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Sphenophalos ✝

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Source Data

Source	ID	Link
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ID (GBIF)	4834697	https://www.gbif.org/species/4834697
PaleoBioDB ID (PBDB)	42737	https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42737

Rank

genus

Taxonomy (GBIF)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Antilocapridae : Sphenophalos

Taxonomy (PBDB)

Life : Animalia : Chordata : Mammalia : Artiodactyla : Antilocapridae : Sphenophalos

Taxonomic Status (GBIF)

accepted

Classification
(PBDB,GBIF)

Rank	Name	Author
-	Eukaryota
-	Opisthokonta	Cavalier-Smith 1987
kingdom	Animalia
-	Triploblastica	Lankester 1877
-	Nephrozoa	Jondelius et al. 2002
-	Deuterostomia	Grobben 1908
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1847
subphylum	Vertebrata	Lamarck 1801
superclass	Gnathostomata	Gegenbauer 1874
-	Osteichthyes
-	Sarcopterygii	Romer 1955
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha
-	Tetrapoda
-	Reptiliomorpha	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Anthracosauria	Säve-Söderbergh 1934
-	Batrachosauria
-	Cotylosauria
-	Amniota	Haeckel 1866
-	Synapsida	Osborn 1903
-	Therapsida
infraorder	Cynodontia
-	Epicynodontia	Hopson and Kitching 2001
infraorder	Eucynodontia	Kemp 1982
-	Probainognathia	Hopson 1990
-	Mammaliamorpha	Rowe 1988
-	Mammaliaformes	Rowe 1988
class	Mammalia	Linnaeus 1758
subclass	Tribosphenida
infraclass	Eutheria
order	Ungulata
order	Artiodactyla	Owen 1848
-	Ruminantiamorpha	Spaulding et al. 2009
-	Ruminantia
-	Pecora
family	Antilocapridae	Gray 1866
subfamily	Antilocaprinae	Gray 1866
genus	Sphenophalos	Merriam 1909

Scientific Name

Sphenophalos Merriam, 1909

Name Published In

Publ. Univ. Calif., Bull. Geol., 5, no. 22

Opinions (PBDB)

Name	Rank	Opinion	Evidence	Author
Sphenophalos	genus	belongs to Antilocapridae	stated without evidence	Merriam, 1909
Sphenophalos	genus	belongs to Antilocapridae	implied	Carroll, 1988
Sphenophalos	genus	belongs to Antilocaprinae	stated with evidence	Janis and Manning, 1998

Status (PBDB)

extinct

Taxon Size (PBDB)

First Recorded Appearance

23.0 - 5.3 Ma
Miocene

Last Recorded Appearance

10.3 - 4.9 Ma
Neogene

Environment

terrestrial (based on Artiodactyla)

Motility

actively mobile (based on Osteichthyes)

Diet

browser, grazer (based on Antilocapridae)

Taphonomy

phosphatic (based on Vertebrata)

Primary Reference (PBDB)

J. C. Merriam. 1909. The Occurrence of Strepsicerine Antelopes In the Tertiary of Northwestern Nevada. University of California Publications Bulletin of the Department of Geology 5(22):319-330

Fossil Distribution

Subtaxa

Name	Status	Fossil Occurrences	Oldest	Youngest
Antilocapra garciae ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	10.3 Ma Miocene	10.3 Ma Miocene
Sphenophalos middleswarti ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	23.0 Ma Miocene	10.3 Ma Miocene
Sphenophalos nevadanus ✝ species	accepted (GBIF) listed (PBDB)	2	10.3 Ma Miocene	10.3 Ma Miocene

Synonymy List

Year	Name and Author
1909	Sphenophalos Merriam
1988	Sphenophalos Carroll
1998	Sphenophalos Janis and Manning p. 498

References

Merriam J. C. (1909) The Occurrence of Strepsicerine Antelopes In the Tertiary of Northwestern Nevada, University of California Publications Bulletin of the Department of Geology 5 22, 319-330

Carroll R. L. (1988) , Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution, 1-698

Janis C. M., Manning E. (1998) Antilocapridae, Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America, 491-507

Nomenclator Zoologicus. A list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. Digitised by uBio from vols. 1-9 of Neave (ed.), 1939-1996 plus supplementary digital-only volume. http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus (as at 2006). - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000/McKenna & Bell, 1997 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

SN2000: Brands, S. J. (compiler) 1989-2005. Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/. - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

as per family - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Publ. Univ. Calif., Bull. Geol., 5, no. 22 - via The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera

Data courtesy of: PBDB: The Paleobiology Database, Creative Commons CC-BY licenced. , GBIF: the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, various licences, iDigBio, various licences, and EOL: The Encyclopedia of Life (Open Data Public Domain). Because fossils are made of minerals too!

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