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Coluber

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Description

The eastern racer (Coluber constrictor) is a species of nonvenomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to North America and Central America. Eleven subspecies, including the nominotypical subspecies, are recognized, which as a group are commonly referred to as the eastern racers. The species is monotypic in the genus Coluber.

From Wikipedia article at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluber, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	2458634	https://www.gbif.org/species/2458634
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	38129	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=38129

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF,PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Colubridae : Coluber

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Sauropsida	Huxley 1864
class	Reptilia	Laurenti 1768
subclass	Eureptilia
-	Romeriida	Gauthier et al. 1988
-	Diapsida
-	Eosuchia
-	Neodiapsida	Benton 1985
-	Sauria	Gauthier 1984
-	Lepidosauromorpha
superorder	Lepidosauria
order	Squamata	Oppel 1811
suborder	Ophidia
-	Serpentes
infraorder	Alethinophidia	Nopcsa 1923
-	Macrostomata	Ritgen 1828
superfamily	Booidea	Gray 1825
-	Caenophidia	Hoffstetter 1939
superfamily	Colubroidea	Oppel 1811
family	Colubridae	Oppel 1811
subfamily	Colubrinae	Oppel 1811
genus	Coluber	Linnæus 1758

Common Name

racer

Scientific Name

Coluber Linnaeus, 1758

Name Published In

Linnæus, Carolus. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae. Vol. Tomus I, Editio decima, reformata: i-ii, 1-824.

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Coluber	genus	belongs to Colubridae	stated with evidence	Cope, 1875
Coluber	genus	belongs to Colubridae	stated without evidence	Hay, 1902
Coluber	genus	belongs to Colubrinae	stated without evidence	Holman, 1985
Coluber	genus	belongs to Colubridae	implied	Bachmayer and Szyndlar, 1987
Coluber	genus	belongs to Colubrinae	stated with evidence	Parmley and Holman, 1995
Coluber	genus	belongs to Colubrinae	stated without evidence	Parmley and Hunter, 2010
Coluber	genus	belongs to Colubrinae	implied	Cernansky et al., 2015

Status (PBDB)

extant

Taxon Size (PBDB)

Extant Size (PBDB)

3 (23%)

First Recorded Appearance

33.9 - 28.4 Ma
Oligocene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Booidea)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

carnivore

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

C. Linnaeus. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1:1-824

Common Name(s)

Racers, Racer

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coluber

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Common Name(s)	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Coluber acuminatus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		1	1.80 Ma Pleistocene	1.80 Ma Pleistocene
Coluber albiventris species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber alternans species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber andreanus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber anthonyi species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber atratus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber aurigulus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber barbouri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber bilineatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber cadurci ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		14	33.9 Ma Oligocene	20.0 Ma Miocene
Coluber camillo species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber capistatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber caspioides ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		6	20.0 Ma Miocene	16.0 Ma Miocene
Coluber caspius species	listed (PBDB)		2	7.25 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Coluber constrictor species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	Black Racer	32	16.0 Ma Miocene	0 Ma Extant
Coluber cupreus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber doliatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber dolnicensis ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		3	20.0 Ma Miocene	12.8 Ma Miocene
Coluber elaphis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber etruriae species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber flagellum species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber foetidus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber fuliginosus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber gyarosensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber hotsoni species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber hungaricus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		7	16.0 Ma Miocene	5.33 Ma Miocene
Coluber infernalis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber jacapara species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber lateralis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber manseri species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber melanepis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber mentovarius species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber merkurensis species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)
Coluber oryzivorus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber oularsawa species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber robertmertensi species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		1	2.59 Ma Pleistocene	2.59 Ma Pleistocene
Coluber saharicus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber schotti species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber slevini species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber spec species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber steinheimensis species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber suevicus ✝ species	listed (PBDB)		2	20.0 Ma Miocene	12.8 Ma Miocene
Coluber taeniatus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber taylori species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Coluber viridiflavus species	listed (PBDB)		19	4.20 Ma Pliocene	0.78 Ma Pleistocene
Naja suevica species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB
Nanus planicarinatus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)		2	8.70 Ma Miocene	8.70 Ma Miocene
Zamenis hungaricus species	accepted (GBIF)	No associated record in PBDB

Obsolete Names

Name	Source	Taxon Rank	Taxonomy
Coluber lafonti (Filhol, 1877)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Colubridae : Coluber : *Coluber lafonti*
Coluber beggiatoi De Zigno, 1889	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Colubridae : Coluber : *Coluber beggiatoi*
Masticophis Baird & Girard, 1853	GBIF	genus	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Colubridae : *Masticophis*
Coluber ombonii De Zigno, 1889	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Colubridae : Coluber : *Coluber ombonii*
Scytalophis lafonti (Filhol, 1877)	GBIF	species	Animalia : Chordata : Reptilia : Squamata : Colubridae : Coluber : *Scytalophis lafonti*

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1758	Coluber Linnaeus p. 216
1853	Bascanion Baird and Girard
1875	Coluber Cope p. 39
1877	Coluber lafonti Filhol
1880	Scytalophis lafonti de Rochebrune
1889	Coluber beggiatoi De Zigno
1889	Coluber ombonii De Zigno p. 113
1902	Bascanion Hay p. 480
1902	Coluber Hay p. 480
1977	Coluber Kotsakis

Year	Name and Author
1979	Coluber Behler and King
1985	Nanus Bachmayer and Szyndlar
1985	Coluber Holman
1987	Coluber Bachmayer and Szyndlar p. 30
1987	Coluber Szyndlar p. 65
1988	Coluber Carroll
1995	Coluber Parmley and Holman p. 82
2010	Coluber Parmley and Hunter p. 529
2015	Coluber Cernansky et al. p. 118

References

Linnaeus C. , Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1, 1-824 doi:10.5962/bhl.title.542

Cope E. D. Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia; with a systematic list of the higher groups, and an essay on geographical distribution. Based on the specimens contained in the U. S. National Museum, Bulletin of the United States National Museum 1, 1-109

Hay O. P. (1902) , Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179, 1-868

Kotsakis T. (1977) I resti di Anfibi e Rettili pleistocenici della grotta 'Bate' (Rethymnon, Creta), Rendicoti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei 6, 571-582

Behler J. L., King F. W. (1979) , National Audubon Society Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians: North America, 1-743

Bachmayer F., Szyndlar Z. (1985) Ophidians (Reptilia: Serpentes) from the Kohfidisch fissures of Burgenland, Austria, Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A: Mineralogie und Petrographie, Geologie und Palaeontologie, Anthropologie Praehistorie 87, 79-100

Holman J. A. (1985) Herpetofauna of Ladds Quarry, National Geographic Research 1 3, 423-436

Bachmayer F, Szyndlar Z (1987) A second contribution to the ophidian fauna (Reptilia: Serpentes) of Kohfidisch, Austria, Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A: Mineralogie und Petrographie, Geologie und Palaeontologie, Anthropologie Praehistorie 88, 25-39

Szyndlar Z. (1987) Snakes from the Lower Miocene Locality of Dolnice (Czechoslovakia), Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7 1, 55-71

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Parmley D., Holman J. A. (1995) Hemphillian (late Miocene) snakes from Nebraska, with comments on Arikareean through Blancan snakes of midcontinental North America, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15 1, 79-95

Parmley D., Hunter K. B. (2010) Fossil snakes of the Clarendonian (late Miocene) Pratt Slide local fauna of Nebraska, with the description of a new natricine colubrid, Journal of Herpetology 44 4, 526-543 doi:10.1670/09-248.1

Cernansky A., Rage J. C., et al (2015) The Early Miocene squamates of Amöneburg (Germany): the first stages of modern squamates in Europe, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 13 2, 97-128 doi:10.1080/14772019.2014.897266

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Opinion 1201 Elapidae Boie, 1827 (Reptilia, Serpentes): ruling to stabilize nomenclature of taxa in this family (and others).Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 39(1), 21-26 (1982) - via Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology

Flores-Villela, Oscar / McCoy, C. J., ed., 1993: Herpetofauna Mexicana: Lista anotada de las especies de anfibios y reptiles de México, cambios taxonómicos recientes, y nuevas especies. Carnegie Museum of Natural History Special Publication, no. 17. iv + 73. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

CoL2006 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/Storer et al., 1979, PaleoDB - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner, 1987: Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication, no. 166. 79. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758: null. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, 10th Edition, vol. 1. 824. - via Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)

SN2000/Storer et al., 1979 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. 10th edition. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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