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Macroscelidea

Description

Elephant shrews, also called jumping shrews or sengis, are small insectivorous mammals native to Africa, belonging to the family Macroscelididae, in the order Macroscelidea. Their traditional common English name "elephant shrew" comes from a perceived resemblance between their long noses and the trunk of an elephant, and their superficial similarity with shrews (family Soricidae) in the order Eulipotyphla. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed that elephant shrews are not classified with true shrews, but are in fact more closely related to elephants than shrews. In 1997 the biologist Jonathan Kingdon proposed that they instead be called "sengis" (singular sengi), a term derived from the Bantu languages of Africa, and in 1998 they were classified into the new clade Afrotheria.


Source Data
SourceIDLink
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)1453https://www.gbif.org/species/1453
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)40297https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=40297
Rankorder
Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Macroscelidea
Taxonomic Status (GBIF)accepted
Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)
RankNameAuthor
-Eukaryota
-OpisthokontaCavalier-Smith 1987
kingdomAnimalia
-TriploblasticaLankester 1877
-NephrozoaJondelius et al. 2002
-DeuterostomiaGrobben 1908
phylumChordataHaeckel 1847
subphylumVertebrataLamarck 1801
superclassGnathostomataGegenbauer 1874
-Osteichthyes
-SarcopterygiiRomer 1955
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha
subclassTetrapodomorpha
-Tetrapoda
-ReptiliomorphaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-AnthracosauriaSäve-Söderbergh 1934
-Batrachosauria
-Cotylosauria
-AmniotaHaeckel 1866
-SynapsidaOsborn 1903
-Therapsida
infraorderCynodontia
-EpicynodontiaHopson and Kitching 2001
infraorderEucynodontiaKemp 1982
-ProbainognathiaHopson 1990
-MammaliamorphaRowe 1988
-MammaliaformesRowe 1988
classMammaliaLinnaeus 1758
subclassTribosphenida
infraclassEutheria
-PlacentaliaOwen 1837
-AfrotheriaStanhope et al. 1998
-AfroinsectivoraWaddell et al. 2001
orderMacroscelideaButler 1956
Common Nameelephant shrew
Scientific NameMacroscelidea
Opinions (PBDB)
NameRankOpinionEvidenceAuthor
Macroscelideasuborderbelongs to Insectivorastated without evidenceVan Valen, 1967
Macroscelideaorderbelongs to Anagalidastated without evidenceMcKenna, 1975
Macroscelideaorderbelongs to EutheriaimpliedCarroll, 1988
Macroscelideaorderbelongs to Afrotheriastated without evidenceWaddell et al., 1999
Macroscelideaorderbelongs to Afroinsectivorastated without evidenceWaddell et al., 2001
Macroscelideaorderbelongs to Afrotheriastated without evidenceMadsen et al., 2001
Macroscelideaunranked cladebelongs to Apheliscinaestated with evidenceZack et al., 2005
Macroscelideaorderbelongs to Afroinsectivorastated with evidenceSeiffert, 2007
Status (PBDB)extant
Taxon Size (PBDB)175
Extant Size (PBDB)15 (8.6%)
First Recorded Appearance66.0 - 63.3 Ma
Paleocene
Environmentterrestrial (based on Eutheria)
Motilityactively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)
Dietinsectivore
Ecospace Commentslife habit and diet based on Nowak 1999
Taphonomyphosphatic (based on Vertebrata)
Primary Reference (PBDB)R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
Common Name(s) Elephants Shrews, Elephant Shrew, Elephant Shrews
Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroscelidea

External Images

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

NameStatusCommon Name(s)Fossil OccurrencesOldestYoungest
Adapisoricidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
1261.7 Ma
Paleocene
50.3 Ma
Eocene
Amphilemuridae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
33659.2 Ma
Paleocene
0 Ma
Extant
Apheliscidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
57866.0 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
47.8 Ma
Eocene
Louisinidae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
4566.0 Ma
Late/Upper Cretaceous
55.8 Ma
Eocene
Macroscelididae
family
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
Elephant Shrew6456.0 Ma
Paleocene
0 Ma
Extant
Adunator
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
3963.3 Ma
Paleocene
55.8 Ma
Eocene
Litocherus
genus
accepted (GBIF)
listed (PBDB)
3263.3 Ma
Paleocene
61.7 Ma
Paleocene

Synonymy List

YearName and Author
1866Dipogales Murray
1956Macroscelidea Butler
1967Macroscelidea Van Valen
1975Macroscelidea McKenna p. 42
1988Macroscelidea Carroll
1991Macroscelidea Nowak
YearName and Author
1999Macroscelidea Waddell et al. p. cover
2001Macroscelidea Madsen et al. p. 610
2001Macroscelidea Waddell et al. p. 148
2005Macroscelidea Zack et al.
2007Macroscelidea Seiffert

References

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698
Van Valen L. (1967) New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135 5, 217-284
McKenna M. C. (1975) Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Mammalia, Phylogeny of the Primates, Plenum Publishing, New York, 21-46
Nowak R. M. (1991) Walker's Mammals of the World, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press (edited volume) II
Waddell P. J., Okada N., et al (1999) Towards resolving the interordinal relationships of placental mammals, Systematic Biology 48 1, 1-5
Seiffert E. R. (2007) A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence, BMC Evolutionary Biology 7, 224 doi:oi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-224
Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 2005: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2. 2142. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds., 1992: null. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing. xviii + 1207. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole, 2000: null. Common Names of Mammals of the World. xiv + 204. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!
 
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