et al. (1992) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Lebocey et al. (2013) |
| W. Horn and A. El Goresy : "Discovery ... |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| R.C. Maury and P. Picot : "Conditions ... |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Wood (1967) |
| Keil (1968) |
Georgia | |
Germany | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Schmidt (1852) |
| G. Simon et al. : "The Meteorite ... +2 other references |
| Hochleitner et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Ramdohr (1972) +2 other references |
Matthes et al. (1988) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Hentschel (1960) +1 other reference |
| Buseck et al. (1967) +1 other reference |
| Howarth +14 other references |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (2015) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr et al. (1974) |
| New York +5 other references |
| Ramdohr et al. (1974) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2001) |
Bartoschewitz et al. (2009) | |
| Mason et al. (1967) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
Blaß et al. (1995) | |
Blaß et al. (1993) | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Gooley et al. ( 1976) +3 other references |
| Buchner (1863) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) +2 other references |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Palme et al. (1983) |
| Blass et al. (2010) |
| W. Kempe (1969) |
| Matthes (1995) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Bartoschewitz et al. (2009) |
| Bartoschewitz et al. (2009) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Tuček K.: Meteority a jejich výskyt v ... | |
| Buchwald (1975) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Bornemann (1853) +2 other references |
| Bornemann (1853) +1 other reference |
| Bartoschewitz et al. (2012) |
Ghana | |
| El Goresy (1966) |
Greece | |
| Kanellopoulos et al. (2024) |
Kanellopoulos et al. (2018) | |
| Wood (1967) |
Greenland | |
| Pauly (1969) |
Bøggild (1953) | |
Schuchert et al. (1898) | |
| |
Am Min 51:664-676 +1 other reference | |
Bøggild (1953) | |
Pauly (1969) | |
Ulff-Møller (1985) | |
Am Min 51:664-676 +2 other references | |
Pauly (1969) | |
| Boeggild (1953) +1 other reference |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll& Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei:Mineral ... |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei:Mineral ... |
| Szakáll-Gatter-Szendrei:Mineral ... |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. |
India | |
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| Gennady P. Vdovykin (1970) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
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| Ramdohr (1972) |
Indonesia | |
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Iran | |
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Iraq | |
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Ireland | |
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Israel | |
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Italy | |
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Kenya | |
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Latvia | |
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| Ramdohr (1972) |
Lesotho | |
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Libya | |
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Mali | |
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Middle East | |
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Mongolia | |
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Namibia | |
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Netherlands | |
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New Zealand | |
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Niger | |
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Nigeria | |
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North Africa | |
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Northwest Africa | |
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Oman | |
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The Meteoritical Bulletin | |
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Papua New Guinea | |
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Peru | |
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Philippines | |
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| Ramdohr (1972) |
Poland | |
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Portugal | |
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Romania | |
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Russia | |
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Saudi Arabia | |
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Meteoritics | |
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Serbia | |
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Sierra Leone | |
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| Ramdohr (1972) |
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Ramdohr (1972) | |
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Ramdohr (1972) | |
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| Ramdohr (1972) |
Spain | |
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| Ramdohr (1972) |
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Syria | |
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Tajikistan | |
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Tanzania | |
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Thailand | |
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Tunisia | |
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Turkey | |
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| Buchwald (1975) |
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| Ramdohr (1972) |
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Turkmenistan | |
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| Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta +3 other references |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| Meteoritics |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Mason et al. (1965) +2 other references |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| - (n.d.) |
Rubin (1990) | |
| Mason et al. (1961) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Ramdohr (1972) | |
Ramdohr (1972) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Ramdohr (1972) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Ramdohr (1972) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Knox (1970) +1 other reference |
| Hey et al. (1968) |
| Scott (1977) |
Ramdohr (1972) | |
| Boesenberg et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| Bennett III et al. (1996) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Grossman (1996) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Am Min 67:132-136 +1 other reference |
| Taylor (1968) |
Weisberg et al. (2010) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Taylor (1968) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Rubin (1990) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Mason et al. (1967) +1 other reference |
Ramdohr (1972) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Issue 1 +4 other references |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Farrington +1 other reference |
| Palmer et al. (Oct 2011) +1 other reference |
| Mason (1962) +1 other reference |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Tassin (1905) +2 other references |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Rubin (1990) +1 other reference |
| Buchwald (1975) +1 other reference |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Oliver Cummings Farrington (1915) +1 other reference |
| Mason (1962) +2 other references |
| Buchwald (1975) +1 other reference |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Grossman (1998) +1 other reference |
| Young (1939) +1 other reference |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| C. W. Neal & M. E. Lipschutz (1981) |
| Byerly et al. (1988) |
| Keil (1968) +1 other reference |
| Noonan et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Essene et al. (1986) |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| www.rasny.org/V4P89-91.HTM |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (n.d.) |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (2010) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| www.hou.usra.edu (n.d.) |
| Min Rec 31:4 p383-372 +3 other references |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Whitfield (1887) +3 other references |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Ramdohr (1972) +2 other references |
| - (2005) |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| American Journal of Science (1900) |
| Mészárosová (2018) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Taylor (1968) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Collinson et al. (1992) |
| Mason (1963) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
Castor et al. (2004) | |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1893) |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt. (1893) |
Dana 7:116 | |
| Wasson et al. (2003) |
| Wasson et al. (2003) |
| NMGS Spec Pub 6 |
Ramdohr (1972) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Ramdohr (1972) +2 other references | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
Foote (1897) +3 other references | |
| Heineman (1935) |
| Brearley et al. (1998) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Moon and the Planets | |
| M Chinellato collection |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| - (2005) |
| Buseck (1967) |
Harlow et al. (1980) | |
| 69th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting (2006) |
| Britvin et al. (2020) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Buchwald et al. (1975) |
Genth +1 other reference | |
Buchwald et al. (1975) | |
| Buchwald et al. (1975) |
| Buchwald et al. (1975) |
| Buchwald et al. (1975) +2 other references |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| H. J. Axon et al. (1981) |
Unterscheidung von Cohenit und ... +2 other references | |
| H. J. Axon et al. (1981) |
| Buchwald et al. (1975) |
USGS Bulletion No.74 +1 other reference | |
Ramdohr (1972) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Buchwald et al. (1975) |
Buchwald et al. (1975) | |
Genth | |
Buchwald et al. (1975) | |
| Callahan |
| Hostetler et al. (1978) |
| Jeffrey Taylor (1968) |
| Buchwald et al. (1975) |
Henderson et al. (1950) | |
| Buchwald et al. (1975) |
| Henderson et al. (1950) |
Buckwald et al. (1975) | |
Genth (1891) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| www.dmr.nd.gov (2009) |
| Mason et al. (1963) +1 other reference |
| - (1997, Spring) |
| Bunch et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Mason et al. (1961) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Rubin (1990) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Heymann et al. (1967) | |
| Watson et al. (1975) |
| Rubin et al. (1985) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| www.amnh.org |
| Cohen (1903) +1 other reference |
| Smith and Barnes (2011) |
| Byron F. King (1932) |
| www.rasny.org/baldeagl.htm |
| Buchwald et al. (1975) |
| Buchwald et al. (1975) |
| Easton (1986) +2 other references |
| Buchwald et al. (1975) +1 other reference |
Buchwald et al. (1975) | |
| Danon et al. (1989) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Mason et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| Mason et al. (1973) +2 other references |
| Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta +1 other reference |
| Prior (1923) +2 other references |
| Whitfield (1887) +2 other references |
| Travis A. Paris (2011) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Hewins (1979) |
| Am Min (1948) |
| Ramdohr (1972) +2 other references |
| Am Min (1940) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Katherina Lodders (1993) |
| Wlotzka et al. (1988) |
| Rubin et al. (1983) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Taylor et al. (1971) |
| |
| www.lpi.usra.edu (2020) |
| LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE XIII +5 other references |
www.meteorlab.com +2 other references | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ehlmann (1988) |
| Bryan et al. (1970) |
Ramdohr (1972) | |
Huss et al. (1972) | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Mason et al. (1963) +1 other reference |
Ramdohr (1972) | |
| Buchwald (1975) +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114) | |
| London +1 other reference |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| Rubin et al. (1983) |
| |
| - (2005) |
| AmMin 17:357-359 |
| Tomioka et al. (2021) |
| Clarke et al. (1978) |
| |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Ramdohr (1972) | |
| Meteoritics |
| Lonsdale (1927) |
| Gooley et al. ( 1976) |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| Buchwald (1975) +1 other reference |
| Farrington (1915) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Fredriksson (1969) +2 other references |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Jérome et al. (1972) |
| ... |
| Meteoritics |
| Ramdohr (1972) +1 other reference |
| W. A. Broughton and Lincoln La Paz. The ... |
| Read (1962) |
| Berquist et al. (ed.) |
| Buchwald |
| www.uwrf.edu/~wc01/meteorite.html +1 other reference |
| Bunch et al. (1970) |
| Rocks & Minerals 76:384 |
| Buseck (1977) |
Uzbekistan | |
| ... +1 other reference |
Western Sahara | |
| Patzer et al. (2001) |
Yemen | |
| LPSC 23 (1992) |
Zambia | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Ramdohr (1972) |
| MacPherson et al. (1993) |
162173 Ryugu | |
Mars | |
| Unanalysed but inferred from type of ... |
| en.wikipedia.org (2005) |
Mercury | |
| Sprague et al. (2009) |
Northwest Africa Meteorites | |
www.cometshopnew.com (n.d.) | |
Outer Space | |
Gornitz (2007) | |
| William Rickard et al. (2018) |
The Moon | |
| Mokhov A.V. et al. (2007) |
| El Goresy et al. (1971) |
| Mokhov A.V. et al. (2007) |
| Mokhov A.V. et al. (2007) +2 other references |
| Meteoritical Bulletin |
| Liu et al. (2023) |
| Longhi et al. (1974) +1 other reference |
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